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052 Pa. Code § 59.30. Heating value and purity of gas. Each determination of heating value shall be recorded originally upon the form adopted for that purpose. If heating value is determined by an approved type of recording calorimeter, the charts removed from a calorimeter shall be sufficient to comply with the requirements of this section. (ii) To obtain the heating value of gas, the results of the tests of heating value made under standard practice on each day during the calendar month shall be averaged, and the average of the daily averages shall be taken as the monthly average. www.pacode.com /secure/data/052/chapter59/s59.30.html   (540 words)

System for combustion of gases of low heating value - Patent 4202169 The heat released by combustion of some of the oil in the formation heats the formation and oil whereby the viscosity of the oil is greatly reduced by the high temperature, cracking of the oil, and by solution in the oil of low molecular weight hydrocarbons formed by the cracking. The heating value of the LHV gas produced from in-situ combustion in oil reservoirs may range from 5 to 80 Btu/scf, and ordinarily will be in the range of 35 to 70 Btu/scf, a range in which this process is particularly useful. Heat exchanger 38 is preferably a tube and shell-type heat exchanger with the hot products of combustion passing through the tubes and the LHV gas-air mixture passing over the outer wall of the tubes and through the space between such outer wall and the shell of the exchanger. www.freepatentsonline.com /4202169.html   (4497 words)

Sound Speed , Molar Weight , Heating Value and Component Concentrations on Natural Gas The sonic speed, molecular weight and heating value of natural gas were studied as a function of random fluctuation of the gas fractions. It was established that the heating value H of natural gases for light hydrocarbons is an almost linear function of the molecular weight, though this fact is of no practical use, as the presence of nonflammable components in the gas mixture reduces the real heating value and exaggerates the measured/calculated value at the same time. So the object of this research is prediction of the sonic speed, molecular weight and heating value of natural gas mixtures on the basis of those and other thermodynamic data of the pure components, for a large number of random molar concentrations; determination of the correlation between the obtained values; statistical analysis of the results. www.technion.ac.il /~leonidb/BursteinSite/GasAr/SoundArISAFinal.htm   (1452 words)

Bohm-Bawerk, The Positive Theory of Capital, Book III, Chapter I: Library of Economics and Liberty Value in the Subjective sense is the importance which a good, or a complex of goods, possesses with regard to the wellbeing of a subject. There is a nutritive value of food, a heating value of wood and coal, a fertilising value of manures, a blasting value of explosives, and so on. If we affirm that beech has a superior heating value over pine, we only express the purely objective and, as it were, mechanical fact that with a definite weight of beech a greater amount of heat can be raised than with the same weight of pine. www.econlib.org /library/BohmBawerk/bbPTC13.html   (949 words)

ME 354 Lab - Bomb Calorimeter Experiment The heat liberated during this reaction is called the heat of combustion, and the amount of heat corresponding to a unit mass of the fuel is called the heating value. There are two basic types of calorimeters: a steady-flow calorimeter to measure the heating value of gaseous fuels and the bomb calorimeter (constant-volume) for use with liquid and solid fuels. Heat the distilled water to a temperature between 24 and 27°C. This initial temperature is in the lower half of the range of the bucket and jacket thermometers (range = 24 - 30°C). www2.latech.edu /~hhegab/pages/me354/Lab2/Lab2_bombcal_Sp97.htm   (2296 words)

Types of Coal Heating value, ash melting temperature, sulfur and other impurities, mechanical strength, and many other chemical and physical properties must be considered when matching specific coals to a particular application. Anthracite is coal with the highest carbon content, between 86 and 98 percent, and a heat value of nearly 15,000 BTUs-per-pound. Although its heat value is lower, this coal generally has a lower sulfur content than other types, which makes it attractive for use because it is cleaner burning. www.ket.org /Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmtypes.html   (460 words)

Heating value of hydrogen gas Information   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Heating Value Of Hydrogen Gas are great for when you're looking to get better at heating value of hydrogen gas for selfish purposes. Expressed as a percent of the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. On a heating value basis, a kilogram of hydrogen; is approximately... hydrogen.4newinfo2.info /how-to-build-a-hydrogen-generator/heating-value-of-hydrogen-gas.html   (334 words)

Heating Value   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Heating Value is defined as the amount of energy released when a fuel is burned completely in a steady-flow process and the products are returned to the state of the reactants. If H2O is in liquid form, heating value is called HHV (higher Heating Value). When H2O is in vapor form, heating value is called LHV (Lower Heating Value). www.taftan.com /thermodynamics/HVALUE.HTM   (73 words)

