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Topic: Heber Curtis

	IMSA Astrophysics: Distance Ladder
		Curtis was able to argue convincingly - for the first time from hard scientific data - that spiral nebulae were external galaxies and that our own Galaxy was only one of a vast number of galaxies, or `island universes'.
		Curtis cited Slipher's spectroscopic measurements of high radial velocities for the nebulae as further evidence that they were not galactic objects which would be moving much more slowly relative to the sun.
		Curtis considered the distances and nature of spiral nebula to be a major point in the debate.
	staff.imsa.edu /science/astro/astrometry/historical/debate_1920a.html (5126 words)

	Curtis
		Curtis Frazier was the vice-presidential candidate of the Howard Phillips.
		Curtis Township, Michigan Curtis Township is a township located in 2000 census, the township had a total population of 1...
		Ian Curtis is notable as the singer and lyricist with the band Manch...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/curtis.html (837 words)

	Heber Doust Curtis - Wikipedija
		Curtis je leta 1902 doktoriral iz astronomije na Univerzi Virginije.
		Curtis je trdil, da so zvezdne meglice prave galaksije in da je naÅ¡a Galaksija veliko manjÅ¡a, kot jo je ocenil Shapley.
		Leta 1918 je Curtis prvi opazil nenavaden curek, ki se Å¡iri iz srediÅ¡Äa eliptiÄne galaksije M 87.
	sl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heber_Doust_Curtis (190 words)

	JessThompson - pafg105 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Nahum CURTIS [ Parents ] was born on 7 Jul 1784 in New Salem, Franklin, Massachusetts.
		Phineus CURTIS was born on 10 Jan 1814 in New Salem, Franklin, Massachusetts.
		Heber Curtis REED [ Parents ] was born on 7 Sep 1847 in Keg Creek, Pottawattamie, Iowa.
	freepages.history.rootsweb.com /~popfraley/pafg105.htm (675 words)

	Heber
		Heber, California Heber is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,988.
		Heber, Utah Heber is a city located in 2000 census, the city had a total population of 7,291.
		Heber Springs, Arkansas Heber Springs is a city located in.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/heber.html (126 words)

	Heber D. Curtis - Astronomy at UVa
		Curtis was born on June 27, 1872 in Muskegon, Michigan, the son of a one-armed Union veteran named Blair Curtis and his wife Sarah Eliza Doust.
		Curtis spent the summers of 1897 and 1898 at the Lick Observatory to further his astronomical studies and returned to the University of Michigan in the summer of 1899 to study celestial mechanics.
		Curtis and his family managed to get by with only his fellowship to live on and his wife later remarked to McCormick Observatory director Samuel Mitchell that their days at Virginia were "the happiest of their lives."
	www.astro.virginia.edu /research/observatories/26inch/history/curtis.php (542 words)

	`Great Debate:' Obituary of Heber D. Curtis
		Heber Doust Curtis, Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Astronomical Observatories of the University of Michigan, died in his home in the Observatory residence at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on January 9, 1942.
		Upon his return from Chile in 1910, Professor Curtis was placed in charge of the Crossley reflector to continue the survey of the nebulae begun by Keeler.
		First, last, and always, Heber D. Curtis was a man. Sympathetic understanding was always available for those in need; clear-headed, concise thinking about all problems was one of his many fine characteristics, but when the situation demanded, Professor Curtis could be all "iron." The writer was indeed privileged to call Heber D. Curtis his friend.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/curtis_obit.html (870 words)

	The Milky Way
		Heber Curtis believed the sun was nearly in the center of a much smaller galaxy - only 30,000 light years in diameter.
		Curtis agreed with Shapley that the globular clusters fell outside the disk of the Galaxy, but he did not agree with Shapley's estimates of the actual distances to the clusters.
		Curtis held that they were much closer, and that the Galaxy itself was thus much smaller.
	astronomy.nmsu.edu /nicole/teaching/ASTR110/lectures/lecture27/slide01.html (1068 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		Heber Doust Curtis was born in Muskegon, Michigan, on June 27, 1872.
		The main value of Curtis' early work at the Lick Observatory was his contributions to the program for the measurement of stellar radial velocities, under the direction of William Campbell (1862-1938).
		This suggested to Curtis a combination of the two theories' that spiral nebulae might indeed be complex galaxies like our own, and that such galaxies produced a cloud of debris which accumulated in the plane of the galaxy.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/curtis.htm (545 words)

	Santa Monica Mirror: Starry Skies Above Santa Monica
		Curtis was of the opinion that our Galaxy is not as large as Shapley believed, and that the universe is full of large stellar systems essentially similar to our Galaxy.
		Curtis: Some of the spirals seem to be filled by material that obscures starlight.
		Curtis, rather meekly: Perhaps the star of 1885 was a new type of phenomenon.
	www.smmirror.com /volume1/issue45/starry_skies.html (1202 words)

