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Topic: Heavy ions

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	Heavy ions damage DNA (October 2005) - News - PhysicsWeb
		This damage might be caused by the heavy ions after they have lost most of their energy or by low-energy secondary ions.
		Previously it was thought that heavy ions caused the same amount of damage as the conventional X-ray or gamma-ray radiation routinely used in medicine.
		They fired low-energy ions onto a film of biomolecules in an ultrahigh vacuum and analysed the ions that desorb from the film with a mass spectrometer.
	physicsweb.org /archive/news/9/10/8/1?rss=2.0 (487 words)

	JEH 3 2 HEAVY METALS CHINA
		Xiaoyuon (1983) has studied adsorption of heavy metal ions Cu, Zn, and Ni onto sediments in the Jionshajing river, and the results showed that the pH of river water is an important factor for adsorption heavy metal ions onto sediment.
		It is important to study the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions onto sediment to find out the special adsorption characteristics of rivers with high concentrations of sediment to set up water quality models for heavy metal and determine the heavy metal pollutant tolerance.
		The correlation of W and G is given in Figure 22 which shows that the adsorption of heavy metal ions onto sediment for different sediment types, different heavy metals, and different environmental factors, almost all of which follow equation (3).
	www.hydroweb.com /jeh_3_2/heavmet.html (3348 words)

	Research with swift heavy ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Effect of irradiation by light heavy ions in the MeV range on the granularity defect structure and super conducting transition temperature are studied.
		The influence of swift heavy ions (SHI) irradiation on electrical transport, magnetization and structural properties of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) materials are being investigated.
		Ion irradiation causes H loss which depends on sp2 and sp3 bonds and thus causes change in electrical as well as optical properties of the films.
	www.nsc.ernet.in /research/matscience/matresearch.html (787 words)

	sm12a in fm04
		AB: Heavy ionospheric ions such as $O^+$ can produce significant mass loading to the magnetotail and because of their gyro-radius can be substantially different from ionospheric or solar wind protons, the heavy ions can modify both the timing and structure of the magnetotail.
		In addition, the heavy ions are always important as a tracer to determine the sources and transport paths of the ions.
		We discuss the contribution of heavy ions to the storm time ring current by comparing inferred values of the mass density from the ULF technique with values of the electron number density inferred from plasma wave data.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm04&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm04/fm04&maxhits=200&="SM12A" (1579 words)

	Heavy Ion Collisions
		RHIC's main physics mission is to collide heavy ions together, creating the conditions that physicists are interested in studying.
		RHIC primarily uses ions of gold, one of the heaviest common elements, because its nucleus is densely packed with particles.
		But since the heavy ions in RHIC collisions are so small (see physics primer), the actual impact of the speeding ions on each other is about the same as the impact of a mosquito hitting a screen door on a summer evening.
	www.bnl.gov /rhic/heavy_ion.htm (672 words)

	CERN Courier - Heavy ions offer a new appro - IOP Publishing - article
		Heavy ions have the advantage that energy deposition is simpler with them than with photons, while much of the accelerator technology necessary has already been demonstrated to have long life, a sufficiently high pulse repetition rate and high electrical efficiency.
		Other efforts aimed at both accelerator physics and studying the interaction of heavy ions with hot matter exist at GSI in Germany; the Tokyo Institute of Technology, RIKEN, Utsunomiya University and Osaka's Institute of Laser Engineering in Japan; Orsay in France; and the Russian Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics.
		The induction cores of such linacs have high efficiency at the high beam currents that fusion demands, and their cost is relatively low.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/42/6/18/1 (1792 words)

	Society for Heavy Ions Research
		The GSI - Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung - in Darmstadt is a large-scale research facility financed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal State of Hesse.
		GSI operates an accelerator plant used to accelerate heavy ions by up to 90% of the speed of light.
		The plant consists of the linear accelerator UNILAC achieving energies of 2 to 20 MeV per nucleon, the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS (1 to 2 GeV per nucleon) and the experimental storage ring ESR.
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/s/society-heavy-ion.htm (169 words)

