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Topic: Heber D Curtis

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Curtis was born on June 27, 1872 in Muskegon, Michigan, the son of a one-armed Union veteran named Blair Curtis and his wife Sarah Eliza Doust.
		Curtis spent the summers of 1897 and 1898 at the Lick Observatory to further his astronomical studies and returned to the University of Michigan in the summer of 1899 to study celestial mechanics.
		In 1920, Curtis left the Lick Observatory for the University of Pittsburgh to serve as the director of the Allegheny Observatory.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /~rjp0i/jkw/curtis.html (525 words)

	Andromeda Galaxy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within our galaxy.
		In 1920 the Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis took place, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the universe.
		To support his claim that M31 was an external galaxy, Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in our own galaxies, as well as the significant doppler shift.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andromeda_galaxy (3427 words)

	`Great Debate' Review and History
		Curtis was able to argue convincingly - for the first time from hard scientific data - that spiral nebulae were external galaxies and that our own Galaxy was only one of a vast number of galaxies, or `island universes'.
		Curtis cited Slipher's spectroscopic measurements of high radial velocities for the nebulae as further evidence that they were not galactic objects which would be moving much more slowly relative to the sun.
		Curtis did realize that some spiral nebulae seen edge-on were dark along their leading edge - which he correctly attributed to interstellar absorption.
	atropos.as.arizona.edu /aiz/teaching/a204/shapley_curtis.html (4831 words)

	Heber D. Curtis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Heber D. Curtis eventually became famous for his role in astronomy's "Great Debate" with Harlow Shapley in which Curtis argued that what astronomers called spiral nebulae were actually spiral galaxies outside our own Milky Way.
		Curtis and his family managed to get by with only his fellowship to live on and his wife later remarked to McCormick Observatory director Samuel Mitchell that their days at Virginia were "the happiest of their lives."
		In 1920, Curtis left the Lick Observatory for the University of Pittsburgh to serve as the director of the
	www.astro.virginia.edu /research/observatories/26inch/history/curtis.html (528 words)

	Esther Curtis — Heber Curtis : ZoomInfo Business People Information
		Curtis was a graduate of Pinckney High School and was employed as an...
		Geoff Curtis was an able and talented referee for some years as well as being a stalwart member of the Horsham club and his...
		Curtis is associate professor and director of the Economic...
	www.zoominfo.com /people/level2page8822.aspx (1739 words)

	`Great Debate:' Obituary of Heber D. Curtis
		Heber Doust Curtis, Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Astronomical Observatories of the University of Michigan, died in his home in the Observatory residence at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on January 9, 1942.
		Upon his return from Chile in 1910, Professor Curtis was placed in charge of the Crossley reflector to continue the survey of the nebulae begun by Keeler.
		First, last, and always, Heber D. Curtis was a man. Sympathetic understanding was always available for those in need; clear-headed, concise thinking about all problems was one of his many fine characteristics, but when the situation demanded, Professor Curtis could be all "iron." The writer was indeed privileged to call Heber D. Curtis his friend.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/curtis_obit.html (870 words)

	Curtis, Heber Doust (1872-1942)
		He estimated the Andromeda Nebula (now known as the Andromeda Galaxy) to be 500,000 light-years away, a view opposed by many, including Harlow Shapley who proposed that the Milky Way Galaxy was 300,000 light-years in diameter – far larger than previously assumed – and that the spiral nebulae lay within it.
		In 1920, at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Curtis engaged in a famous debate with Shapley over the size of the Galaxy and the distance of the spiral nebulae.
		The matter lay unresolved, however, until 1924 when Edwin Hubble redetermined the distance of the Andromeda Nebula and demonstrated that it was a galaxy in its own right.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/Curtis.html (341 words)

