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Topic: Heart muscle

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	What Is a Heart Attack?
		Heart attack is a leading killer of both men and women in the United States.
		During a heart attack, if the blockage in the coronary artery isn’t treated quickly, the heart muscle will begin to die and be replaced by scar tissue.
		Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood throughout the body.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html (638 words)

	Cell infusions boost heart function, revive damaged heart muscle
		The average amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle, the heart’s main pumping chamber, increased from 44.1 percent to 48.9 percent.
		Neither the improvements in heart functioning nor the decrease in dead muscle correlated with the number of cells infused into a patient. Instead, the team’s analysis indicated that the key to the improvements was the ability of cells to migrate from the artery into the heart muscle.
		Two natural growth factors known as VEGF and SDF-1 increase after heart muscle is damaged. The researchers suggested that these growth factors act as homing signals to draw the progenitor cells to injured heart tissue to repair it.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=3015985 (621 words)

	Heart and Circulatory System
		Heart and circulatory problems are grouped into two categories: congenital, which means the problems were present at birth, and acquired, which means that the problems developed some time during infancy, childhood, adolescence, or adulthood.
		Congenital heart defects are abnormalities in the heart's structure that are present at birth.
		In a heart attack (also known as a myocardial infarction), the heart muscle becomes damaged by lack of oxygen, and unless blood flow returns within minutes, muscle damage increases, and the heart's ability to pump blood is compromised.
	kidshealth.org /parent/general/body_basics/heart.html (2648 words)

	Heart Rhythm Foundation - Glossery
		Heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias) are problems that affect the electrical system, or "wiring," of the heart muscle.
		Heart Block occurs when electrical impulses generated in the upper chambers of the heart are not properly transmitted to the lower chambers.
		Heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, occurs when the heart muscle is too weak to effectively pump blood through the body.
	www.heartrhythmfoundation.org /glossary (1534 words)

	Second Opinion . Heart Failure \| PBS
		Heart failure due to cardiopmyopathy means the heart muscle has lost its power to do the work it needs to do; it still functions, but not as effectively as it should.
		The heart is essentially a muscle, about the size of a fist, whose main job is to pump blood to all parts of the body, bringing needed nutrients and oxygen and delivering waste products for removal by other organs.
		Ischemic cardiomyopathy is caused by a chronic lack of oxygen to the heart muscle because of coronary artery disease.
	www.pbs.org /secondopinion/episodes/heartfailure (606 words)

	Cardiac muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The primary structural proteins of cardiac muscle are actin and myosin.
		The actin filaments are thin causing the lighter appearance of the I bands in muscle, while myosin is thicker and darker lending a darker appearance to the alternating A bands in cardiac muscle as observed by a light enhanced microscope.
		Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated from the fusion of muscle cells and smooth muscle cells are strictly mononucleated, and cardiac muscle cells are mononucleated in humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cardiac_muscle (798 words)

	BBC News \| G-I \| Heart muscle disease
		The muscle mass of the left ventricle is larger than it should be, causing the mitral valve to touch the dividing wall between the two sides of the heart - the septum.
		The muscle is stiff and has difficulty relaxing, increasing the amount of pressure required to expand when blood flows into the heart.
		Heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar and fatty tissue - the right ventricle tends to be most affected.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/medical_notes/g-i/764031.stm (613 words)

	Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care Group:Cardiomyopathy:Conjestive Failure
		When the heart muscle is deprived of some of the oxygen and nutrients it needs, it may not pump as well as it should.
		A heart attack means that part of the heart muscle has died from lack of blood and oxygen.
		The goals in treating heart failure are to strengthen the heart muscle and to lessen the demands placed on the heart.
	www.heartcareassociates.info /cardiomy.asp (1444 words)

	Heart Attack Basics
		A heart attack occurs when the muscle of the heart is damaged.
		Echocardiogram: An echocardiograrn is a non-invasive procedure using ultrasound waves to visualize the structures of the heart on the screen with the use of a probe.
		The handheld probe is moved across the chest to visualize the movements of the heart's valves and chambers.
	www.heartsurgeons.com /ed2.html (1298 words)

	Coronary Artery Disease - HeartSite.com
		The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to the body at an average of 72 times per minute.
		During such times, the blood pressure and heart rate are both elevated and increase the need of oxygen and nutrients by the heart muscle.
		The decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle is severely reduced and the patient begins to have severe and prolonged chest pain that occurs at rest and may even awaken him or her from a sound sleep.
	www.heartsite.com /html/cad.html (1123 words)

	Heart Attack
		A heart attack is damage to the heart caused by lack of oxygen to the heart muscle as a result of coronary artery disease.
		A heart attack is caused when one or more of the coronary arteries that supply blood to heart become completely blocked and blood to the heart muscle is cut off.
		The inferior part of the heart is the bottom, which rests on the diaphragm (the layer of muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest).
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/h/heartattack.htm (1061 words)