	EPACT
		The collection powers and energy ranges for heavier nuclei up to iron are ideal for observations of quiet-time populations such as particles accelerated by interplanetary shocks and the anomalous cosmic rays.
		As the incoming ion passes through the inner nickel foil, it knocks a few secondary electrons off the inner surface of the foil into the TOF region.
		"Heavy Ion Abundances and Spectra and the Large Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Event of 2000 July 14," Reames, D. V., Ng, C. and Tylka, A. 2000, ApJ Letters 548, L233.
	lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/gamcosray/lecr/EPACT/epact.html (3444 words)

	SI 15Modeling heavy ions and atoms throughout the heliosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We use kinetic models that include heavy elements such as He, C, N, O, and others, to study the heliospheric distribution of neutrals and the singly charged ions of these species, besides H. Two sources of heavy elements have been identified; the solar wind and the LISM.
		The solar wind provides heavy ions in certain charge states (as well as neutrals created at the ''inner source'').
		Our model describes the evolution of heavy neutral atom distributions throughout the heliosphere, and we include the interaction of heavy particles with neutral hydrogen and protons through charge exchange (i.e., the creation of pickup ions), and of course the heavy neutrals are subject to photoionization and gravity.
	www.arcetri.astro.it /~solwind/abstract/node23.html (210 words)

	Heavy * Impacts of Heavy Freight Vehicles... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Particle Emission from Nuclei Alpha, Proton and Heavy Ion Radioactivities.
		Heavy Flavour Physics Theory and Experimental Results in Heavy Quark Physics and CP Violation Proceedings of the FiftyFifth Scot.
		Heavy Flavor Physics Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 7.
	www.decurio.de /?decu_search=Heavy (904 words)

	Dynamics of Protons and Heavy Ions in Solar Wind Acceleration Regions
		Several theoretical models of the coronal regions where the solar wind is accelerated predict that there the outflow velocity of heavy ions can be significantly lower than that of protons (e.g., Bürgi and Geiss 1986; Esser and Leer 1990).
		The outflow velocity of protons and ions can be determined by estimating the Doppler dimming effect on the spectral lines observed, as described by Kohl and Withbroe (1982).
		The velocity profile of the oxygen ions, using the O VI 1032 intensity ratios, can be suitably representative of the dynamic behaviour of heavy ions (see the calculations of Bürgi and Geiss (1986)).
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /uvcs/yb/node70.html (411 words)

	Solar Wind Heavy Ions Driving Force... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cravens' work suggests that ions comprising 0.1% of the solar wind, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, appear to be the driving force behind these newly discovered x-ray emissions.
		These ions are highly stripped, meaning their electrons have been removed due to the intense heat of the sun's corona, which is where the solar wind originates.
		The grabbed electron is now part of the ion but is far from its nucleus, meaning it is still in a highly excited state.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/cravens.html (395 words)

	Fragmentation of proteins using highly charged heavy ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We are exploring the fragmentation of proteins with highly charged heavy ions (HCI), using ions extracted from the EBIT (electron beam ion trap) facility at Livermore.
		The ions carry charges of up to 65+ (Au, e.g.), which translate into potential energies comparable to the kinetic energies of a few 100 keV, stressing electronic interaction rather than collisional.
		Mass spectra of secondary ions ejected from the sample were obtained using a time-of-flight spectrometer.
	www.islandone.org /Foresight/Conferences/MNT05/Abstracts/Ruehabst.html (348 words)

	Effects of Absorption by Io on Composition of Energetic Heavy Ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Galileo Heavy Ion Counter is sensitive to ions with Z>= 6 and energies above ~ 6 MeV/nucleon.
		The observed composition of these heavy ions is consistent with two components: singly ionized iogenic O, Na, and S and highly ionized solar C, O, and Ne.
		The Voyager spacecraft encounters with Jupiter found that energetic heavy ions form a major component of the trapped radiation in the inner magnetosphere (1).
	www.srl.caltech.edu /galileo/io_effects.html (751 words)

	Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)-Drives two intersecting beams of heavy ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Collider is a world-class scientific research facility used to study what the universe may have looked like in the first few moments after its creation.
		RHIC is the first machine in the world capable of colliding heavy ions, which are atoms which have had their outer cloud of electrons removed.
		RHIC collides two beams of gold ions head-on when they're traveling at nearly the speed of light (what Einstein called relativistic speeds).
	www.scitechresources.gov /Results/show_result.php?rec=1369 (177 words)

	CMS Heavy Ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Heavy Ion Physics with the CMS Detector, III LHC Symposium by Grzegorz Wrochna, October 2001.
		Heavy Ion Physics with the Compact Muon Solenoid at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, International Nuclear Physics Conference by Bolek Wyslouch, July, 2001.
		Heavy Ion Physics with CMS, Quark Matter 2001 by Pablo Yepes, January, 2001.
	yepes.rice.edu /cms (177 words)

	SGPD plots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fluxes of helium and heavy ions in November 1992
		Fluxes of helium and heavy ions in December 1992
		Fluxes of helium and heavy ions in December 1993
	www.srl.caltech.edu /sampex/yellowplots (314 words)

	Relativistic collisions of heavy ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An ultrarelativistic collision of heavy ions presents a phenomenon whose most interesting features are conditioned by the large multitude of degrees of freedom involved, and yet offer an opportunity for the fundamental physics of the strong interaction to manifest itself.
		From a particle physicist's point of view, "Relativistic Heavy Ions are a complicated mess raised to the power of a complicated mess" (a statement ascribed to D. Perkins).
		Particle physicists are used to comparing their experimental measurements with predictions obtained from perturbative theories (electro-weak theory or perturbative QCD).
	www.star.bnl.gov /~kopytin/thesis/node7.html (931 words)

	TUD : Courses and Lectures Summer Term 02 - Comment: Physics with relativistic heavy ions
		Lattice QCD and Phase transition to the Quark-Gluon Plasma 5.
		Production of a New State of Matter in Heavy Ion Collisions at the AGS and SPS Accelerators 8.
		Introduction to Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics, L.P. Csernai, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, 1994
	www.tu-darmstadt.de /vv/ss02/comments/05.134.en.tud (90 words)

	Intr. to Rel. HI Colls.
		The purpose of the book is to give a general introduction to all beginners in the field of high energy heavy ion physics.
		It tries to cover a wide range of subjects from intermediate to ultra-relativistic energies, so that it provides an introductory overview of heavy ion physics, in order to enable the reader to understand and communicate with researchers of neighbouring or related fields.
		The book is essentially based on a simple introduction to relativistic kinetic theory, with ample examples from the field of heavy ion physics.
	www.fi.uib.no /~csernai/book/book.html (1490 words)

	Photon-Photon Physics with Heavy Ions at CMS (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: Relativistic heavy ion beams are an intense source of (quasireal) photons with a spectrum extending up to several hundred GeV, due to the high charge Z and the large energy of the ions.
		In this note we discuss the possibility of using this in peripheral collisions for photonphoton physics.
		We discuss the total luminosities that can be achieved with different ion species.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /416813.html (258 words)

	Heavy ion fusion--Using heavy ions to make electricity
		Heavy ion fusion--Using heavy ions to make electricity
		Printing Tips: Select 'print as image' in the Acrobat print dialog if you have trouble printing.
		C.M. Celata, "Heavy ion fusion--Using heavy ions to make electricity" (March 15, 2004).
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-55145 (56 words)

