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Topic: Heavy water

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	Heavy Water
		Heavy water is the same as ordinary water except that the two hydrogen atoms (H-1) of the water molecule are replaced by two deuterium atoms (H-2).
		Heavy water is not quite as good at this as ordinary light water, but it is far less likely than the latter to absorb neutrons.
		A reactor that uses ordinary water as the moderator must compensate for this absorption of neutrons by increasing (enriching) the percent of the uranium fuel that is uranium-235.
	www.orau.org /ptp/collection/Miscellaneous/heavywater.htm (251 words)

	Heavy water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heavy water is used in certain types of nuclear reactors where it acts as a neutron moderator to slow down neutrons so that they can react with the uranium in the reactor.
		Particularly hard-hit by heavy water are the delicate assemblies of mitotic spindle formation necessary for cell division in eukaryotes.
		Had pure heavy water been used in the water cooler, even indefinitely, it is unlikely that the incident would ever have been detected, since no employees would be expected to get more than 25% of their daily drinking water from such a source.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heavy_water (3063 words)

	Heavy water reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heavy water reactors use heavy water as a neutron moderator.
		Heavy water has two atoms of deuterium bonded to an oxygen atom.
		Light water can be used, but since it absorbs neutrons the uranium must be enriched for criticality to be possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heavy_water_reactor (161 words)

	Heavy Water Production - Nuclear Weapons
		Heavy water is the key to one type of reactor in which plutonium can be bred from natural uranium.
		Heavy water is one of the two principal moderators which allow a nuclear reactor to operate with natural uranium as its fuel.
		The importance of heavy water to a nuclear proliferator is that it provides one more route to produce plutonium for use in weapons, entirely bypassing uranium enrichment and all of the related technological infrastructure.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/heavy.htm (963 words)

	Heavy Water
		Heavy water is essential to the operation of Canada's CANDU nuclear power reactors; used as both a moderator and a heat transfer agent.
		The heavy water is not manufactured, but rather it is extracted from the quantity that is found naturally in lake water.
		It is important to note that heavy water is not radioactive, nor is it dangerous to humans or other life unless ingested in in large amounts (it becomes toxic to humans at a level of roughly 10% of their body weight).
	www.sno.phy.queensu.ca /sno/D2O.html (371 words)

	Heavy water: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Water (from the anglo-saxon and low german languagelow german wæter) is a colourless, tasteless, and odourless substance that is essential to all...
		Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one atom in 6500 of hydrogen....
		The norwegian heavy water sabotage were a series of actions taken by norwegian saboteurs during world war ii to prevent the germans from acquiring heavy water...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/he/heavy_water.htm (3420 words)

	Norwegian heavy water sabotage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Norwegian heavy water sabotage was a series of actions taken by Norwegian saboteurs during World War II to prevent the Germans from acquiring heavy water which could be used to produce nuclear weapons.
		At the time, Europe's major supply of heavy water came from the Norwegian Vemork hydroelectric plant, run by Norsk Hydro, near Rjukan in the Telemark region.
		Its concentration of heavy water matched the records, and confirmed that the shipment was not a decoy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage (1888 words)

	HEAVY WATER User Terms and Conditions
		Heavy Water and Company Limited may revise the Terms and Conditions from time to time and it is your responsibility to review the Terms and Conditions each time you access this Site.
		Heavy Water’s Proprietary Material is protected under the laws of the Bahamas and other countries throughout the world and under international treaties.
		Heavy Water and Company Limited and its affiliates do not endorse the content of any such third party Web site, have not reviewed all material linked to any such site, and are not responsible for the content of any such site.
	www.heavy-water.com /terms_condition.html (1884 words)

	Why is water blue? (vibrations & rotations)
		Heavy water is colorless because all of its corresponding vibrational transitions are shifted to lower energy by the increase in isotope mass.
		In water the hydrogen atom (white) is covalently attached to the oxygen (red) of a water molecule (about 470 kJ/mol) but has an additional attraction (about 22 kJ/mol) to a neighboring oxygen atom of another water molecule.
		Water is unique among the molecules of nature in its high concentration of OH bonds and in its plentiful supply.
	webexhibits.org /causesofcolor/5B.html (1077 words)