	The Value of Archives in Writing the History of Astronomy
		Curtis, like most astronomers of the time, saw no reason to doubt that the Sun is near the centre of the Galaxy; while Shapley had recently published a paper in which he suggested that the spiral nebulae might be insignificant wisps of matter being driven off from the Galaxy by radiation pressure.
		But Curtis believed that the spirals were other galaxies, while Shapley argued that the Sun was far from the galactic centre, which lay in the midst of the globular clusters.
		Curtis, we found, had presented his case by means of slides carrying typed material.
	www.eso.org /gen-fac/libraries/lisa3/hoskinm.html (1706 words)

	Definition of Ian Curtis
		3: Ian Curtis is notable as the singer and lyricist with the ba...
		Curtis is the wife of Mike Curtis, Creator of "Shada the Panda".
		2:...ion of lunar crater picard.jpgcenterLocation of Curtis crater]]
	www.wordiq.com /search/Ian_Curtis.html (553 words)

	Curtis, Heber Doust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		US astronomer who deduced that spiral nebulae were galaxies that produced a cloud of debris which accumulated in the plane of the galaxy.
		Curtis was born in Muskegan, Michigan, and studied classics at the University of Michigan.
		Curtis worked on a programme for the measurement of stellar radial velocities 1902-09.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/biographies/MainBiographies/C/Curtis/1.html (191 words)

	The Great Debate at AllExperts
		The Great Debate was an influential debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis which concerned the nature of spiral nebulae and the size of the universe.
		Curtis on the other side contended that Andromeda and other such nebulae were separate galaxies, or "Island universes".
		Curtis stated that if Van Maanen's observation of Andromeda rotating were correct, he himself would have been wrong about the scale of the universe and that the Milky Way would fully encompass it.
	en.allexperts.com /e/t/th/the_great_debate.htm (607 words)

	Lecture 26 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Curtis took the "island universe" position, and Shapley the contrary.
		Curtis distrusted Shapley's measurements, and he stuck to the older model of the galaxy, with the Sun near the center (neither of them knew about interstellar dust absorption).
		Curtis agreed, if these stars were normal novae, but he suggested that there might be another, much more luminous, class of flaring star.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /~stockton/a110/Lecture_26.htm (1759 words)

	Apr 25
		Curtis disbelieved Shapley's data about the size of the galaxy and the Sun's offset location, because they were based on using Cepheid variable stars to determine distances.
		Curtis did not think these stars were reliable for that purpose.
		Ironically, the Cepheid variables that Curtis had rejected as unreliable in determining the size of the galaxy turned out to be the very objects that proved him correct in his assertion that spiral nebulae were indeed separate galaxies.
	www.celestialnorth.org /radio/2001/scripts/20010425.htm (852 words)

	Curtis, Heber Doust (1872-1942)
		He estimated the Andromeda Nebula (now known as the Andromeda Galaxy) to be 500,000 light-years away, a view opposed by many, including Harlow Shapley who proposed that the Milky Way Galaxy was 300,000 light-years in diameter – far larger than previously assumed – and that the spiral nebulae lay within it.
		In 1920, at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Curtis engaged in a famous debate with Shapley over the size of the Galaxy and the distance of the spiral nebulae.
		The matter lay unresolved, however, until 1924 when Edwin Hubble redetermined the distance of the Andromeda Nebula and demonstrated that it was a galaxy in its own right.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/Curtis.html (341 words)

	NRC Transcripts of `Great Debate' Page
		Curtis [1], on the other hand, maintains that the galactic system has the dimensions and arrangement formerly assigned it by students of sidereal structure - he supports the views held a decade ago or so by Newcomb, Charlier, Eddington, Hertzprung, and other leaders in the stellar astronomy.
		Or, put in a different way, he argues that since the mean spectral class of a globular cluster is of solar type and the average solar-type star near the sun is of solar luminosity, the stars photographed in globular clusters must be of solar luminosity, hence not distant.
		Curtis bases his strongest objections to the larger galaxy on the use I have made of the Cepheid variables, questioning the sufficiency of the data and the accuracy of the methods involved.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/cs_nrc.html (14241 words)

	SPACE.com -- Woman Puts Great Astronomy Debate to Rest
		Curtis, an old-school academic so formal that he wore a suit and tie even when at the telescope, disagreed with Shapley on almost everything.
		Curtis spoke without notes and held the audiences attention as he sliced away at Shapleys evidence.
		But it was really a draw: Curtis, the champion of the old school, was right about the spiral nebulae being galaxies beyond our own, while young Shapley was right about our galaxy being much larger and that we are not at the center of it.
	www.space.com /news/milan_debate_000331.html (1545 words)

	Curious About Astronomy: How long has humanity known that we live in a galaxy similar to others in the Universe?
		A great debate about this topic was held between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis in 1920, and is regarded by most as the greatest debate in the modern history of astronomy.
		The debate was about the scale of the Universe; at the time it was known that there were "spiral nebulae" in the skies in addition to stars, but their nature was very unclear.
		Curtis argued that the nebulae represented "island Universes", or galaxies as we know them, and that the Sun itself was part of such a system.
	curious.astro.cornell.edu /question.php?number=490 (451 words)

