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Topic: Heart Mountain War Relocation Center

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West Coast of the United States

	Heart Mountain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Heart Mountain Relocation Center was the third largest "city" in Wyoming between 1942 and 1945.
		Local residents recall that Heart Mountain Relocation Center was one of the few wartime communities in the state to have electricity.
		Heart Mountain Relocation Center was a major part of the largest single draft resistance movement in United States history.
	www.nps.gov /manz/ccheartmountain.htm (403 words)

	About Heart Mountain Relocation Center--An Essay by Mike Mackey
		The camp in Wyoming, known as the Heart Mountain Relocation Center, was to be constructed on land that was part of a federal reclamation project located in the northwest corner of the state, halfway between the communities of Powell and Cody.
		Heart Mountain soldiers contributed to the almost mythic legend of the 442nd, which became the most decorated unit in the history of the United States Army.
		A central concept of the relocation center was that the inmates could leave the camp, if they located themselves and their families in areas outside the designated military zones on the West Coast.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/haiku/mackey.htm (6482 words)

	National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Heart Mountain Relocation Center was located in Park County, in northwest Wyoming, 12 miles northwest of the town of Cody.
		Heart Mountain, a detached limestone fault block rising to 8123 ft elevation 8 miles to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to the relocation center.
		Heart Mountain had the highest rate of resistance, with a total of 85 men imprisoned for draft law violations.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/anthropology74/ce6.htm (333 words)

	Heart Mountain Relocation Center
		Heart Mountain had one of the harshest living environments of all the camps, especially for those who had come from the California coastal areas.
		The site for the Heart Mountain Relocation Center, halfway between the towns of Powell and Cody, was chosen for several reasons: because of its proximity to the Shoshone River, for its water supply, and the Vocation Railroad, which would provide the necessary transportation for tens of thousands of internees.
		Heart Mountain had one of the most successful agriculture programs of all the camps, introducing new crops that had never before been grown in the region.
	www.javadc.org /heart_mountain_relocation_center.htm (1918 words)

	Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A combination of war hysteria, racial prejudice, perceived military necessity, and a desire for political and economic gain led to this forced evacuation of Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were American citizens.
		The legality of the forced evacuation is still being debated today, and the scars of the evacuation tragedy remain for the former internees, the residents of Park County, and all Americans.
		The site of the Heart Mountain Relocation Center is a poignant reminder of a bleak episode in American history, and is of exceptional importance in the military, social, and political history of the nation.
	wyoshpo.state.wy.us /heart.htm (304 words)

	Court documents at the National Archives, Rocky Mountain Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Heart Mountain camp in northern Wyoming was one of ten major Japanese-American relocation centers across the western and central United States.
		Against this backdrop of forced relocation and confinement, and suspicions of being security threats to their fellow citizens, nisei internees were surprised to read in January 1943 an announcement by the WRA that it would seek volunteers from among camp populations to serve in the army.
		Heart Mountain is one of many diverse stories of the "home front" during World War II that can be researched using records held by the regional archives system.
	www.resisters.com /study/Bittner.htm (2905 words)

	Asian Americans - World War II Internment of the Japanese
		The War Relocation Authority was created to administer the assembly centers, relocation centers, and internment camps, and relocation of Japanese-Americans began in April 1942.
		Named for a nearby mountain, Topaz was in the middle of an area charitably described as a "barren, sand-choked wasteland." The first internees were moved into Topaz in September, 1942, and it was closed in October, 1945.
		War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement, 1942-1945 Over 7000 photographs document day-to-day life in individual relocation centers, as well as pre-evacuation activities in California, relocation of evacuees in various states, and resettlement activities.
	www.asianamericans.com /WorldWar2Internment.htm (2323 words)

	Manzanar NHS: Historic Resource Study/Special History Study (Chapter 13) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		On April 17, 1942, War Department and the War Relocation Authority officials signed a Memorandum of Agreement delineating the responsibilities of each in the implementation of the government's program to evacuate persons of Japanese descent from the west coast to assembly centers and ultimately to relocation centers, the latter to be administered by the WRA.
		Relocation Centers (Reception Centers) will have a minimum capacity of 5,000 evacuees (until otherwise agreed to) in order that the number of Military Police required for patrol and protection will be kept at a minimum.
		Four of the ten war relocation centers were established outside of the Western Defense Command and hence outside the jurisdiction of the Commanding General, Western Defense Command.
	www.nps.gov /manz/hrs/hrs13.htm (1376 words)

	AHC Lesson Plans: Heart Mountain Relocation Center
		Japanese Americans who were unable to leave the Pacific Coast on their own were ordered to relocation camps administered by the War Relocation Authority.
		At its peak, Heart Mountain interned more than 10,000 Japanese Americans and was the third largest community in Wyoming.
		The committee concluded that Executive Order 9066 was NOT justified by military necessity, and the causes for the relocation were shaped by race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of leadership.
	ahc.uwyo.edu /eduoutreach/lessonplans/heartmountain/default.htm (817 words)