	Heavy Water Cheaters
		Heavy water enabled France to begin nuclear research and was used to make the first nuclear explosive material France obtained.
		Heavy water must be extracted from ordinary water—in which it occurs in minute concentrations—through an expensive process requiring large amounts of energy.
		Therefore, after declaring the water to be Norwegian, Israel could not use it in Dimona without putting the reactor's plutonium under inspection—or at least a fraction of it equal to the fraction of the reactor's heavy water that came from Norway.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /pubs/articles/1987/heavywatercheaters.htm (6916 words)

	Disturbing questions
		Heavy water is used both to slow down neutrons generated by the fission of uranium (that is, as a moderator) and to remove the resultant heat (that is, as a coolant).
		On March 5, 1991, the radioactivity concentration of the heavy water was 10 curies/litre and the radioactivity concentration of the air in the chamber was 3,225 DAC (Derived Air Activity).
		The radioactivity level of the heavy water depends on the area of its origin (whether it was from the coolant or the moderator), and the length of time it has been in the reactor.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl1611/16111190.htm (2147 words)

	NOVA \| Hitler's Sunken Secret \| Dangerous Water \| PBS
		Heavy water is a form of water with a unique atomic structure and properties coveted for the production of nuclear power and weapons.
		Heavy water provides a path to turn common uranium into plutonium, one of the easily split or "fissile" materials that fuels nuclear bombs.
		Their "failure" was, in retrospect, important evidence for the existence both of heavy water and of isotopes—atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons and, therefore, different weights.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/hydro/water.html (1024 words)

	Heavy water at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On Earth, heavy water occurs naturally in regular water at a proportion of roughly one part in 6,000.
		To produce pure heavy water a large cascade of stills or electrolysis chambers is required, and large amounts of electric power are consumed.
		The Bruce plant was commissioned in 1979 to provide heavy water for an expected large increase in Ontario's nuclear power generation.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Heavy_water.html (1066 words)

	Kordon LLC - Kordon - The Importance of Removing Heavy Metals From Aquarium and Pond Water
		Absolutely one of the primary concerns in the use of a water conditioner for aquariums and ponds needs to be in removing the toxic heavy metals in the water obtained from the tap, which will be from the local public water supply, or from natural water sources such as wells, streams, rivers, and dams.
		The definitive studies on the effects of heavy metals on fishes show that heavy metals in the water lower the fishes' survival rate, and mainly are seen to be haemotoxic to blood erythrocytes, decreasing the red blood cell count.
		Heavy metals under study in the edible parts of the investigated fish were in the safety permissible levels for human uses.
	www.novalek.com /kordon/articles/heavy_metals.html (2765 words)

	Articles - Heavy water (Site not responding. Last check: )
		O, but the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy isotope deuterium, in which the nucleus contains a neutron in addition to the proton found in the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
		Heavy water production reactors can be designed to turn uranium into bomb-usable plutonium without requiring enrichment facilities.
		On February 20 1944, a Norwegian partisan sunk the ferry ´´M/F Hydro´´ carrying the heavy water across Lake Tinn at the cost of 14 Norwegian civilians, and most of the heavy water was presumably lost.
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/Heavy_water (1798 words)

	The SNO Homepage
		It uses 1000 tonnes of heavy water, on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), contained in a 12 meter diameter acrylic vessel.
		This light is then detected by an array of 9600 photomultiplier tubes mounted on a geodesic support structure surrounding the heavy water vessel.
		The detector is immersed in light (normal) water within a 30 meter barrel-shaped cavity (the size of a 10 story building!) excavated from Norite rock.
	sno.phy.queensu.ca (479 words)

	Straight Dope Staff Report: Is "heavy water" dangerous?
		The difference is that heavy water is made with a hydrogen isotope that has a neutron in addition to the proton in its nucleus.
		Heavy water is (duh) heavier, having a density of 1.108 g/cm
		Since heavy water is heavier than normal water, the speed of chemical reactions involving it is altered somewhat, as is the strength of some types of bonds it forms.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mheavywater.html (612 words)

