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Topic: Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal

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	Wikipedia: Panama Canal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Construction of the canal was one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken.
		Tolls for the canal are decided by the Panama Canal Authority and are based on vessel type, size, and the type of cargo carried.
		The canal authority cites a number of major improvements, including the widening and straightening of the Gaillard Cut to reduce restrictions on crossing vessels, the deepening of the navigational channel in Gatun Lake to reduce draft restrictions and improve water supply, and the deepening of the Atlantic and Pacific Entrances of the Canal.
	en.pediax.org /Panama_Canal (3891 words)

	Panama Canal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The canal, whose building was one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, has a huge impact on shipping, as it removes the need for ships to travel the long and treacherous route via the Drake Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America.
		The Panama Canal connects the Gulf of Panama, in the Pacific Ocean, with the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
		The lake was formed, and the river widened and deepened, by the construction of the Gatun Dam on the Chagres River in 1906–1910.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Panama_Canal (3732 words)

	Panama Canal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Panama Canal is a large canal that cuts through the isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
		Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was in charge of the construction of the Suez Canal, was initially called upon to build the new canal at Panama and construction began on January 1, 1880.
		The canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States until 1999 when control was relinquished to Panama.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/panama_canal (1332 words)

	:: Panama Canal \|\| Focus Panama ::
		Panama defined a protected canal watershed by law to assure the shipping route has plenty of water since prudent water management is needed to avoid draft restrictions such as those implemented during the dramatic El Nino droughts; additional water resources will be needed for any further expansion that would include the building additional locks.
		The construction of a transisthmian railroad in Panama in 1855 demonstrated the necessity to proceed with this monumental feat.
		During the Canal's construction, the Culebra Cut was the portion which required the greatest volume of excavation and it has been the site where the biggest landslides have occurred throughout its history.
	www.focuspublicationsint.com /focuspanama/en/canal.htm (4757 words)

	The Panama Canal
		The contract for the canals construction was signed on March 12th, 1881, and it was agreed the work would be carried out for 512 million French francs, but the contract was conditional in the sense it was not to become binding until two years had elapsed.
		During 1882 the excavation of the Culebra Cut was started, but due to the lack of organization there were no tracks available to remove the spoil that the excavators were producing.
		The construction of the canal was recommenced by the Americans in 1904.
	www.eclipse.co.uk /~sl5763/panama.htm (3320 words)

	Panama Canal - Suggest to a friend of WIKI
		Isthmus of Panama the canal runs from south-east at the Pacific end to north-west at the Atlantic; to avoid confusion the canal authorities classify transits of the canal as northbound (Pacific to Atlantic) and southbound (Atlantic to Pacific).
		Panama Canal Authority and are based on vessel type, size, and the type of cargo carried.
		Canal Waters Time (CWT), the average time it takes a vessel to navigate the canal, including waiting time, is a key measure of efficiency; according to the ACP, CWT is decreasing.
	www.superso.com /wp/p/Panama_Canal.htm (3603 words)

	Panama Canal Backgound
		All the lock chambers on the Panama Canal have a length of 305 m (1000 ft) and a width of 33.5 m (110 ft).
		During the incubation period of malaria, the protozoan grows within cells in the liver; a few days before the first attack, the organisms invade the red blood cells, which they destroy in the course of their development, producing the typical febrile attack.
		During the league's 26 years, a total of 63 nations belonged at one time or another; 28 were members for the entire period (see accompanying table).
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Lobby/2295 (3953 words)

	Using Human Disease Outbreaks as a Guide to Multilevel Ecosystem Interventions
		Compared with other available measures of ecosystem health, human disease incidence may be one of the most useful and practical bioindicators for the often elusive gauge of ecologic well-being.
		During the construction of the Panama Canal in the 1880s, continuous outbreaks of yellow fever killed > 5,500 workers, or > 6% of the workforce.
		During the Panama Canal construction, it is obvious (with the wisdom of ecologic hindsight) that replacing a rainforest environment with an urban/industrial environment offers the opportunity for container-breeding vector mosquitoes to proliferate and to transmit disease at a scale never before encountered in an affected area.
	ehis.niehs.nih.gov /members/2004/7122/7122.html (4519 words)

	Panama Canal Treaty of 1977
		Employees of the Panama Canal Commission, their dependents and designated contractors of the Panama Canal Commission, who are nationals of the United States of America, shall respect the laws of the Republic of Panama and shall abstain from any activity incompatible with the spirit of this Treaty.
		The Republic of Panama shall, to the maximum extent feasible, ensure that the terms and conditions of employment applicable to personnel employed in the activities for which it assumed responsibility are not less favorable than those in effect immediately prior to the entry into force of this Treaty.
		Consequently, during the duration of this Treaty, both Parties commit themselves to study jointly the feasibility of a sea-level canal in the Republic of Panama, and in the event they determine that such a waterway is necessary, they shall negotiate terms, agreeable to both Parties, for its construction.
	www.state.gov /p/wha/rlnks/11936.htm (7969 words)

	Del Sur - Página Canal de Panamá (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The laws of the Republic of Panama shall regulate the exercise of private economic activities within the areas made available by the Republic of Panama for the use of the United States of America pursuant to this Treaty.
		The Republic of Panama declares that the Canal, as an international transit waterway, shall be permanently neutral in accordance with the regime established in this Treaty.
		The instruments of ratification of this Treaty shall be exchanged at Panama at the same time as the instruments of ratification of the Panama Canal Treaty, signed this date, are exchanged.
	www.del-sur.org /SecCanal/p_1773.htm (2498 words)

	Project Management for Construction
		During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures.
		Since construction projects may be managed by a spectrum of participants in a variety of combinations, the organization for the management of such projects may vary from case to case.
		Construction planning should be a major concern in the development of facility designs, in the preparation of cost estimates, and in forming bids by contractors.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /user/cpy (20299 words)

	Panama Beyond the Canal
		Panama City’s most historic neighborhood is located on a peninsula west of the city center.
		Panama City is an international banking center and ATM’s that accept major credit and bank cards can be found throughout the country.
		Panama is a relatively healthy and safe country to travel in.
	www.gonomad.com /destinations/0012/mitchell_panama.html (3247 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia Search/Panama Canal
		Encyclopedia articles 1 - 9 of 9 that contain Panama Canal in their title:
		Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal
		Postage stamps and postal history of the Panama Canal Zone
	www.reference.com /search?q=Panama%20Canal (33 words)

	Panama, city, Panama
		Construction of the Panama Canal brought assured prosperity, and American sanitary measures and disease control made Panama a clean and healthful tropical city.
		Panama City is no longer a port; commerce is handled through neighboring Balboa.
		Panama: historic haven for political exiles: Earlier this month, Mexico City's former mayor disappeared amid corruption cries.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0837444.html (433 words)

	Panama News - Media Monitoring Service by EIN News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Bush Endorses Widening of Panama Canal in Speech
		Bush says Panama free-trade accord close, but may be hard sell in Congress
		Bush says Panama free-trade accord close, but may be hard sell in
	www.einnews.com /panama (345 words)

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