	NRC Transcripts of `Great Debate' Page
		Curtis [1], on the other hand, maintains that the galactic system has the dimensions and arrangement formerly assigned it by students of sidereal structure - he supports the views held a decade ago or so by Newcomb, Charlier, Eddington, Hertzprung, and other leaders in the stellar astronomy.
		Or, put in a different way, he argues that since the mean spectral class of a globular cluster is of solar type and the average solar-type star near the sun is of solar luminosity, the stars photographed in globular clusters must be of solar luminosity, hence not distant.
		Curtis bases his strongest objections to the larger galaxy on the use I have made of the Cepheid variables, questioning the sufficiency of the data and the accuracy of the methods involved.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/cs_nrc.html (14241 words)

	On Spiral Nebulae, van Maanen et al.
		Curtis, Heber D., "Proper Motions of the Nebulae," PASP 27, 214-220 (1915) - NADS
		On the basis of chance, Curtis has noted the impossibility of considering these novae [to be] physically unrelated to the spirals with which they are associated.
		Curtis, Heber D., "Modern Theories of the Spiral Nebulae," JRASC 14, 317-327 (1920) - NADS
	www.datasync.com /~rsf1/avm-bib.htm (1473 words)

	The Discovery of the Horsehead Nebula
		Curtis' position on the matter was brilliantly espoused in the 1920 "Great Debate" with Harlow Shapley, then working at Mt. Wilson Observatory, who was misled by some spurious measurements of proper motions within spiral nebulae, and believed therefore that they were relatively small, and close to our galaxy.
		In the monumental 1918 Lick Observatory publication of Curtis' photographs and data of nebular dimensions, positions, and spectra, one of the three Horsehead photographs made by the Crossley during the month of January, 1918, is included, an exposure of almost 5-1/2 hours.
		Curtis labelled it in 1918 a "Dark Nebula" and described it as "a dark bay which juts into and bifurcates" the nebulosity of IC-434; I have no doubt that he does not avoid colloquialisms, because Curtis uses several of the accepted common names for other nebulae in the same volume.
	home.earthlink.net /~astro-app/horsehead/B33_2.htm (3324 words)

	ASP: Astronomer for All Seasons: Heber D. Curtis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Heber D. Curtis was the first to prove that there were galaxies beyond our Milky Way.
		Like Sir Thomas More, the "man for all seasons," successively a merchant, a writer, an adviser to the king, an archbishop, a condemned prisoner, and eventually a saint, Heber D. Curtis went through many careers in astronomy.
		He succeeded in each one of them, but he eventually left the land of big telescopes on his own volition.
	www.astrosociety.org /pubs/mercury/30_03/seasons.html (119 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Lick Crossley 36-inch Reflector)
		Curtis devoted his efforts with the Crossley toward a better understanding of the nature of spiral nebulae.
		Curtis' observations of numerous faint novae in the nebulae he photographed with the Crossley led to his conclusion that the nebulae were far more distant from the Earth than had previously been thought.
		Curtis led the way in pushing forth the understanding of spiral nebulae as galaxies, giant island universes, external to our galaxy.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4c.htm (2541 words)

	More Details on Hubble and Shapley - Physics Today February 2005
		To the north, at Lick Observatory of the University of California, Berkeley, Heber D. Curtis had been studying for some 10 years the spiral nebulae that Shapley assumed without investigation to be gas nebulae, at distances similar to those of the clusters Shapley had studied.
		Curtis concluded they were spiral galaxies, and he became the chief proponent of the external universe view that the Milky Way was only one of many galaxies in a much larger universe.
		The scale of the universe became the central theme of the 1920 meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-58/iss-2/p10b.html (489 words)

	AAVSO: W Virginis, Spring 2003 Variable Star Of The Season
		Heber D. Curtis argued that the universe is composed of many galaxies like our own
		The argument was about the scale of our Universe: Curtis argued that the Universe is composed of many galaxies like our own, which had been identified by astronomers of his time as ``spiral nebulae".
		In the 1930s, the further discovery of interstellar absorption combined with an increased understanding of the distances and distribution of globular clusters ultimately led to the acceptance that the size of our Milky Way Galaxy had indeed been seriously underestimated and that the Sun was not close to the center.
	www.aavso.org /vstar/vsots/spring03.shtml (4196 words)

