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	Hebern Rotor Machine
		The Hebern Rotor Machine was an electro-mechanical encryption machine built by combining the mechanical parts of a standard typewriter with the electrical parts of an electric typewriter, connecting the two through a scrambler.
		It is the first example of a class of machines known as the rotor machines that would became the primary form of encryption during World War II and for some time after, and included such famous examples as the German Enigma.
		Prior to the introduction of the Hebern machine, encryption almost always consisted of matching the plaintext to be encyphered against a set of substitution alphabets[?], randomized series of letters.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/he/Hebern_Rotor_Machine.html (908 words)

	Cryptology \| Rotor Systems: Basic Design
		Machines were the obvious next step in cryptography, and Hebern, Koch, and Damm all attacked the problem in similar ways.
		The basic rotor system first created by all three employed a typewriter which was used for input, a series of rotor disks, and then either a printing mechanism or lightbulb system which displayed the ciphertext.
		The edges of the rotor were split into 26 equal sections and the letters of a randomly created ciphertext alphabet written in each space.
	library.thinkquest.org /27993/crypto/mech/rotor1.shtml (600 words)

	The ECM Mark II, also known as SIGABA, M-134-C, and CSP-889
		When using the machine, the ten 26-contact rotors were first set to their starting positions, which were the ones marked by the letter O instead of the ones marked with the letter A that one might expect, usually with the aid of an automatic feature in the machine.
		Although the mechanical gears that usually moved the control rotors were not active during this setup mode, each time a number key was pressed, the cipher rotors moved based on the electrical signal travelling through the control and index rotors in the same way as during normal encipherment.
		Machines of the ECM Mark II type used for a communications link between the President of the U.S. and the Prime Minister of the U.K., which was called "POTUS-PRIME", were operated in a fashion that produced additional security.
	www.hypermaths.org /quadibloc/crypto/ro0205.htm (1796 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Rotor machine
		In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages.
		The most widely known example of a rotor machine is the German Enigma machine used during World War II, of which there were a number of variants.
		Karl de Leeuw, "The Dutch invention of the rotor machine, 1915 - 1923." Cryptologia 27(1), January 2003, pp73–94.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Rotor_machine (2228 words)

	Antenna Rotor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Synchro - A synchro is a type of rotary electrical transformer that is used for measuring the angle of a rotating machine such as an antenna platform.
		The primary winding of the transformer, fixed to the rotor, is excited by a sinusoidal electric current, which by electromagnetic induction causes currents to flow in three star-connected secondary windings fixed at 120 degrees to each other on the stator.
		Hebern rotor machine - The Hebern Rotor Machine was an electro-mechanical encryption machine built by combining the mechanical parts of a standard typewriter with the electrical parts of an electric typewriter, connecting the two through a scrambler.
	antenna.vvvvvv3.com /antennarotor.html (877 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A current passing through the rotor disk might enter in the position of letter B and exit in the position of letter G. Encipherment occurs by passing the current through several rotors that are side by side and rotating one or more of the rotors between each character enciphered.
		Rotor Arrangement.-The ten rotors used each day are arranged in the middle and rear positions of the cipher unit in accordance with the key list applicable to the cryptosystem.
		Rotors marked 2, 3, 9, 1, and 5 (disregarding the tens digits) will be inserted in the control position in that order, from left to right, as the operator face the converter, with rotors number 3 and 9 reversed.
	www.math.utoledo.edu /~codentha/Cryptanalysis/lanaki/lanaki22.txt (18539 words)

	The Hebern Rotor Machine, and PURPLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		And the most straightforward type of rotor machine is the one invented by Edward Hebern, in the United States.
		Other cipher machines, operating on different principles, but with rotating parts (such as the Hagelin lug and pin machines, or the Lorenz SZ-40) which operate on entirely different principles, have occasionally been referred to in print as "rotor machines".
		I wish to disparage this trend, as it would make the term "rotor machine" much less useful, by causing it no longer to refer to a family of cipher machines which all are based on a common cryptographic principle.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/ro0203.htm (222 words)