	Time Travel Portal :: View topic - CERN's Large Hadron Collider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The LHC is an accelerator which brings protons and ions into head-on collisions at higher energies than ever achieved before.
		Lead ions have many protons, so they can be accelerated to even greater energy: the lead ion beams will have a collision energy of 1150 TeV.
		The LHC can also be used to collide heavy ions such as lead (Pb) (collision energy will be 1150 TeV).
	timetravelportal.com /viewtopic.php?t=926 (2186 words)

	Electronic stopping of heavy ions in the Kaneko model (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: The familiar results of effective charge theory of the electronic stopping of heavy ions in solids have hitherto been based on the target model of a homogeneous electron gas.
		The `heavy ion scaling rule' and experimental proton data were used to incorporate the major information on the polarization of real target materials.
		Introducing Kaneko's generalized target dielectric functions provides a description of the physical processes from a more ab initio point of view.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /247604.html (210 words)

	[223] Solar Heavy Ions (CHIME) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Lockheed-Martin CHIME model of the March and June 1991 solar particle events, including both protons and heavy ions.
		This module contains models of the large solar particle events of March and June 1991, including protons and heavy ions.
		Lopate, K.R. Pyle, K.P. Ray, E.G. Mullen and D.A. Hardy, The CRRES/SPACERAD Heavy Ion Model of the Environment (CHIME) for Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Effects on Electronic and Biological Systems in Space, IEEE Trans.
	www.spacerad.com /modules/m223.html (238 words)

	HENA High Energy Nuclear Astrophysics Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Composition and Energy Spectra of Heavy Nuclei with 1<E<40 MeV/nuc in 1971 Jan 24 Solar Flare
		Composition and Energy Spectra Of Heavy Nuclei with 0.5<E<40 MeV/nuc in the 1971 Jan 21 and Sept 24 Solar Flares
		Scintillation Yields by Relativistic Heavy Ions and the Relation Between Ionization and Scintillation in Liquid Argon
	aquila.lbl.gov /publications.html (1938 words)

	FAQ
		In July 1998, the National Grand Accelerator of Heavy Ions (GANIL) conducted an experiment whereby glass disks on which our messages will be engraved were exposed to intensive radiation.
		The experiment showed that the disks and their data remained intact even after they were exposed to an equivalent amount of cosmic radiation that they will undergo in 50,000 years.
		Drawings, photos and sound are heavy consumers of disk memory and would not permit each person living on this planet to express himself.
	www.keo.org /uk/pages/faq.html (2234 words)

	[214] Solar Heavy Ions (MACREE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Boeing MACREE model of the October 1989 solar particle event, including both protons and heavy ions.
		This module contains a model of the October 1989 solar particle event, including protons and heavy ions.
		It is a new effect that has not been included in earlier engineering models and will significantly change assessments of solar particle exposure in LEO.
	www.spacerad.com /modules/m214.html (222 words)

	Probing nuclear matter with heavy ions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The success of the liquid drop model to describe properties of nuclei suggests that at normal conditions, nuclei show liquid-like behavior.
		If we heat up nuclei by accelerating and colliding heavy ions with other nuclei, theoretically, nuclei may undergo liquid to gas phase transition as in the case of water.
		In the past decade, one of the interesting research areas in nuclear physics is to search for such phase transition signature.
	www.cas.astate.edu /draganjac/TsangAbstract.html (134 words)

	Theoretical and Experimental Methods of Heavy Ions Physics: Proceedings:371860485X:Wilhelmi, Z.; Szeflinska, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Theoretical and Experimental Methods of Heavy Ions Physics: Proceedings:371860485X:Wilhelmi, Z.; Szeflinska, G.:eCampus.com
		Theoretical and Experimental Methods of Heavy Ions Physics: Proceedings
		Heavy Ions and Nuclear Structure: Proceedings of the 14th Mikoajki Summer School of Nuclear Physics, Held in Mikoajki, Poland, August 30-September 12, 1981
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=371860485X (66 words)

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