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Topic: Heads of State of Ciskei

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	Ciskei
		Ciskei was designated as one of two homeland or "Bantustan" for Xhosa-speaking people.
		This became unsustainable and in March 1994, Ciskei government workers went on strike for fear of losing their job security and pensions in the post-apartheid era.
		Ciskei and all of the other homelands were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994, after the first post-apartheid elections.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/ci/Ciskei.htm (426 words)

	Lists of office-holders - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Rulers of the Fon state of Danhome (Agbome) (Dahomey)
		Heads of state of the Congo Free State
		Rulers of the Akan states of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Lists_of_office-holders (1087 words)

	Ciskei - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ciskei was a Bantustan in the south east of South Africa.
		Ciskei was designated as one of two homeland or "Bantustan" for Xhosa-speaking people.
		Ciskei and all of the other homelands were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994, after the first post-apartheid elections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ciskei (450 words)

	GlobalGuide.Org on GlobalGuide.Org, mapping the world
		Ciskei was a Bantustan in the south east of South Africa.
		On 7 September 1992 the Ciskei Defence Force fired into a crowd of ANC members demanding the removal of Gqozo.
		Its capital became the capital of the Eastern Cape Province.
	www.globalguide.org /index.html?title=Ciskei (505 words)

	UN Commission on Human Rights - Report on Human Rights Violations in Southern Africa (Jan 95)
		The witness stated that the whole question of recognition of continued ownership under customary law would have to be clarified as it might not be tenable in the current political, social and economic situation.
		He stated that there was a need to change the representation at all levels, and especially as far as the bench was concerned: the first non-white judge had been appointed only a few years ago.
		State subsidies given to certain schools through the salaries of teachers and other assistance would have to be decreased, especially in the townships and rural areas, so that the differences in the quality of the education available to children in South Africa could be narrowed down.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/commission/country51/23.htm (13448 words)

	[No title]
		State Advocates and public prosecutors are employed by the Department of Justice and are under the control of the Attorney General.
		On February 2, 1990, the State President announced a moratorium on executions and said that the government was investigating the matter (Sloth-Nielsen et al, 1991: 33).
		The Head of the Prison is the key actor at the operational level in executing the functions of the Department of Correctional Services.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjsaf.txt (9388 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ciskei
		Under South Africa's policy of apartheid, land was set aside for fl peoples in supposedly independent territories for the ostensible purposes of self-government and cultural preservation, though in practice they served as dumping grounds for the country's indigeneous peoples.
		Xhosa speakers were resettled there and to Transkei, the other Xhosa homeland.In 1961 it became a separate administrative region and in 1972 was declared "self-governing" under the rule of "President for life" Lennox Sebe.
		This was opposed by Gqozo and the other homeland leaders and on 7 September 1992 the Ciskei police fired into a crowd of ANC members demanding the removal of Gqozo.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ciskei (469 words)

	Volume TWO Chapter SEVEN
		The team, headed by Dr PA Waddington, produced a report that was highly critical of the police investigation into the massacre, describing it as "woefully inadequate in a number of respects".
		In his amnesty application, Johann Verster stated that, on instruction from his superior at Mechem, he provided Snyman and Vermeulen with three tons of 107mm Chinese rockets and explosives to be used in the manufacture of home-made pipe bombs and hand grenades and that he assisted in their manufacture at Snyman’s house.
		Mandla stated that he and other Vlakplaas members were not allowed access to those they suspected to be train attackers and that they suspected that the attackers were foreigners; they "were very dark and spoke bad English", and that the men would be armed with R5 rifles and 9mm weapons.
	www.stanford.edu /class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap7.htm (20674 words)

	Robert Horwitz, Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa
		The idea was that democratization of the state was not restricted to universalizing the franchise; democracy was held to be incomplete unless civil society was assured a share in decisions.
		The power of the state broadcaster to set the agenda, to deride and undermine the opposition, to discourage voting, and especially to foment confusion and violence, was considerable.
		Moreover, the matter of "stateness," that is, questions regarding the legitimacy of the territorial boundaries of South Africa and who should constitute the polity, were essentially settled during the transition.
	communication.ucsd.edu /people/f_horwitz_ch1.html (8763 words)

	Clifton Crais \| Custom and the Politics of Sovereignty in South Africa \| Journal of Social History, 39.3 \| The History ...
		The issue of sovereignty, the ways power is bounded and exercised, was intrinsic to state formation as opposed to something taken for granted as a political "given." Sovereignty formed an important part of claims to power and the coming into being, as it were, of the state and, more generally, of political rights.
		States were usually seen as basically coterminous with ethnicity, hence for example the subtitle of one book was the "Xhosa Kingdom." The idea of territory, the spatial embodiment of the state, was usually taken for granted.
		South Africa is confronted with the issue of reorganizing the state and its relationship to political identities within a neo-liberal political economy and, ultimately, the conception and practice of citizenship within a plural, transitional society.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jsh/39.3/crais.html (9332 words)

	Category:Lists of office-holders - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Heads of State of the Central African Republic (and Central African Empire)
		Heads of State of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
		Heads of State of the Republic of the Congo
	www.biocrawler.com /w/index.php?title=Category:Lists_of_office-holders&redirect=no (211 words)