	Second Opinion . Heart Attack or Coronary Artery Disease \| PBS
		The heart is a muscle, about the size of a fist, whose main job is to pump blood to all parts of the body, bringing needed nutrients and oxygen and delivering waste products to other organs for removal.
		A heart attack means the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart has been so drastically reduced that cells in the heart die.
		The technical name for the heart muscle is the myocardium, and the most widely used technical term for a heart attack is myocardial infarction.
	www.pbs.org /secondopinion/episodes/heartattackorcoronaryarterydisease (681 words)

	heartmuscleu3
		The 19,000-dalton heart LC is phosphorylated and possibly participates in the regulation of heart contraction (Kopp and Bárány, 1979).
		As in skeletal muscle, 1 molecule of ATP has to be hydrolyzed per 2 molecules of Ca that are pumped against a large concentration gradient into the lumen of the SR.
		Thus, in intact rat heart cardiac and/or humoral compensatory mechanisms are sufficient to maintain normal hemodynamics in spite of the greatly reduced PCr concentration.
	www.uic.edu /classes/phyb/phyb516/heartmuscleu3.htm (4611 words)

	Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Texas Heart Institute Heart Information Center
		These thickened muscle walls may partly block the flow of blood through the aortic valve or prevent the heart from relaxing between beats and filling with blood.
		Surgeons may remove part of the thickened septum (the muscle wall separating the chambers) that is blocking the blood flow.
		Leading With the Heart are members of the family of trademarks of the Texas Heart Institute.
	texasheart.org /HIC/Topics/Cond/hypertro.cfm (1114 words)

	Heart Failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Heart failure is a condition that develops when the heart’s muscle becomes weakened after it is injured from something like a heart attack or blood pressure, and loses its ability to pump enough blood to supply the body’s needs.
		In extreme cases, heart transplantation may be necessary, whereby surgeons remove your damaged heart and replace it with a human heart from an organ donor.
		Heart transplantation is highly specialized, and Sutter is at the leading edge of heart transplantation with some of the best outcomes in the United States.
	www.hearts.sutterhealth.org /health/conditions/heartfailure.html (444 words)

	HeartPoint: Congestive Heart Failure Tell Me More
		When the heart suffers a heart attack, some of the heart muscle dies and is replaced by scars.
		Heart attacks ("myocardial infarctions") are usually caused by blockage of the arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood.
		Heart failure clinics have physicians, nurses, and other personnel who concentrate on the care of patients with CHF, checking to make sure they're taking their medications, that they're not gaining weight or showing other evidence of decompensating, providing home visits and a source to call for questions or problems.
	www.heartpoint.com /congheartfailuretellme.html (5383 words)

	Heart Failure - Heart Canada - Part of the LifeMD.com Family
		When heart tissue is damaged and the function of the heart is compromised, the body initiates compensatory responses such as increased heart rate and thickening of the heart's muscular wall.
		The five most common causes of heart failure are coronary artery disease (due to atherosclerosis), valvular heart disease, high blood pressure, alcohol, and a disease of heart muscle known as dilated cardiomyopathy.
		The signs and symptoms of heart failure are due to a backlog of pressure in the blood vessels as the heart is unable to maintain adequate forward flow.
	www.heartcanada.com /heartfailure.php (821 words)

	Connective tissue cells from lungs fused with heart muscle to form biological pacemaker
		Subsequent tissue analysis of the Hopkins biopacemaker showed that muscle cells had incorporated the pacing gene into their own cytoplasm (the material inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus) and were capable of generating an electrical current, effectively turning them into pacing cells.
		In a second experiment, when the genetically altered fibroblasts were injected into the animals' hearts - which had been chemically slowed - they fused with heart muscle cells and quadrupled heart rates to nearly half-normal levels.
		Tests performed to record the electrical activity of the hearts showed that the pacemaker channel fibroblasts, after fusing with heart muscle, were helping guide the heartbeat, while control fibroblasts injected into other guinea pigs' hearts showed no increase in electrical activity.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-11/jhmi-ctc111105.php (777 words)

	The Heart & Vascular Center Center
		The heart is a muscular organ composed of four chambers; two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles.
		The heart muscle must rely on the arteries on the surface of the heart to nourish it and keep it working properly.
		Cardiac catheterization is also useful in diagnosing other kinds of heart trouble such as defective heart valves, muscle disease and problems of the heart which you may have been bom with which are known as congenital abnormalities.
	www.heartcenter.com /cardiac.html (1267 words)

	The Human Heart
		The heart is one of the most important organs in the entire human body.
		Muscles need oxygen, glucose and amino acids, as well as the proper ratio of sodium, calcium and potassium salts in order to contract normally.
		In skeletal muscles, the principle of "gradation" is present.
	www.worldinvisible.com /apologet/humbody/heart.htm (669 words)

