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Topic: Heavier than air flight

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	Aircraft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heavier than air aerodynes, including autogyros, helicopters and variants, and conventional fixed-wing aircraft: aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada), airplanes in North American English.
		Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable balloons, such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and airships (sometimes called dirigible balloons) such as blimps (that have non-rigid construction) and rigid airships that have a rigid frame.
		The vast majority of flights flown around the world each day belong to the general aviation category, ranging from recreational balloon flying to civilian flight training to business trips to firefighting to medevac flights to cargo transportation on freight aircraft.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heavier-than-air_flight (1674 words)

	Next Century of Flight: Aviation Week's AviationNow.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Flights of over 500 ft. were soon being made with their aerodynamically efficient glider and, for the first time, Orville joined Wilbur in piloting the aircraft.
		Since their flights could no longer be timed to take place between the appearance of trolleys on the nearby interurban rail line, passengers began to catch glimpses of the machine in flight.
		There were hints of a blood lust in the air and the brothers distastefully foresaw, in the very near future, that men and machines would be pushed to their limits to satisfy thrill-seeking crowds.
	www.aviationnow.com /content/ncof/ncf_n93.htm (12274 words)

	Encyclopedia: Heavier-than-air flight
		That is, in order to maintain their forward speed they must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground).
		Aerostats float in air in the same way that a ship floats in water, by displacing the air around the craft with a lighter gas (helium or hydrogen), or hot air.
		In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air because of aerodynamics, usually by means of wings, or rotors, of some kind.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Heavier_than_air-flight (1671 words)

	Aircraft -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The movement of air over the airfoil produces (One of the layers forming the heel of a shoe or boot) lift that causes the aircraft to fly.
		In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air by wings or rotors (see (The branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow) aerodynamics).
		The vast majority of flights flown around the world each day belong to the general aviation category, ranging from recreational balloon flying to civilian flight training to business trips to firefighting to medevac flights to cargo transportation on (Click link for more info and facts about freight aircraft) freight aircraft.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ai/aircraft.htm (2039 words)

	Conquest of the Air (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		That first day of flight served as a blueprint for the first decade: breathtaking technological advances that were punctuated by catastrophes or near-misses.
		The records for speed, flight duration, altitude, and so forth that were so widely reported at the time seem pedestrian today, and were broken within a few months.
		Steven Wofsy, the current incumbent, is conquering the air in a twenty-first-century way, chasing air masses with specially equipped aircraft in an attempt to secure the first exact measurements of greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere.
	www.harvard-magazine.com /on-line/050332.html (2846 words)

	Flying High
		When the force of thrust is greater than that of drag, the aircraft accelerates until drag force again equals the thrust force at which time the aircraft ceases to accelerate and continues at a constant speed.
		If the force of the weight is greater than the force of the lift on the airplane, the airplane will begin to loose altitude until the lift force is increased to balance the force of the weight (or until it meets the ground).
		This is the density of the air in the air stream through which the airfoil is passing.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /department/classes/ge406/jmedward/windsheer/flying.htm (2392 words)

	Theory of Flight
		Flight is a phenomenon that has long been a part of the natural world.
		The density of hot air inside a balloon is less than that of the air at sea level, so the balloon rises.
		Heavier-than-air flight is made possible by a careful balance of four physical forces: lift, drag, weight, and thrust.
	web.mit.edu /16.00/www/aec/flight.html (1436 words)

	Percy Pilcher in the Aviation History Encyclopedia
		His final fateful flight was to a crowd of onlookers and potential sponsors at Stanford Hall - he crashed to his death, and interest in his work evaporated.
		With the upcoming centenary of flight, a new effort was made to find the lost work, and some correspondence was found in a private American collection, from this it was possible to discern the general direction of his plans and the basis of his design.
		A recent research effort carried out at the School of Aeronautics at Cranfield University has shown that Pilcher's design was more or less workable, and had he been able to develop his engine, it is likely he would have succeeded in being the first to fly a heavier-than-air powered aircraft under control.
	www.usairnet.com /encyclopedia/Percy_Pilcher.html (489 words)