	Volume ONE Chapter EIGHT
		State legal opinions rejected these arguments and confirmed the applicability of the Act to state records from the moment of their creation or acquisition.
		The assumption was sanctioned by NIS guidelines authorised by the head of state.
		The protection of state security was the stated objective of these destruction processes, but they went further in ensuring that certain aspects of the inner workings of the apartheid state remained hidden forever.
	www.goshen.edu /library/EMBARGO/1chap8.htm (13582 words)

	SOUTH AFRICA, REPUBLIC OF,
		Ever since the first white settlement was founded in South Africa, racial segregation was part of the social and economic pattern for a variety of reasons, including the cultural differences among the diverse racial groups, the racial views of the white settlers, who considered themselves superior, and the bitter antipathies engendered by the white incursions.
		The supreme court of appeal, headed by a chief justice, is the nation's highest appellate court except on constitutional questions.
		Although attempts to unite the republic and the Orange Free State were fruitless, the two Boer republics maintained a close relationship in succeeding years.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=222744 (8297 words)

	TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION
		The other man was shot on the head and it was clear that he was dead and the other child who was 10 or 11 years was shot in the head and it was clear that he was dead also and the shots were coming to them.
		The Ciskei was governed by one Brigadier Oupa Gqozo who was the head of the military regime and he had acceded to this position after seizing power from the administration which was headed by Lenox Sebe.
		Ciskei Defence Force members were visible approximately 250 metres away to the right of the flattened fence but to the left of the opening there appeared to be an unobstructed path through which marches could proceed if they chose to do so.
	www.doj.gov.za /trc/hrvtrans/bisho1/day1.htm (18554 words)

	Empowering the poor: changing our minds on affluence and poverty
		Household heads are mostly women, as the men are migrant workers in the cities.
		Professor Cornel W. du Toit is the Head of the Research Institute for Theology and Religion at the University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003.
		This is the date on which former State President F.W. de Klerk announced in parliament the unbanning of the South African 'liberation movements' (African National Congress, Pan Africanist Congress and South African Communist Party) and the impending release of political prisoners like Nelson Mandela.
	www.geocities.com /athens/Parthenon/8409/poverty.htm (3522 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Africa
		In March 1990, Sebe was overthrown in a bloodless coup by Brigadier Oupa Gqozo of the Ciskei Defence Force, and for a brief period it seemed that the residents of Ciskei might enjoy political freedoms.
		Heads of state of Commonwealth nations meet this month in Harare, Zimbabwe.
		Their gathering is an important opportunity to take tangible steps to recognize the importance of human rights in the member states and to commit the Commonwealth to an initiative that would significantly enhance its role in combatting human rights abuses.
	www.hrw.org /doc?t=africa_pub&document_limit=320,20 (2381 words)

	Conservation Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		He also heads Conservation Visions, Inc. Born and raised in Newfoundland, Shane Mahoney is a biologist and writer, and is widely known internationally as a lecturer on environmental and resource conservation issues.
		In 1992 Shane was appointed head of Ecosystem Research and Inventory for all wildlife species in Newfoundland and Labrador and has been responsible for the creation and direction of a new Wildlife Research Unit in that province.
		Chrissie is the Head of the Delegation of the U.S. to the International Council of Wildlife Conservation (CIC) in Budapest and continues to serve on the Board of the Sables of Safari Club International.
	www.conservationforce.org /organization/directors.cfm (2222 words)

	Volume THREE Chapter TWO
		The Transkei and Ciskei, which were geographically more united than most of the other homelands, were separated by a narrow strip of land commonly referred to as the Border region.
		Mbeki states that 4 769 people were detained during 1960, 2 067 of whom were eventually brought to trial.
		Ciskei authorities issued contradictory reports and hospital staff were under pressure not to release details.
	www.stanford.edu /class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/3chap2.htm (21011 words)

	[No title]
		According to a former counsellor to the head of state, Didier Ratsiraka, Madagascar's new political leaders may have tried to negotiate commercial loans of as much as US$2 billion as the same time that they were having financial discussions with the Bretton Woods institutions.
		Ethiopia's head of state, Meles Zenawi, took advantage of the mini-summit of African heads of state, which completed its work in Cairo on December 8, to suggest the creation of an African committee to investigate the death of Pakistani members of UNOSOM 2 in Mogadiscio on June 5.
		Brigadier Oupa Gqozo, the chief of the southern Africa Bantustan of Ciskei, is currently the centre of a case involving the death in January 1991 of Charles Sebe, the former head of security services for Ciskei who was allegedly killed by South African agents operating under the orders of Gqozo.
	www.africaintelligence.com /ps/AN/Arch/ION/ION_602.asp (787 words)

	The justice system
		The head of the DSO is responsible for the effective and expeditious investigation of serious economic offences or any criminal or unlawful activities committed in an organized fashion.
		The State Attorney derives his or her power from the State Attorney Act, 1957 (Act 56 of 1957), and protects the interests of the State in the most cost-effective manner possible.
		The State Attorney is involved in the drafting of contracts where the State is a party and also acts on behalf of elected and appointed officials acting in the performance of their duties, for example civil and criminal actions instituted against Ministers and government officials in their official capacities.
	www.law.du.edu /elliot/sfenjiro/the_justice_system.htm (9438 words)