	Saratoga News \| Forbes Mill Exhibit 'The Heart Mountain Story'
		Heart Mountain, by its name, sounds like a scenic, romantic peak overlooking an equally scenic valley that people visited because they wanted to--but it wasn't.
		The center was actually one of 10 government-sponsored Japanese internment camps erected on the West Coast and Midwest for the relocation of U.S. citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry during World War II.
		The photographs were not published during the war; in fact, the majority did not come into the public realm until September 1997, when Inouye arranged with Mieth--Hagel predeceased her in 1973--to have them exhibited at the De Saisset Museum at Santa Clara University.
	www.svcn.com /archives/saratoganews/12.20.00/heart-mtn-0051.html (711 words)

	Heart Mountain War Relocation Center - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Heart Mountain War Relocation Center was a relocation camp located in northwestern Wyoming, United States, on an isolated site between the towns of Powell and Cody.
		The camp is named after the nearby Heart Mountain.
		Heart Mountain Digital Preservation Project — History and photographs from the Hinckley Library, Northwest College, Powell, Wyoming.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heart_Mountain_War_Relocation_Center (202 words)

	Japanese American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Those who believe relocation is a more appropriate term argue (1) the official designation at the time relocation center ; (2) the camps were not strictly prisons; and (3) an estimated 30 000 50 000 camp residents did eventually settle the exclusion area.
		Only those of Japanese ancestry were berths in the relocation centers whereas the of the population of enemy ancestry effected exclusion orders faced immediate and mandatory resettlement minimal assistance.
		Some estimate that by the time the relocation camps (except Tule Lake) closed on December 1 1945 the Japanese Americans had lost homes businesses estimated to be worth in 1999 4 to 5 billion dollars and that effects on Japanese American individuals their families their communities went beyond monetary damages.
	www.freeglossary.com /Japanese_American_Internment (3517 words)

	Return to Heart Mountain
		Relocation center residents walk along F Street, with Heart Mountain rising in the background.
		Built in 60 days, Heart Mountain was a community of 465 barracks — each divided into family-size apartments — mess halls, baths and toilet facilities.
		Ironically, the Veterans of Foreign Wars hall in Powell is housed in one of the camp’s barracks.
	www.enigmaterial.com /heartmt/return.html (1200 words)

	Japanese Relocation Camp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		From Concentration Camp to Campus: Japanese American Students and World War II In the aftermath of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor japanese relocation camp and the systematic exile japanese relocation camp and incarceration of thousands of Japanese Americans, the National Japanese American Student Relocation Council was born.
		Topaz Relocation Center - The Topaz Relocation Center was an internment camp which housed Nikkei -- Americans of Japanese descent and immigrants who had come to the United States from Japan.
		War Relocation Authority - The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. Tule Lake War Relocation Center - Tule Lake War Relocation Center was an internment camp in northern California near Tule Lake used...
	ga68.360mkt.info /japaneserelocationcamp.html (1144 words)

	Interpretive walk describes Japanese internment at Heart Mountain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		So many were sent to Heart Mountain that the camp became Wyoming's third-largest city at the time.
		Reetz said it's important that the center is finished while former internees are still around to pass along their stories.
		HEART MOUNTAIN: An interpretive walk commemorates the desolate site near Powell, Wyo., where 10,700 Americans of Japanese ancestry were interned during World War II.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05232/556792.stm (983 words)

	[No title]
		In 1942, almost 120,000 Japanese Americans were forced from their homes in California, western Oregon, western Washington, and southern Arizona in the single largest forced relocation in US history.
		Many would spend the next 3 years in one of ten "relocation centers" across the country run by the newly-formed War Relocation Authority (WRA) others would be held in facilities run by the Department of Justice and the US Army.
		Since all Japanese Americans on the west coast were affected, including the elderly, women, and children, Federal officials attempted to conduct the massive incarceration in a humane manner.
	www.heartmountain.us (182 words)

	Heart Mountain Relocation Center
		The Heart Mountain Relocation Center was built during the summer of 1942 and received its first contingent of Japanese-Americans August 12, 1942.
		It was assembled by the Library and is part of the Japanese-American Internment collection which includes records of the War Relocation Authority, publications and documents of Relief and Support Groups for Japanese-Americans during World War II, Internment Camp Newsletters, 1942-1945, and books.
		Heart Mountain: the History of an American Concentration Camp, (Thesis) 1970; Heart Mountain Sentinel
	library.csun.edu /Collections/SCA/SC/FG/fdgds6a.html (151 words)

