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Topic: Heartland (geopolitics)

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	Geopolitics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Heartland theory, on the other hand, hypothesized the possibility for a huge empire to be brought into existence which didn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to supply its military industrial complex, and that this empire could not be defeated by all the rest of the world coalitioned against it.
		For a time it seemed as though the theory was defunct, at first because conventional air force had been falsely touted as capable of destroying industries thousands of miles from the seacoast, and shortly afterward with the appearance of nuclear weapons.
		In the abstract, geopolitics traditionally indicates the links and causal relationships between political power and geographic space; in concrete terms it is often seen as a body of thought assaying specific strategic prescriptions based on the relative importance of land power and sea power in world history.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geopolitics (1055 words)

	Heartland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heartland is a most often a geopolitical term, often used to refer to a central area of Eurasia that is remote and inaccessible from the periphery.
		He believed that the Heartland was the strategic region of the foremost importance in the world.
		The term Heartland is also used as a synonym for the Midwest in the US, or central part of any country with economic, geopolitical or cultural significance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heartland (252 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: geopolitics @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		GEOPOLITICS [geopolitics] method of political analysis, popular in Central Europe during the first half of the 20th cent., that emphasized the role played by geography in international relations.
		Geopolitical theorists stress that natural political boundaries and access to important waterways are vital to a nation's survival.
		Geopolitics is different from political geography, a branch of geography concerned with the relationship between politics and the environment.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:geopolit&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (256 words)

	Halford John Mackinder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		And in 1904 and the formulation and addition of the Heartland Theory to the field of Geopolitics, with the submission of a paper titled "The Geographical Pivot of History" to the Royal Geographical Society.
		The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically taken up by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, in particular by Karl Haushofer.
		The Heartland Theory is mentioned explicitly in The Nazis Strike, the second of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series of American World War II propaganda films, though Mackinder is not named.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Halford_John_Mackinder (647 words)

	SIR HALFORD MACKINDER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Many geopolitical "truths" that have passed into the canon of security intellectuals rarely get a proper reexamination to determine their relevance to the constantly evolving nature of the system.
		Geopolitics is traditionally defined as the study of "the influence of geographical factors on political action,"[3] but this oft-cited definition fails to capture the many meanings that have evolved for the term over the years.
		His Heartland concept recalled the 18th-century strategists' notion of the "key position" on the battlefield,[7] the recognition of which was crucial to victory.
	www.national-anarchist.org /eurasia/mac1.html (3623 words)

	Owens, Autumn 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Geopolitics is essentially the study of the political and strategic relevance of geography to the pursuit of international power.
		First, geopolitical reasoning suggests that the consistent concerns of the geopolitical tradition—that is, the geographical correlation of power, the identification of core areas, and the relationship between maritime and continental capabilities—will continue to shape U.S. policy and strategy.
		Geopolitics is not geographic determinism, but it is based on the assumption that geography defines limits and opportunities in international politics: states can realize their geopolitical opportunities or become the victims of their geopolitical situation.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1999/autumn/art3-a99.htm (5758 words)

	Heartland Geopolitics: The Case of Uzbekistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He argued that the "closed heartland of Euro-Asia" was the "pivot" of global balance and told his audience that control of the Eurasian heartland meant, "You will be able to fling power from side to side of this area.
		As the United States partners with such present-day heartland nations as Uzbekistan in the war on terror, and as we consider the political balance of our own times and the future, we would do well to recall Mackinder's insights.
		He envisioned the global balance of the twenty-first century, wherein the heartland (Russia) and the mid-Atlantic nations (America, France, and Britain) would combine to balance (not necessarily against) China and India.
	www.globalengagement.org /issues/2004/01/heartland.htm (959 words)

	DREAMS OF THE EURASIAN HEARTLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A geopolitical theory called Eurasianism has become the common focus of Russia's "red-brown" coalition-the alliance of ultra-left and ultra-right politicians who together control close to half of the Duma (Russia's lower house of parliament) and who grow stronger each day, as Russia's economic crisis radicalizes the country's long-suffering population.
		Their rantings cannot be ignored; the LDPR dominates the geopolitics committee in the Duma and competes with the more liberal international affairs committee to be the house's voice on Russian foreign policy.
		The Basics of Geopolitics takes Mackinder's idea of the geopolitical opposition between land powers and sea powers one step further, positing that the two worlds are not just governed by competing strategic imperatives but are fundamentally opposed to each other culturally.
	www.national-anarchist.org /eurasia/heartland.html (1980 words)

	AcademicDB - What is geopolitics?
		The fundamental key to his essay however, was the continual struggle, throughout European history, to achieve and prevent control of an area known as the "heartland".
		Mackinder's heartland theory was simply that the potential for world domination lay in a land based, rather than maritime based, powers.
		Mackinder also saw that the key to this supremacy lay in an area called the "heartland", since dominance of this guaranteed self-sufficency, through an abundance of resources, provided the occupier with natural defences to attack, namely the sea, and was an important strategic position since it had a lot of boundari...
	www.academicdb.com /is_geopolitics_505 (260 words)

	Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics and Policymaking in the 21st Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Brief History of Geopolitics in Theory and Policy To the early 20th-century British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder, world history was a story of constant conflict between land and sea powers.
		Geopolitics is mythic because it promises uncanny clarity and insight in a complex world.
		Geopolitics is a narrow instrumental form of reason that is also a form of faith, a belief that there is a secret substratum and/or a permanent set of conflicts and interests that accounts for the course of world politics.
	www.geocities.com /mahabala_awake/mackinder.html (5416 words)

	GeoWorld - Mar 2005 - Edge Nodes: Can GIS and Geopolitics Prevent War? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Saving it may be a prescient decision, because geopolitics soon could become the most important course a geography department can offer--especially if it's combined with the tools of GIScience.
		The term "geopolitics" has its roots in the work of Halford Mackinder, who advocated the geostrategic advantages of land power over sea power.
		Perhaps this is a case of academic jealously over a theory in which the generals and politicians have given credence to in varying degrees.
	www.geoplace.com /uploads/featurearticle/0503en.asp (1235 words)

	Geopolitics in the Age of Terrorism
		A Swedish Professor of geography at Gothenburg University in 1900 was the first to use the term geopolitics (in Swedish "geopolitik") (10).
		In addition to the guilt by association with the Nazis, geopolitics also was open to criticism for being to deterministic.
		The critics of geopolitics charged that geopolitical theory tended to ascribe a single cause to the success or failure of a country.
	www.raleightavern.org /geopolitics.htm (7897 words)

	Monthly Review July-August 2003 Michael Klare
		Geopolitics, as a mode of analysis, was very popular from the late nineteenth century into the early part of the twentieth century.
		Geopolitics was also an ideology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—a self-conscious set of beliefs on which elites and leaders of the great powers acted.
		Geopolitical ideology was later appropriated by Hitler and Mussolini and by the Japanese militarists to explain and to justify their expansionist behavior.
	www.monthlyreview.org /0703klare.htm (2522 words)

	homepage\theory
		Geopolitics attempts to explain why some countries have power and other countries do not.
		Later, he called the pivot area the "Heartland" and devised his famous Heartland Theory: "He who controls the Heartland controls the World Island (Eurasia and Africa); He who controls the World Island, controls the world." Mackinder anticipated that Germany would be a threat to controlling the resources of Eastern Europe and the Heartland.
		After World War II the study of geopolitics fell into disrepute because of its association with Nazi Germany Another criticism leveled against geopolitics was the charge that geopolitical theory ascribed a single cause to the success or failure of a country and that did not take into consideration human choice.
	www.list.org /~mdoyle/theory.html (1575 words)

	EURASIAN MOVEMENT
		So while it is possible that geopolitics and containment simply coincided, it is highly unlikely that Western policymakers could look at a map of the world, see the red zone in the Heartland, and not remember the warning from Mackinder's cherub.[18]
		One might expect that geopolitics would have faded into the intellectual background with the end of the Cold War and the defeat of the Heartland power.
		Clover argues that the modern Russian geopolitik is being used as the glue to form bonds between the ultra-left and ultra-right, hinting at a "red-brown" coalition that could become dominant in Russian politics in the years ahead, with ominous implications for international stability.
	www.geocities.com /eurasia_uk/mac1.html (3635 words)

	Geopolitics - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		GEOPOLITICS The New German Science BY ANDREW GYORGY...this work is to determine whether present-day German geopolitics is a contribution to modern political theory and human...science.
		Geopolitics The term geopolitics came into use at the end of the nineteenth century.
		Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century by Richard Pflederer Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century Brian W...viewed as events in the saga of Globalization versus Geopolitics on the world stage.
	www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=Geopolitics (1458 words)

	Globalization and Maritime Power
		This chapter has four parts: a brief exposition of the concept and principles of geopolitics, a review of the notion of globalization, an examination of the arguments that geopolitical analysis is no longer relevant and does not fit contemporary realities, and several suggested insights that geopolitics offers for American policy.
		It is notable that the sober and insightful survey of the future security environment presented in chapter 2 of this volume appears to reflect no such profound alteration in that environment (beyond the rise and fall of individual actors, both state and nonstate).
		The role of geopolitics in the formation of the global order that permitted the current phase of globalization does not mean that globalization necessarily requires a geopolitical substructure to continue.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/books/Books_2002/Globalization_and_Maritime_Power_Dec_02/04_ch03.htm (6757 words)

	geopolitics on Encyclopedia.com
		Geopolitics of the Visible: Essays on Philippine Film Cultures.
		The Language of National Insecurity: Prediction, Strategy, and Geopolitics (With Particular Reference to the Book of Jonah, Munich, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union).
		Brian Blouet, a professor at the College of William and Mary, has written a book, "Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/g1/geopolit.asp (447 words)