	FDA Heart Health Online - The Healthy Heart
		The heart is a powerful muscle, about the size of your fist.
		The blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself are called the coronary arteries.
		Heart valves act as one-way doors, making sure that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart.
	www.fda.gov /hearthealth/healthyheart/healthyheart.html (454 words)

	Muscle Cell
		Since heart cells can’t repair themselves, this damage is irreversible and eventually results in heart failure.
		A healthy heart pumps out a little more than half the heart’s volume of blood with each beat for an EF of 55 percent or higher.
		Examining the heart by echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET scan) showed evidence of scar tissue regeneration in the area of the graft, which indicates repair.
	www.cardiologyonline.com /journal_articles/Muscle.htm (764 words)

	Muscle tissue
		Smooth muscle forms the muscle layers in the walls of hollow organs such as the digestive tract (lower part of the oesophagus, stomach and intestines), the walls of the bladder, the uterus, various ducts of glands and the walls of blood vessels.
		These muscles are attached to and bring about the movement of the various bones of the skeleton, hence the name skeletal muscles.
		Cardiac muscle differ from striated muscle in the following aspects: they are shorter, the striations are not so obvious, the sarcolemma is thinner and not clearly discernible, there is only one nucleus present in the centre of each cardiac fibre and adjacent fibres branch but are linked to each other by so-called muscle bridges.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /sci_ed/grade10/mammal/muscle.htm (764 words)

	New Molecule May Preserve Heart Muscle
		Typically, heart attacks damage heart muscle by limiting or blocking the flow of blood.
		Once damaged, the muscle cannot be revived, limiting the heart’s ability to circulate blood.
		It could become a new class of drugs that would be useful protecting heart muscle for those who have suffered a heart attack or for those who are at risk of a heart attack,” says Bruce Liang, M.D., director of the Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center at UConn Health Center.
	www.uchc.edu /ocomm/newsreleases06/jan06/heartmuscle.html (365 words)

	WOCKHARDT HOSPITAL-Know Your Heart- Diseases Of The Heart Muscles(Cardiomyopathy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Cardiomyopathy is a term used to describe a set of heart muscle diseases of an unknown origin that primarily affect the structural and functional ability of the myocardium (heart muscle)
		The increase in thickness of the heart muscle reduces the size of the ventricular cavities and the ventricles take a longer time to relax making it more difficult for ventricles to fill blood during the first part of diastole.
		It is the disease of the heart muscle that impairs the ability of the heart muscle to stretch hence resulting in decreased filling.
	www.whhi.com /heartmuscles.htm (405 words)

	Heart & Vascular Center Nuclear Medicine
		There are two applications of nuclear medicine in cardiology -- “perfusion,” meaning the examination of blood flow to the heart muscle and “dynamic,”meaning the examination of your heart muscle's function (how well it pumps).
		When blockage or restriction in the coronary arteries reduces the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle, symptoms such as chest pressure, tightness, heaviness, and discomfort in the arm, jaw, back or neck are produced (commonly referred to as “angina pectoris”).
		Such an event may cause a portion of the heart muscle to die, decreasing the heart’s ability to pump effectively.
	www.heartcenter.com /nuclear.html (1083 words)

	All About the Heart
		The atria are the chambers that fill with the blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs.
		Each time the blood circulates from the heart out to the body, about 20% (one fifth) of it goes through the kidneys.
		Most kids are born with a healthy heart and it's important to keep yours in good shape.
	kidshealth.org /kid/body/heart_noSW.html (1376 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Artificial heart muscle tested
		The artificial heart muscle being developed in Leeds could mean patients no longer need transplants if they have an under-performing heart.
		In the past, doctors also used a muscle from the back to help the heart which can be stimulated by a pacemaker, but it wore out more quickly than the cardiac muscle, so it is no longer seen as a solution by heart specialists.
		Dr Ben Hanson, a research fellow who is also working on the artificial heart muscle project, said the device should be able to boost the heart's power by at least 10%.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/3151891.stm (574 words)

	Myocardium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart.
		The myocardium is composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells with an ability not possessed by muscle tissue elsewhere in the body.
		Failure of the heart to contract properly (for various reasons) is termed heart failure, generally leading to fluid retention, edema, pulmonary oedema, renal insufficiency, hepatomegaly, a shortened life expectancy and decreased quality of life.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heart_muscle (281 words)

	Mayo Clinic - Mayo Clinic Proves New Heart Muscle Cells Can Come From Bone Marrow
		Heart tissue samples were examined at autopsy using special staining techniques, which showed that a small portion of the heart-muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, contained male genetic material and had therefore originated from the donor marrow.
		The study is important because it is the first confirmation that progenitor cells from outside the heart are capable of forming new heart muscle cells.
		A growth hormone delivered to the heart could perhaps lead to formation of new muscle around an area of scar tissue, so the heart could actually be healed after being damaged by heart attack.
	www.mayoclinic.org /news2003-rst/1683.html (507 words)

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