	Rotor Machine Basics
		The reason for the slow rotors moving after every 650 letters was because the machine was designed to avoid having the slow rotor moving at exactly the same time as the medium rotor, since having all the rotors move together seemed like a weakness.
		The path of electricity through the first rotor stays the same; but the movement of the second rotor has brought a second wire into contact with the electricity; the wire formerly used is shown as a dotted line in its new position.
		The third rotor has not moved, but since the electrical current has left the second rotor from a different contact, a different wire in that rotor is used also, the old one also shown as a dotted line, but this time in the same position.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/ro020301.htm (2513 words)

	Enigma machine Summary
		The machine has gained notoriety because Allied cryptologists were able to decrypt a large number of messages that had been enciphered on the machine.
		Approximately 10 cm in diameter, each rotor is a disk made of hard rubber or bakelite with a series of brass spring-loaded pins on one face arranged in a circle; on the other side are a corresponding number of circular electrical contacts.
		However, a different initial rotor position was chosen for each message, because if a number of messages are sent encrypted with identical or near-identical settings, a cryptanalyst has several messages "in depth", and might be able to attack the messages using frequency analysis.
	www.bookrags.com /Enigma_machine (6915 words)

	Hebern rotor machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When the user pressed a key on the typewriter keyboard, a small amount of current from a battery flowed through the key into one of the contacts on the input side of the disk, through the wiring, and back out a different contact.
		This turns the basic substitution into a polyalphabetic one similar to the well known Vigenère cipher, with the exception that it required no manual lookup of the keys or cyphertext.
		To decrypt the message, they turned the rotor around in its socket so it was "backwards", thus reversing all the substitutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebern_rotor_machine (918 words)

	Cryptology and Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		From 1921 and continuing through the next decade, Hebern constructed a series of steadily improving rotor machines that were evaluated by the U.S. Navy.
		The only advantage of these electronic rotor machines was their speed of operation and they inherited the inherent weaknesses of the mechanical rotor machines.
		When the fast rotor got to a certain position it would cause the middle rotor to be rotated to one position, which in turn could cause the slow rotor to move one position.
	mehr.sharif.edu /~farhat/cryptography-cryptology.htm (9095 words)

	Shortwave Diathermy Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lounge Against the Machine (album) - Lounge Against the Machine is the first album from Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine, released October 17, 2000.
		Chapter 10 covers the principles of excitation, monopolar shortwave diathermy machine and bipolar stimulation, shortwave diathermy machine and describes various output circuits such as constant-voltage, constant-current, shortwave diathermy machine and isolated-output.
		Revised shortwave diathermy machine and expanded throughout, Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, Third Edition is designed for both the life scientist shortwave diathermy machine and physical scientist.
	www.wlrkfm.com /shortwavediathermymachine.html (1046 words)

	Child's Play (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The machine would use rotors that have plastic slip rings on the outside with bumps to control rotor motion, signalling a carry from one rotor to the other.
		Three rotors with a symmetrical wiring that produces the same permutation going through the rotor as is provided by reflection in the reflecting rotor.
		Six rotors in two sets of three identical rotors, wired so as to be mirror images of the grey rotors numbered 1 and 2, also numbered from 1 to 2.
	www.hypermaths.org /quadibloc/crypto/ro020702.htm (655 words)

	PURPLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Purple was an intricate, complicated cipher machine, a complex adaptation of the German's Enigma machine.
		First, because Japan guarded their PURPLE machines dearly, they did not put one in every diplomatic office; machines were only put into twelve of the Japanese embassies.
		Once the United States had created a "shadow machine", a Purple machine of their own, they were soon after able to decode the various messages they intercepted.
	www.idahoquad.com /how_purple.html (5327 words)

	ipedia.com: Typewriter Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Many of these earliest machines, including Turri's, were developed to allow the blind to write.
		In 1829 William Austin Burt patented a machine called the "Typographer." Like many of these other early machines, it is sometimes listed as the "first typewriter;" the (London) Science Museum describes it merely as "the first writing mechanism whose invention was documented," but even that claim may be excessive since Turri's machine is well known.
		There was, however, a much more expensive proportionally-spaced machine called the Selectric Composer which was considered a typesetting machine rather than a typewriter.
	www.ipedia.com /typewriter.html (2417 words)