	[37.04] Curtis versus Einstein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Heber D. Curtis, who had written about Einstein's theory of special relativity already before World War I, spent a great deal of time and effort measuring one set of plates, but he became director of Allegheny Observatory before satisfactorily completing the work.
		For the rest of his career, Curtis was part of the ``reception" of general relativity in the U.S., and for some years he taught the theory to graduate students.
		Curtis never accepted the theory and argued against it with students and colleagues, in seminars, meetings, and in print.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v34n4/aas201/740.htm (241 words)

	Shapley’s Scientific Record
		Curtis argued that the many spirals and nebulae visible through telescopes are galaxies or universes outside the Milky Way, which with its billions of stars is but another nebula to a viewer from a distant galaxy.
		Curtis held that they [spiral nebulae] were ‘island universes’, separate stellar systems outside and comparable to the galactic system.
		Curtis was correct in advocating that the spirals are other Milky Ways, comparable with our own galaxy.
	www.varchive.org /ce/shapley.htm (782 words)

	Earth & Sky : More Info About Shapley-Curtis Debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Curtis was known to be an outstanding speaker, and it's said that Shapley accepted the invitation to debate him with reluctance.
		And indeed Heber Curtis was regarded as the "winner" of the debate.
		Curtis is also remembered today partly for his correct conclusion that the spiral nebulae are indeed separate from the Milky Way.
	www.earthsky.com /shows/showsmore.php?t=20040426 (779 words)

	Binney and Merrifield: Galactic Astronomy. Chapter 1: Galaxies: an overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Curtis, on the other hand, used much of his allotted time to discuss the evidence for and against the island universe hypothesis, unsurprisingly concluding that the hypothesis appears valid.
		Curtis also presented an analysis in which he incorrectly assumed that the brightest stars seen in globular clusters were comparable to the most luminous nearby stars; in fact, the brightest globular cluster members are giant stars with much higher intrinsic luminosities, and so Curtis radically underestimated their distances.
		Curtis was forced to assume that the absorbing material lay only at large distances since he adhered to Kapteyn's analysis of the stellar distribution in the Milky Way which relied on their being no absorption of stellar light within the system.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /sample_chapters/binney/chapter_one.html (10061 words)

	UM Detroit Observatory Director H.D. Curtis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Heber Doust Curtis was born in Muskegon, Michigan on June 27, 1872.
		Curtis built his career at the Lick Observatory and then became the director of the Allegheny Observatory in 1920.
		Curtis died at the Detroit Observatory director's residence on January 9, 1942.
	www.detroitobservatory.umich.edu /hall%20of%20directors/Curtis.html (298 words)

	Curtis, Charles -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The son of Orren Arms Curtis, a soldier, and Ellen Gonville Pappan, who was one-quarter Kansa Indian, Curtis spent his early youth with the Kaw Indian tribe.
		Although he initially opposed Herbert Hoover for the United States presidential nomination in 1928, Charles Curtis was chosen as his running mate on the Republican ticket.
		Includes an introduction and an essay about the importance of Curtis as a voice for the natural beauty of Washington and the need to preserve it.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?eu=28736&tocid=0&query=charles+curtis (549 words)

	Descendants of Wolphert Gerretse Van Kouwenhoven - Person Page 795
		Daniel D. Curtis was shown in the census on June 14, 1870 as a farmer.
		Ella Curtis was the daughter of Charles Curtis and Emeline H. Antonides.
		Heber Curtis was the daughter of Daniel D. Curtis and Maria A. Schenck.
	www.conovergenealogy.com /conover-p/p795.htm (1925 words)

	The Great Debate
		Among those who dissented were Heber Curtis (1872-1942) of the Lick observatory along with Edwin Hubble and Milton Humason who, as chance would have it, worked at the very same observatory as Shapley, namely Mount Wilson Observatory.
		But, Heber Curtis of the Lick observatory had insufficient evidence to make his case.
		In the end, both Albert Einstein and Heber Curtis were vindicated by the almost forgotten hero of cosmology, Georges Lemaître and two pioneering astronomers of Mount Wilson observatory, Edwin Powell Hubble and Milton Lasalle Humason.
	hometown.aol.com /deepskyguy1/thegreatdebate.html (899 words)

	General Science 2310 - Beyond the Milky Way (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1917 Heber Curtis observed a Nova in the Adromeda Nebula.
		The light curve was almost identical to the light curve for a Nova in the Galaxy, but the luminosity was much less, indicating that the star was very far away.
		Curtis became the champion of the theory that spiral nebulas were actually galaxies.
	www.lakeheadu.ca /~physwww/courses/Astro/2330/Galaxy/Beyo.htm (287 words)

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