	The Camps
		Of these 120,313: 54,127 returned to the West Coast after their incarceration; 52,798 relocated to the interior; 4724 moved (or were moved) to Japan; 3121 were sent to INS internment camps; 2355 joined the armed forces; 1862 died during imprisonment; 1322 were sent to institutions; and 4 were classified as "unauthorized departures."
		After the war, 1400 were not allowed to return to their former countries (ie.
		War Relocation Authority Penal Colonies for U.S. citizens.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/camps.html (952 words)

	Japanese American Internment - Removal of Japanese and Japanese Americans During WWII
		Many other things besides both internment and relocation are involved, among them: individual and group exclusion from "military" zones, deportation, illegal detainment, de-naturalization, alien enemy registration requirements, curfews, travel restrictions, and property confiscation (including seizures, freezing, bond seizure, and restrictions) for those of foreign birth and/or of "enemy" ancestry.
		Only those of Japanese ancestry were offered berths in the relocation centers, whereas the bulk of the population of enemy ancestry effected by exclusion orders faced immediate and mandatory resettlement with minimal assistance.
		Some estimate that by the time the last relocation camps (except Tule Lake) closed on December 1, 1945, the Japanese Americans had lost homes and businesses estimated to be worth, in 1999 values, 4 to 5 billion dollars, and that deleterious effects on Japanese American individuals, their families, and their communities, went beyond monetary damages.
	www.japan-101.com /history/japanese_american_internment.htm (3361 words)

	After the federal government set up the Japanese
		Despite the editorial criticisms of his position on the Heart Mountain camp's legality, Newton was elected president of the Wyoming Press Association in January 1943.
		In the fall of 1943, critics of the center pointed out that school teachers at the Heart Mountain camp were paid "in excess of other teachers in the state." Eugene T. Childers, editor of the Riverton Review and a Newton competitor, editorialized against the "teacher-grabbing policies" of the WRA.
		Had he spoken up (like Newton did in his small weekly newspaper far from the center of federal power), there is every possibility that O'Mahoney, a respected senator from the President's party and a leading spokesman for the New Deal, could have made a difference.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /robertshistory/heart_mountain_omahoney.htm (3680 words)

	Relocation Center Sites
		They were then transferred to camps called Relocation Centers, which were controlled by the War Relocation Authority (WRA).
		In addition to the 10 centers there were many other camps in which people of Japanese ancestry lived in during this period of internment.
		Label each dot on your map with the name of the Relocation Center that is next to the coordinates.
	www.hawaii.edu /hga/ASGI02/wwII/Relocation_Center_Site.htm (261 words)

	November 2001 - Heart Mountain - Wyoming Ghost Towns - BootsnAll.com
		The Heart Mountain Relocation Center located half-way between Cody and Powell near the park's east entrance performed this sinister function between August 1942 and December 1945.
		So, when World War II arrived, organizations like the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce and "racially oriented special interest groups" lobbied the federal government to forcibly remove the perceived threat, he says.
		With this Heart Mountain awoke and in short order hastily-built barracks, mess halls, hospitals and a high school were constructed below it's 7,600-ft. (2,316-m) crest.
	www.bootsnall.com /namericatravelguides/wyghost/nov01heart.shtml (1104 words)

	Galt Relocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This guide provides the most comprehensive relocation information for domestic moves as well as in-depth information about selecting the best relocation destination.
		Heart Mountain War Relocation Center - The Heart Mountain War Relocation Center was a relocation camp located in northwestern Wyoming, United States, on an isolated site between the towns of Powell and Cody.
		In this forward-thinking outline the right time and in-depth information and logistics, calls these collapsible galt relocation requirements and DVI- D VI+HDCP for their requirements for your home.
	www.nifcosynergy.com /galtrelocation.html (726 words)

	War Relocation Authority - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
		The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18, 1942 with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30, 1946.
		The WRA was responsible for ten camps, most located on the West Coast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_Relocation_Authority (138 words)

	World War II Web Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Also see voices from the Second World War, Student Voices from World War II and the McCarthy Era and US Latinos and Latinas and WWII.
		War Relocation Authority and the Incarceration of Japanese-Americans During World War II
		Collection of 62 War Relocation Authority documents from the collections of the Truman Library.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/History/tm/war.html (1553 words)

	JAOHP G-L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Compares Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake War Relocation Center with emphasis on camp newspapers; Kibei faction and Nisei leadership at Tule Lake War Relocation Center; and postwar position of the Japanese in Orange County, California.
		An Arizona resident since 1927 and retired employee of the Bureau of Indian Affairs describes the Poston War Relocation Center in Arizona; personal and community reaction to it; layout of camp; construction of barracks; development of irrigation project; farming by internees; Italian and German prisoners of war in area, and closing of the camp.
		Emphasizes life experiences of her family in pre—World War II community of Seal Beach, California as viewed from the perspective of a woman, including her reactions and response to the internment of her husband after Pearl Harbor.
	coph.fullerton.edu /jaohp_g-l.htm (1399 words)

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