	100 Years of Flight.
		Man's early quest for flight wasn't to fly on a 777, no, it was to fly and flap wings like the majestic birds that he long to imitate.
		The coachman is said to have put in his notice immediately after the flight on the grounds that he was "hired to drive, not to fly." This story was not known until after Cayley's death in 1857.
		It wasn't until a German by the name of Otto Lilienthal, and his study of bird flight and bird anatomy, and his conclusion that a curved wing was essential to producing lift, that man began to understand the theroy of flying.
	www.hammerheadpilotgear.com /before.htm (1468 words)

	ipedia.com: Aircraft Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The movement of air over the wings produces lift, which allows the aircraft to fly.
		Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable balloons, such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and airships (sometimes called dirigible balloons), such as blimps (which have a non-rigid construction) and rigid airships, which have a rigid frame.
		In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air because of aerodynamics, usually by means of wings of some kind.
	www.ipedia.com /aircraft.html (1117 words)

	Fascinating Facts
		In 1932, Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean; in 1935, she became the first woman to fly solo across the Pacific Ocean and in 1937 she began the flight and was about 4000 miles short of her goal when she mysteriously disappeared.
		In order for a plane to take off, the lift of the plane must be greater than the weight and the thrust greater must be greater than the plane's drag.
		His flight duration for a paper aircraft, flown on level ground, was 27.6 seconds.
	www.geocities.com /daretofly2001/fascinatingfacts.html (508 words)

	FIRST POWERED FLIGHT, FIRST FLIGHT, FIRST POWDERED FLIGHT, PLANE TRUTH, FLYING INTO HISTORY
		flight: it was manned, powered, heavier-than-air and (to some degree) controlled.
		The first powered, controlled, sustained flight took place 50 years before the Wright brothers, in 1852 (Henri Giffard flew 15 miles with a steam engine mounted on a dirigible).
		The Wrights' 1903 flight (300 yards) was the first photographed heavier-than-air flight.
	www.idsia.ch /~juergen/planetruth.html (404 words)

	Milestones in Aviation in the Aviation History Encyclopedia
		Late June or early July: Sir George Cayley's coachman became the world's first aeroplane pilot, flying a glider designed by his employer for 423ft (130m) across a valley in Brompton, Yorkshire.
		November: Lawrence Hargrave demonstrates stable flight with a tethered box kite.
		March 31 : Richard Pearse reputed to have made an uncontrolled powered flight in a heavier-than-air craft, a monoplane of his own construction, that crash lands on a hedge.
	www.usairnet.com /encyclopedia/Milestones_in_aviation.html (574 words)

	No. 21: Zeppelins
		Heavier-than-air flight has developed steadily, but lighter-than-air transport seems for the moment to have come and gone.
		Many powered balloon flights were made during the next half century, and in 1900 Henry Deutsch, a French financier, offered a 100,000-franc prize to the first person who could fly the 14-mile course from the Paris Aero Club around the Eiffel Tower and back in 30 minutes.
		"To propel a dirigible balloon through the air," he complained, "is like trying to push a candle through a brick wall." He turned to heavier-than-air flight and in 1906 was the first European to fly an airplane.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi21.htm (475 words)

	First steps to air power began at Kitty Hawk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In a sense, the Air Force was not born in 1947 as we are all taught.
		Widely respected for his flight expertise, the brothers sought his advice in developing their aircraft, and he gave them help based on his own experiments.
		They did make a few manned flights without the wire, but were unhappy with their inability to control the aircraft.
	www.dcmilitary.com /airforce/beam/6_51/features/12791-1.html (572 words)

	GPN-2002-000128 - The Wright Brothers First Heavier-than-air Flight
		The brothers took three other flights that day, each flight lasting longer than the other with the final flight going a distance of 852 feet in 59 seconds.
		This flight was the culmination of a number of years of research on gliders.
		The Air Age truly began with that historic flight on December 17, 1903.
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2002-000128.html (328 words)

	Air Transportation: The Beginnings of French Commercial Aviation
		Air France was formed in August 1933 after a merger between Air Orient, Societe Generale Transport Aerien and Air Union Internationale de Navigation.
		France was one of the most active pioneers in heavier-than-air flight in Europe.
		At the height of the French commercial air travel boom, there were as many as 20 companies vying for a place in the sky.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Commercial_Aviation/france/Tran21.htm (1027 words)