	Castor AabBab System Orbits
		Stars Aab are separated from its nearest binary companions Bab by around 107 AUs (6.805" of a semi-major axis at a HIPPARCOS distance estimate of 51.6 ly) in an orbit that takes 467 years to complete.
		The two binary pairs move in an eccentric orbit (e= 0.343) that is inclined by 114.5° from the perspective of an observer on Earth (Wulff D.
		Curtis, 1906), and suggests synchronous rotation (Schmitt et al, 1994, page 850).
	solstation.com /orbits/cas-absys.htm (348 words)

	Heber Doust Curtis (1872-1942) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Heber Doust Curtis (June 27, 1872 - January 9, 1942)
		H.D. Curtis was honored by naming a Moon Crater after him (14.6N, 56.6E, 2.0 km diameter, in 1973).
		Asteroid (3621) Curtis was discovered by N.G. Thomas at Anderson Mesa on September 26, 1981 and provisionally designated 1981 SQ1.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/curtis.html (60 words)

	Probing the Universe from the Extragalactic Distance Ladder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Heber D. Curtis (1872-1942) “I hold to the belief that the spirals are not intra-galactic objects but island universes, like our own galaxy, and that the spirals, as external galaxies, indicate to us a greater universe...”
		One side of the conflict was led by Harlow Shapley, who believed that our galaxy is actually the entire universe, which meant that the nebulae had to be small clouds within our own galaxy.
		The other camp was led by Heber Curtis, who believed that the nebulae were huge but distant star systems similar to our own galaxy, and that the universe was composed of a large number of such systems.
	aries.phys.yorku.ca /~rfinger/unitour_files/slide0004.htm (363 words)

	NDVII Abstracts
		A 1973 paper by Toomer concluded that Hipparchus was using a circle of radius D = 6875 to compute the trigonometry functions used in his analyses of two trios of lunar eclipses to determine the elements of the Moon's orbit.
		Heber D. Curtis's publications, based upon Einstein's original articles, introduced American astronomers to special and general relativity theory.
		Curtis taught both the special and general theories, wrote about cosmology for specialist and general audiences, and engaged in a dialogue with the Michigan physicists.
	www.nd.edu /~histast4/histprog/abstractvii.html (7236 words)

	Harlow Shapley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was the first to realize that the Milky Way Galaxy was much larger than previously believed.
		He participated in the "Great Debate" with Heber D. Curtis on the nature of nebulas and galaxies and the size of the universe.
		The debate took place on April 26, 1920.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Harlow_Shapley (390 words)

	Shapley’s Scientific Record
		Curtis argued that the many spirals and nebulae visible through telescopes are galaxies or universes outside the Milky Way, which with its billions of stars is but another nebula to a viewer from a distant galaxy.
		Curtis held that they [spiral nebulae] were ‘island universes’, separate stellar systems outside and comparable to the galactic system.
		Curtis was correct in advocating that the spirals are other Milky Ways, comparable with our own galaxy.
	www.varchive.org /ce/shapley.htm (782 words)

	Astr110, Fall 2004: NGC651, Chris Mills
		At first is was found to be without stars but Charles Messier found that it was composed of small stars.
		Also it was first erroneously detected to be a double nebula until in 1918 Heber D. Curtis correctly classified it as a single planetary nebula.
		According to Jeffery Bennett's The Cosmic Perspective, a planetary nebula is a glowing cloud of gas ejected from a low-mass star at the end of its life.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/phys/observatory/images/Astr110.Fall2004/Mills.html (225 words)

	The Big Picture Natural History - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On April 26, 1920, two astronomers, Heber D. Curtis and Harlow Shapley, formally debated whether the fuzzy objects then called spiral nebulae were outside our own Milky Way.
		Curtis said they were external galaxies; Shapley said they weren't.
		Their debate marked the end of an era in our perception of our grandest environment.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_1_109/ai_59210823 (881 words)