	PEOPLES OF THE WORLD MET AT ARUSHA
		The conference also received a large number of messages from many heads of state and governments, from inter-governmental and non-governmental organisations, solidarity organisations and support groups from all parts of the globe.
		Pierre was arrested by the Ciskei police who tried to force him to give evidence against the Reverend Stofile, former UDF Secretary of the Border region (part of the Eastern Cape).
		The appeal called on the countries of the EEC to cease using lack of unanimity to justify its failure to impose sanctions on racist South Africa, as happened in September 1986, during the Council of Ministers meeting, when a bin on the import of coal from South Africa was under discussion.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/solidarity/conferences/arusha.html (3391 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Of the four so-called independent homelands (collectively known as the TBVC states), which only the South African Government recognized as sovereign, Transkei, Ciskei, and Venda are ruled by military governments, while Bophuthatswana is governed as a one-party state.
		In May the Ciskei Council of State granted unconditional indemnity from prosecution to all members of the Ciskei Defense Force (CDF) involved in the 1992 Bisho massacre, in which CDF troops killed 29 and injured hundreds of ANC marchers.
		The judiciary is headed by the Appellate Division (court of appeals) of the Supreme Court in Bloemfontein and six regional supreme courts.
	archive.cpsr.net /cpsr/privacy/privacy_international/country_reports/1993_us_state_dept_human_rights_guide/southafr.txt (9619 words)

	Volume TWO Chapter FIVE
		Despite threats to the former state from other quarters (notably the national uprising of 1976-1977 and the growth of Black Consciousness), its ultimate objective with respect to the homelands was at least partially realised.
		Ciskei declared a state of emergency in the Peelton area and violence and bulldozing of rebels’ houses followed.
		The day Charles was released, Lennox Sebe’s son Kwane Sebe, the head of the Ciskei Police Elite Unit and the man groomed as the successor to the president, was abducted and taken to Transkei.
	www.goshen.edu /library/EMBARGO/2chap5.htm (18975 words)

	The End of African Socialism
		Naturally, there will be no such certifi- cates for aspiring military heads of state, despite the fact that the military has held power for twenty out of thirty years of Nigerian independence.
		Ghanaians, by implication, were not yet ready to choose their heads of state in national elections.
		Under the abusa system of the cocoa farmers of West Africa, profit is divided into three parts: a third to the workers, another third to the owner of the farm and the remaining third set aside for farm maintenance and expansion.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Africa/HL250.cfm (7793 words)

	Help Needed World Statesmen
		Lithuania: Chairman of the Lithuanian State Council 9 Jul 1918 - 2 Nov 1918 (acting; in opposition to Smetona); German Military governors of Marijampole 1918 - 1919; German Military governors of Siauliai (Schaulen) 13 Mar 1919 - Jul 1919, 18 Nov 1919 - 8 Dec 1919.
		Head Chiefs to 1888; Japanese commander 26 Aug 1942 - 25 Jun 1943; Head Chiefs of the Council of Chiefs 1921-1930.
		Pakistan Princely states: Sind to 1843; Mirpur 1801-1843; Nagar to 1974; Baltistan to 1840; Amb (Tanawal State) to 1969.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /NEEDED_INFO.html (6277 words)

	1981
		November 30 - Cold War: In Geneva, representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union begin to negotiate intermediate-range nuclear weapon reductions in Europe (the meetings ended inconclusively on December 17).
		December 13 - Wojciech Jaruzelski declares the state of martial law in Poland to prevent dismantling of the communist system by Solidarity
		The State Council of China listed the four cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Guilin) as where the protection of historical and cultural heritage as well as natural scenery should be treated as a prior project.
	www.black-science.org /wikipedia/1/19/1981.html (1127 words)

	"Gender Identities and Popular Protest," by Temma Kaplan
		With state terror desecrating life in the mid-seventies, the women whom officials called "Las Locas" (the crazy women), marched to break the silence and to re-establish some sense of collective identity united in the pursuit of justice.
		We were the ones with nowhere to go." When two of her children died for lack of medical care in Ciskei, she illegally moved to Cape Town with her other three children in 1975 and settled in the emergency camp called Cross Roads.
		But in modern states, at least, where social order rests as much on consumption as production, on appearances of brutality as much as on the acts themselves, the place of maternal identity in challenging masculine authority has, if anything, actually increased.
	www.nhc.rtp.nc.us /publications/hongkong/kaplan.htm (3927 words)

	9416989E
		A joint statement released after the meeting stated that the parties had agreed to explore with their principals the possibility of international mediation to resolve the constitutional deadlock.
		It was later stated that more talks would be needed to finalize agreement on the terms of reference.
		The publications directorate of IMC monitors State publications and other public communications resources, making sure that they are not used to advance the electioneering aims of any political party.
	www.un.org /french/docs/sc/s1994435.htm (4847 words)

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