	List of years in aviation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This is the first known flight by a person in a heavier-than-air machine, though is not as recognized as the 1853 flight.
		The first flight in a rigid airship is made by Ernst Jägels, flying an all-aluminium craft designed by David Schwarz and built by Carl Berg.
		The flight was intended as a display of powered flight, but when the engine is not ready in time, Pilcher uses a team of horses to pull the glider into the air.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Timeline_of_aviation_history.php (3410 words)

	World Mysteries - Strange Artifacts, Ancient Flying Machines
		Flight has been the dream of humankind since they watched in awe as birds soared effortlessly through the sky.
		And although it was theorized that heavier-than-air flight was possible as early as the 13th century, and in the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci designed winged aircraft and a crude kind of helicopter, it wasn't until the Wright brothers made their first successful flights at Kitty Hawk in 1903 that powered flight became a reality.
		The importance of the Wright brothers lies in the fact, that it was a manned flight for a distance of 120 feet and Orville Wright became the first man to fly.
	www.world-mysteries.com /sar_7.htm (6129 words)

	Wikipedia: France
		They are considered to be a part of France (and the EU) rather than dependent territories, and each of them is a region at the same time.
		The government is slowly selling off holdings in France Telecom, in Air France, and in the insurance, banking, and defense industries.
		France joined 11 other EU members to launch the euro on January 1 1999, with euro coins and banknotes completely replacing the French franc in early 2002.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/f/fr/france_1.html (1360 words)

	NPS Historical Handbook: Wright Brothers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Few knew that the problem of powered flight was not to fill a balloon with gas or hot air and float in it, or to glide in a complicated kite against air currents.
		Many among those who realized the obstacles to heavier-than-air flight in a powered machine believed it was as impossible as perpetual motion.
		The brothers were encouraged by seeing that a man of Langley's scientific standing believed in the possibility of flight at a time when few people did.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/hh/34/hh34c.htm (726 words)

	ABC News: Takeoff or Landing: Which Is the Greater Challenge?
		Takeoffs are volitional, but landings (of one sort or another) are compulsory, and it's all too true that in 100 years of heavier-than-air flight, we've never left one up there.
		The "takeoff" crowd can cite the difficulty of accelerating and controlling a large air machine as it makes the transition from an expensive and unwieldy tricycle with wings to an airborne thing of beauty, but the "landing" advocates can cite just as much complexity and just as many historic landing accidents.
		But in the air, the wings (and to a much smaller extent the horizontal tail surfaces) support the same structure, producing enough lift (measured in pounds) to equal and then exceed the weight of the loaded airplane at rest.
	abcnews.go.com /Business/FlyingHigh/story?id=909744&page=1 (454 words)

	The FIVE FIRST FLIGHTS
		Today, of the five flights made, many people are aware only of Orville’s first flight on the 17th, largely by virtue of that photograph snapped by John Daniels, and it is that flight, the one in the photograph, which has been almost universally acclaimed as The First Flight.
		As noted, Wilbur’s flight of the 14th was assisted by gravity and wind, yet Orville’s flight of the 17th was also assisted by wind, although not by gravity.
		Wilbur’s second flight on the 17th, the one and only flight that day which by the Wrights’ own standards did “something,” ought to be recognized and fully embraced for the wonder that it was...
	www.thewrightbrothers.org /fivefirstflights.html (5496 words)

	Johann Bessler - Orffyreus - Historical Perspective
		Sensible people in 1900 knew that heavier than air flight by human beings was impossible.
		One of his topics was "The Flying Machine." Arguing with clarity and scientific rigor, he showed that the scaling laws of physics conclusively ruled out the possibility of heavier than air flight by humans.
		Similarly, structural strength is proportional to structure cross-section, which goes up as the square, but weight and loads go up as the cube, so beyond some size the wings and other parts break under their own weight.
	www.besslerwheel.com /flight.html (622 words)

	FLYING MACHINES BEFORE THE WRIGHTS- FLYING MACHINES
		The gliding flight of birds was also observed and some of the more successful early designs sought to produce a device which would carry a human in gliding flight.
		A theoretical understanding of the dynamics of flight was first defined in print by Sir George Cayley in 1809, the same year he built and flew a heavier-than-air model.
		While many people have suggested and supported candidates other than the Wrights for the title of First To Fly, (notably Clement Ader, Gustave Whitehead, Richard Pearse and Karl Jatho) those claimants have been found lacking, for one reason or another.
	www.flyingmachines.org /fmach.html (736 words)

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