Substoichiometric combustion of low heating value gases - Patent 4366668 The combustible component of a stream of low heating value gas comprising carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane is combusted using less than a stoichiometric amount of air in the presence of an oxygenation catalyst and the heat energy in the combusted gas is utilized, for example, by expansion in a gas turbine. In recognition of the fact that a large amount of energy is contained in a large volume of low heating value gas, it has occasionally been suggested that gas streams of low heating value be stoichiometrically combusted and the energy be removed to a boiler or in a turbine before venting to the atmosphere. The temperature of the combusted gas stream available for preheating is dependent on a number of factors including the heating value of the gas stream undergoing combustion, the amount of air that is used for combustion and the temperature to which the feed gas stream is preheated. www.freepatentsonline.com /4366668.html   (4567 words)

NASD: News Release: Do You Waste Money by Heating With Wood? Savings from using a woodburning heating system depend on installation costs of the wood heating system and the fuel costs and efficiencies of both the primary and wood heating systems. Heat pumps are very efficient when the outside temperature is above freezing, and efficiency increases as the outside temperature rises. The amount of heat your system must deliver is directly proportional to the difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures. www.cdc.gov /nasd/docs/d001101-d001200/d001154/d001154.html   (785 words)

Method and apparatus for coal treatment - Patent 4059060 It is apparent from equation (2) that heating value varies directly with the moisture and ash content, and for each percentage decrease of moisture and ash content the heating value will increase by a corresponding percent. The initial heating value, i.e., the heating value.sub.(1) appearing in the right-hand portion of relation (4) is typically the "as received" heating value of the fuel product, e.g., as received by a utility and including the usual moisture and ash content accompanying that product. That moisture and ash free heating value is thus multiplied by a constant, including the applicable emission standard, to produce a constant factor representing the right-hand portion of relation (4). www.freepatentsonline.com /4059060.html   (3365 words)

Transcanada Alberta System Website   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The posted heating value at select locations is used to convert energy nominations received from Customers, or quantities of energy identified on Requests For Confirmation (RFC) communiques received from connecting operators, to volume for the purpose of managing a Capacity Allocation process. However, TransCanada reserves the right to adjust the posted heating value at any time during the month if, based on updated information, the actual heating value at the border is expected to deviate significantly from the posted heating value for some period of time during the month and adversely affect the management of facility capacity. Firstly, it states at which heating value energy transactions from connecting pipelines will be converted to volume for the purpose of capacity allocation processing. www.transcanada.com /Alberta/operational_procedures/heatvalues.htm   (728 words)

Heating with Wood Needs Care and Consideration   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Remember that although wood can be a good source of heat, it should be used with caution and proper maintenance should be done to avoid fires and chimney problems. As the moisture content goes up in the firewood, the heating value goes down (less Btu's) because more energy (heat) is needed to drive off the moisture in the wood before it will burn. The difference in the heating value of different species of trees comes in the density (weight per unit of volume) of the wood species. www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /hortihints/0110b.html   (429 words)

AGL - Heating Value Forecast Forecast heating values for natural gas are provided fro the information of energy retailers transporting natural gas through AGL Gas Networks' distribution network. The forecast heating value of gas received from Longford is not available. Gas withdrawals are determined according to the actual heating value for a particular day and are not reliant on the forecast heating value. www.agl.com.au /library/networks/AGL%20-%20Heating%20Value%20Forecast.htm   (208 words)

Laboratory 2: The Bomb Calorimeter   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Determining heating values is profoundly important; fuels are one of the biggest commodities in the world, and their price depends primarily on their heating value. The lower heating value (LHV) assumes the water vapor is not condensed. This heating value is consequently "lower" by the enthalpy of vaporization of the amount of steam produced. eng.sdsu.edu /courses/me395/thermo/bomb_html/Bomb_Spring_1997.html   (3029 words)

Method of and apparatus for continually monitoring the heating value of a fuel gas using a combustibility meter - ... The total heating value of a fuel gas is defined generally as the quantity of heat in British Thermal Units (BTUs) released when one standard cubic foot (SCF) of gas is completely oxidized, with both initial and final temperatures of all ingredients at 60.degree. Total heating value of a fuel gas, defined in this manner, is used extensively by gas utilities as a measure of the quality of a gas as fuel. Since the heating value of undiluted fuel gas is simply a multiple of the percent LEL and the air/fuel gas ratio, the output of the combustibility meter 10 passes through a voltage/current transducer 26 to the recording instrument 28 which records readings directly in BTU/SCF. www.freepatentsonline.com /4351614.html   (2281 words)

Drucken Heating takes place at temperatures of at most 100°C. F values of over 0.4 must be achieved. Heating takes place at temperatures over 100°C. (However, three-quarter preservation can also be achieved when small sizes of preserves are boiled.) The F values are between 0.6 and 0.8. The calculations necessary to determine the F value from measured temperatures during heating are performed automatically by special devices known as integrators or computers. www.fleischwirtschaft.de /print.prl?which=/service/downloadfwerte/index-engl.html   (968 words)