	POCKET ENIGMA: THE REVIEW* Cryptologia - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Pocket Enigma is a single rotor machine in a compact disk case.
		The rotor is a simple disc printed on its two faces with two different "wirings", which you are required to trace through manually.
		The rotor is made from a matt plastic printed with special ink to give good durability.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200401/ai_n9362032 (946 words)

	Vista Printing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Appendix 1: Complete list of abbreviations This appendix is meant to be considered a typesetting machine rather than a typewriter.
		This machine, and similar products, incorporated a thin layer of material that prevented ink from penetrating and was reported being used in offices in London as late as 1909.
		Many of these other early machines, it is transferred from one pharmacy to another.
	businesscards.2vv1.com /vistaprinting.html (1074 words)

	Cryptology
		This knowledge of the machine enabled the Poles to build doubles of the Enigma, The second was the creation of methods for recovering the Enigma keys (starting positions) based exclusively on the basis of intercepts.
		The Polish machine and the British one worked on different algorithms but were mechanically very similar.
		For every one of the possible rotor settings Turing would start by assuming that this was the correct setting and then try to disprove this.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology/index.html (10089 words)

	Hebern Code Machines
		Five-rotor machine attached to a five-level paper tape punch and reader in National Cryptological Museum, National Security Agency, Washington D.C. Engineering drawings in National Cryptological Museum, National Security Agency, Washington D.C. from the collection of David Kahn.
		Two Hebern machines surfaced in Freemont, California, in July 2004 from the estate of Hugh Martin Lewis.
		Rotor sequence on both Nick Gessler's and Mark Sim's machines.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /geog/gessler/collections/crypto-hebern.htm (591 words)

	Printing Service St Louis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Some typewriters used ribbons that were inked in fl and red, each a stripe half the width and the element that struck the paper.
		Although IBM had produced a successful typebar-based machine, the IBM Selectric typewriter Datapoint 2200 Xerox Encryption Enigma machine Hebern Rotor Machine Rotor machine Use as Computer peripherals UNIVAC 1102 JOHNNIAC External links Burt's Typographer (Mavis Beacon)Medical prescription A medical prescription (Rx) is a matter of business practice, the pharmacist sign which C.H.F. Office.]] e.m.p.
		The development of the former platen-carrying carriage moving the paper now varies as greatly as types of printerss do, but until the typing mechanism was fast and jam-free; could be better described as "power-assisted typewriters." Non-impact technologies Towards the end of the prescription blank.
	businesscards.2vv1.com /printingservicestlouis.html (692 words)

	The Code Breakers
		The inventor of the first machine to embody the rotor principle was Edward Hugh Hebern (born on April 23, 1869 in Streator, Illinois).
		In 1931, the U. Navy purchased 31 of his machines and they were issued by the more important flag officers and were the top cryptographic system in the Navy.
		First it was required to determine the wiring of the rotors that were being used.
	math.arizona.edu /~dsl/talk.htm (1293 words)

	HistoryWired: A few of our favorite things
		Californian Edward Hebern designed this cipher machine for the commercial market in the 1920s.
		Since ancient times, people have used words, letters, and numbers--rearranged in special systems known as codes and ciphers--to send secret messages.
		During World War II, both sides strove to protect their own communities and to crack the system used by their enemies.
	historywired.si.edu /object.cfm?ID=346 (126 words)

	Cryptographic Equipment
		WW-II German Naval 4-rotor Enigma --- Rotors Storage Box (Closed) --- Rotors Storage Box (Open) --- Begleitbuch
		KL-7 Rotor Encryption Device --- KL-7 Power Supply --- KL-7 Accessories & Tools Box --- KL-7 Rotors in Box
		Rotors from Russian or Soviet rotor encryption device - could be from late 1940's up to 1960's
	home.ca.inter.net /~hagelin/crypto.html (144 words)

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