	The Francis C. McMath Memorial 24-Inch Reflecting Telescope of the McMath-Hulbert Observatory
		Perkin-Elmer Corporation completed the primary mirror by conventional methods and it was tested at their shop by Dr. Heber D. Curtis, who pronounced it well within the specifications, Reported that it was an unusually fine surface, and recommended its acceptance.
		At I is seen the end of the main worm which carries the 1 to 57 worm and wormwheel drive from motor A to polar axis M. At N can be seen a few teeth of the fast-setting gear, but the motor, being mounted on the under side of B, cannot be seen.
		The declination drive motions are, in a sense, somewhat similar to those of the right ascension drive, since they again include coarse-and fine-setting and guiding motions, together with the straight declination drive.
	www.umich.edu /~lowbrows/reflections/1997/mcmath.1.html (2049 words)

	The Curtis Schmidt Users' Manual, part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The University of Michigan's Heber D. Curtis Schmidt telescope is located atop Cerro Tololo in northern Chile and run by the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) through a cooperative agreement with the University of Michigan.
		The Curtis Schmidt is a 0.61/0.91m (24in/36in) Schmidt with a f/3.5 beam and a plate scale of 96.6 arcsec/mm.
		The specific STIS CCD to be used at the Curtis Schmidt has not been characterized as of this writing, and so we do not have information on the cosmetics or detailed response of the CCD yet.
	www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /obs/schmidt/manuals/schman/schmidt.html (1468 words)

	The History of the Detroit Observatory
		1930 - Heber Doust Curtis becomes director of the observatory.
		Curtis develops a strong relationship with this new observatory.
		Heber D. Curtis (Director of the Observatory between 1930-1941).
	www.umich.edu /~lowbrows/reflections/1998/dsnyder.13.html (3225 words)

	PH308 --- The Shapley-Curtis Debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In April 1920, Harlow Shapley and Heber D. Curtis debated "The Scale of the Universe" in the main auditorium of Smithsonian's Natural History Museum in Washington, DC.
		Shapley believed that spiral nebulae were small systems within the Milky Way, whereas Curtis argued that they were distant "island universes," similar in scale to the Milky Way itself.
		Published version of the 'Great Debate.' This is a reprint of the texts of Great Debate published in 1921 in the Bulletin of the National Research Council by Shapley and Curtis.
	bustard.phys.nd.edu /PH308/Shapley_Curtis/resources.html (222 words)

	ASP: Contents, May/June 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Astronomers have just discovered a new class of white dwarf, which could number in the hundreds of billions and account for a significant portion of the galaxy’s dark matter.
		Astronomer for All Seasons: Heber D. Curtis, Donald E. Osterbrock
		By constructing virtual telescopes the size of continents (and larger), radio astronomers are obtaining spectacular high-resolution results.
	www.astrosociety.org /pubs/mercury/30_03/contents.html (72 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		H.D. Curtis, A.S. King, and F. Schlesinger, Chair; The following Committees have been appointed to proceed with preparations for the meeting of the International Astronomical Union to be held in this country in 1932: General Committee, composed of Messrs.
		William D. Macmillan was elected to represent the Society in the Division of Physical Sciences of the National Research Council, 1938-1941.
		Heber D. Curtis, a delegate to the Commemoration of the Discovery of Radium, Electrons, X-Rays, and Hertzian Waves, Paris, November, 1938, and N.T. Bobrovnikoff, a delegate to the inauguration of Charles Burgess Ketcham as President of Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, October 20, 1938.
	www.aas.org /~had/mtg02.html (9973 words)

	A&B's Astronomy Lab, Spring 2002, No. 5
		In the debate, Shapley and Curtis truly argued over the "Scale of the Universe," as the debate's title suggests.
		Curtis argued that the Universe is composed of many galaxies like our own, which had been identified by astronomers of his time as "spiral nebulae".
		Therefore, Shapley was proved more correct about the size of our Galaxy and the Sun's location in it, but Curtis was proved correct that our Universe was composed of many more galaxies, and that "spiral nebulae" were indeed galaxies just like our own.
	www.astro.columbia.edu /~archung/labs/spring2002/lab05.html (1497 words)

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