	Heavy-Water Production Property
		Water flows down the towers while the hydrogen sulphide gas circulates from the bottom to the top of the towers.
		Gas or water, enriched in deuterium, is removed from the first stage towers at the junction of the hot and cold sections and the process is repeated in subsequent stage towers.
		In the second, UF6 is hydrolyzed by solution in water, ammonia is added to precipitate ammonium diuranate, and the diuranate is reduced to UO2 with hydrogen at 820°C. In the third process, gaseous UF6, CO2, and NH3 are combined in water, precipitate ammonium uranyl carbonate.
	www.ornl.gov /risk/t_section8.html (2091 words)

	Damn Interesting » Heavy Water and the Norwegians
		Heavy water is water (H2O) in which oxygen is bound to atoms of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H).
		The heavy water -block is released on immersion in heavy water although cells kept in deuterium-rich media for long periods show multipolar and irregular divisions after removal to heavy water, and may subsequently cytolyze.
		The adaptation to heavy water is determined both by taxonomic specifity of the organism, and peculiarities of the metabolism, as well as by functioning of various ways of accimilation of hydrogen (deuterium) substrates, as well as evolutionary level, which an object occupies.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=848 (9580 words)

	YOJOE.COM \| Heavy Water
		Heavy Water was released in 2003 carded in a two-pack with Heavy Duty (v7).
		Heavy Water came with two fl guns, a grey belt, and a fl backpack with green hoses.
		Heavy Water has an entirely new body sculpt which was later used to create Heavy Duty (Glow in the Dark) (2004).
	www.yojoe.com /action/03/heavywater.shtml (85 words)

	Physicists Devise New Technique for Detecting Heavy Water
		When the microresonator is placed in heavy water, the difference in optical absorption results in a change in the "Q factor," which is a number used to measure how efficiently an optical resonator stores light.
		As a nuclear moderator, heavy water can be used to control the way neutrons bounce around in fissionable material, thereby making it possible for a fission reactor to be built.
		The ongoing concern with heavy water is exemplified by the fact that Armani and Vahala have received funding for their new technique from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA.
	www.physorg.com /news69431520.html (665 words)

	Heavy Water Board - A unit under Department of Atomic Energy , Govt. of India.
		HWB is successfully operating seven Heavy Water Plants in the country.
		India is the second largest manufacturer of heavy water in the world, and perhaps the only country which has mastered both these state-of-the-art processes to meet the heavy water requirements of the Indian nuclear power reactors.The plants based on Ammonia-Hydrogen (NH exchange process are linked to the nitrogenous fertilizer plants for synthesis gas feed.
		Besides the mainstream job of heavy water production, Board has opened other avenues for research on other uses of heavy water and energy conservation.
	www.dae.gov.in /heavywaterboard.org/Welcome.html (406 words)

	Heavy Water
		During the war heavy water was considered indispensable as an aid to the production of atomic arms.
		The only plant in the world where heavy water was produced continuously was situated at Vemork (Rjukan) Norway.
		On February 22, 1944, the HYDRO ferry, carrying the remaining supplies of semi-finished heavy water was sunk on Lake Tennisjo, thus ending the battle for heavy water...
	www.buffalogal.org /HeavyWater.htm (208 words)

	Deuterium and Heavy Water (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Water molecules are composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H
		So a water molecule is about 16+1+1=18 times heavier than a hydrogen atom, and a heavy water molecule is 16+2+2=20 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.
		In other words, heavy water is 20/18=1.11 times heavier than ordinary water.
	neutrino.lbl.gov /heavy_water.html (166 words)

	Halfbakery: Heavy Water Coffee (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I assume heavy water tastes the same as regular water, and other than being quite a bit more expensive than regular water I don't see why we don't make coffee out of it.
		Although heavy water is fine for most bodily uses of water (disolving solids, etc.), there are some functions of the body that need light water (namely, mitosis).
		Heavier isotopes have lower vapour pressure ie they are less likely to evaporate.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Heavy_20Water_20Coffee (1090 words)

	Water Wizard
		Heavy water is identical to regular water except that it contains two deuterium atoms in each molecule rather than hydrogen.
		Water: A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid (at normal room temperature and pressure), essential for all known forms of life and the most widely used of all solvents.
		An acre-foot of water (the amount of water covering an acre at a depth of 1 foot) is equal to 325,851 gallons.
	www.sra.dst.tx.us /srwmp/mr_water_wizard/default.asp?page=faq&group=5 (2796 words)

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