JustGeothermal Systems -- FAQ   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Once we model the amount of energy it takes to heat, cool and provide domestic hot water for a home for a typical year, it is relatively easy to compare the operating costs of various types of heating systems delivering the calculated amount of energy; a Geothermal System being one of them. Refrigeration systems move heat from one place to another, the result is one part of the refrigerator becomes colder and another part of the system becomes warmer. The heat from inside the ice box is removed by the refrigeration process and rejected into the space at the back of the fridge along with the energy used to do the work, (run the compressor). www.justgeothermal.com /faq.html   (2618 words)

Technical Information and References: Technical FAQ A therm is a unit of gross heating value. A: For gaseous fuels multiply the LHV value by 1.10 and for liquid fuels multiply the LHV value by 1.06. First the boiler horsepower value is converted to an energy basis by muliplying by 33,446 Btu/hr per Bhp. www.sbcapcd.org /eng/tech/tech_faq.htm   (454 words)

Paperloop.com - leading the pulp, paper, packaging and printing industry   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) To be more accurate, the heating value of a pound of dry solids must also be specified, since a recovery boiler serves as both a mass flow rate and a heat-input piece of equipment. The actual heating value was usually less than 6,600 Btu/lb, so using this value was considered "free" heat-input capacity that could be translated into a greater solids firing rate. As with heating value, there is a habit of using standard liquor analysis related to standard heating value. www.paperloop.com /db_area/archive/p_p_mag/1993/9312/93120109.htm   (1715 words)

District Heating and Cogeneration in Krakow, Poland   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) While it may have a heating value of up to 13,100 Btu per pound (7,278 kcal/kg), such as that mined in Slask (Silesia) in southwest Poland, that used at the Leg plant has a value of 8,640 Btu per pound (4,800 kcal/kg) (Krakow-Leg; Czajkowski and Dziarzawski 1988). It is produced from bituminous coal by heating it in an oven to above l,832 F (l,000 C) for 10 hours or more in the absence of oxygen. Its heating value is about the same as bituminous coal, but only 1,200 to 1,400 pounds (544 to 635 kg) of coke can be obtained from a ton of coal. www.energy.rochester.edu /pl/krakow/fuels.htm   (618 words)

heating value The amount of heat produced from the complete combustion of a unit of fuel. The higher (or gross) heating value is that when all products of combustion are cooled to the pre-combustion temperature, water vapor formed during combustion is condensed, and necessary corrections have been made. Lower (or net) heating value is obtained by subtracting from the gross heating value the latent heat of vaporization of the water vapor formed by the combustion of the hydrogen in the fuel. www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/AE_heating_value.html   (158 words)

Energy & Environment I Propane: determine the heating value (kJ/kg or Btu/pound or Btu/gallon) of the fuel in the propane tank you bought for your back-yard grill. The heating value of the vapor (what you burn) is given as 91,502 BTU/gallon, and the latent heat of vaporization is given as 773 BTU/gallon. The heating value of the liquid commercial grade propane is the sum of these two numbers: 92,275 BTU/gallon. courses.washington.edu /me341/hw3sol.htm   (602 words)

Energy Cost Calculator The homeowner who is considring wood for home heating, either as a supplemental or primary basis, should give careful consideration to the economics involved and also to the amount of personal attention that is required to operate a wood burning unit. To determine the usable heat you multiply the heating value of the fuel (measured in BTU - British Thermal Units) by the operating efficiency of the heating system (measurement of how effective the system is at transferring the energy in the fuel into usable heat). It has an average operating efficiency of about 10% and provides a usable heat value of 2.45 million BTU per cord of wood (stack of wood 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft., two ricks equal one cord if the logs are 24 inches long). www.tulsamastergardeners.org /blackbox/enrgcalc.htm   (882 words)

Kemisektionen, Chalmers Göteborg   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Examples of such alternative fuels are gasified biomass (liquid sewage, wood, bagasse, etc.), gasified industrial waste such as fl liquor from the pulp industry or residual oil from the petroleum refinery industry, tail gas from the iron and steel industry. An important common characteristic of all such alternative fuels is their low heating value. When a gas turbine engine is operated with low heating value fuel, all engine components (turbine, combustion chamber and compressor) work in off-design conditions, which substantially modifies the engine performance characteristics. www.che.chalmers.se /insidan/seminars/seminars01/010906.html   (225 words)

NETL's Cool Science - Ask a NETL Researcher Q&A Archive The value of coal is determined by its rank, either anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous or lignite. The heating value of anthracite and bituminous coals ranges from 11,000 to 14,500 BTU per pound. The value of coal is also based on the amount and types of impurities or contaminants. www.netl.doe.gov /coolscience/res_archive/q&a_147.html   (208 words)

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