	A Lexicon of 'Brzezinski-isms'
		In The Grand Chessboard, which always speaks of U.S. "geopolitical" interests, Brzezinski dismisses as irrelevant the ongoing manipulation by an Anglo-American cabal, in which the British "Venetian Party" is the dominant intellectual force shaping the issues that confront traditional American institutions.
		According to Brzezinski, Britain is above reproach in terms of the dangerously "geopolitical" doctrines that "Americans" like himself have been peddling increasingly of late, being content to maintain what it can of the "special relationship" with the United States and play with its Commonwealth--the euphemism for the British Empire today.
		One of the most prominent, Harold Mackinder, pioneered the discussion early this century with his successive concepts of the Eurasian `pivot area' (which was said to include all of Siberia and much of Central Asia) and, later, of the Central-East European `heartland' as the vital springboards for the attainment of continental domination.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/1999/thompson_brzezinski_2615.html (2460 words)

	Implications of Terrorism in Uzbekistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Geopolitical (as characterized by the Defense Department) and democratic (as characterized by the State Department) imperatives might conflict and impede the American effort to achieve this vision.
		Unfortunately, for many reasons, we have reached a point where the Uzbek government listens more to the Department of Defense (it has more money, it is philosophically more consistent with the Uzbeks' geopolitical perspective on the world and they fight a common enemy every day) than it does to the State Department.
		This is in both nations' interests: geopolitically evolutionary for the Uzbeks, democratically progressive for the Americans.
	www.globalengagement.org /issues/2004/04/implications.htm (1669 words)

	GEOPOLITICS
		A concept closely related to geopolitics is geostrategy.
		be regarded as the founder of the science of geopolitics.
		geopolitics to be outdated and replaced by geoeconomics.
	www.algonet.se /~jman/bertil/geobibl.html (1126 words)

	Olson \| Mideast Peace Process
		What is not well understood is the reality of geopolitics which mocks those dreams and aspirations and will continue to do so as far as we can see into the future.
		This geopolitical fact is bad news for peacemakers who strive and strive again to bring peace and stability to the region.
		There remain the ancient geopolitical conflicts between East and West, between the continental and oceanic worlds, the tumultuous history of the states and peoples of the “Shatterbelt” from Finland to Korea, and the essential vulnerability of any state (including Israel) established on the shores and hinterlands of the Eastern Mediterranean.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_10/olson_mideast.html (2854 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Summer 2000
		Geopolitics as grand strategy was one of the important intellectual foundations for the West's Cold War containment policy.
		By far the most influential geopolitical concept for Anglo-American statecraft has been the idea of a Eurasian `heartland,' and then the complementary idea-as-policy of containing the heartland power of the day within, not to, Eurasia.
		To understand the appeal of formal geopolitics to certain intellectuals, institutions, and would-be strategists, one has to appreciate the mythic qualities of geopolitics.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/00summer/fettweis.htm (5556 words)

	Haushofer, Karl on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		(kärl hous´hōfer), 1869-1946, German geographer, theorist of Nazi geopolitics, including the doctrines that the state is a living organism and that race and territory are linked.
		Haushofer was influenced by Alfred Kjellen, the Swedish creator of the term geopolitics; Frederick Ratzell and his organismic theories; and Sir Halford John Mackinder, who put forth the heartland concept.
		South American heartland: the Charcas, Latin American geopolitics and global strategies.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Haushofe.asp (373 words)

	“Still not worth the healthy bones of a single Pomeranian grenadier: Conflicts in the Balkans in light of American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		U.S. involvement in world affairs, the citizens of European countries are newly confronted with the unanticipated consequences of dramatic geopolitical shifts on their continent.
		A third geopolitical perspective, the Russian "national" geostrategy, can be considered as a variety of the Atlantist or of isolationist concepts, or as a separate concept.
		with a particularly important geopolitical role and is considered the key to global stability while acting as the geographical center of world politics.
	www.colorado.edu /research/IBS/PEC/johno/pub/cohen_issue.web.htm (8264 words)

	GEOPOLITICS
		Geopolitics can be described as the study of the international
		The Heartland theory of Sir Halford Mackinder is based on the
		Economic power is playing a growing role in geopolitical analysis.
	www.algonet.se /~jman/bertil/geous.html (1358 words)

	Harkavy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Geopolitics must be understood as “a conceptual and terminological tradition in the study of the political and strategic relevance of geography.”
		In brief, the core of geopolitical theory boils down to two fundamental questions, questions relevant both before and after the events of 1989–91.
		A contemporary of Mackinder’s, James Fairgrieve, suggested the possibility of a heartland farther east than its classical locus between the Vistula River and the Urals, implying that China and its hinterland could become a new heartland, or pivot.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2001/Autumn/art2-au1.htm (6525 words)

	Search Results for geopolitics - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Geopolitical theorists have sought to demonstrate the importance in the determination of national policy of...
		German army officer, political geographer, and leading proponent of geopolitics, an academic discipline prominent in the period between the two World Wars but later in disrepute because of its...
		Covers topics related to human rights, geopolitics, trade, and environmental issues like global warming, biodiversity, and human population.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=geopolitics&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (360 words)

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