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Topic: Hebrew script

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	Hebrew alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The modern script used for writing Hebrew (usually called the Jewish script by scholars, and also traditionally known as the square script, or the Assyrian script), evolved during the 3rd century BC from the Aramaic script, which was used by Jews for writing Hebrew since the 6th century BC.
		This script was borrowed by the Hebrews during the 12th or 11th century BCE, and around the 9th century BCE, a distinct Hebrew variant, the original "Hebrew script", emerged.
		The Hebrew alphabet was retained as the alphabet used for writing down the Hebrew language during its rebirth in the end of the 19th century, despite several unsuccessful attempts to replace it with the Latin alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebrew_alphabet (1470 words)

	Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hebrew is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by 6 million people mainly in Israel, parts of the Palestinian territories, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world.
		While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extremely similar to the Canaanite languages spoken by their neighbors, such as Phoenician; indeed, Moabite and Hebrew are often considered to be two dialects of the same language.
		The Soviet authorities considered Hebrew a "reactionary language" since it was associated with both Judaism and Zionism, and it was officially banned by the Narkompros (Commissariat of Education) as early as 1919.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hebrew_language (3812 words)

	Hebrew alphabet and pronunciation
		The earliest Hebrew script was derived from a Phoenician script.
		Hebrew was the language of the early Jews, but fell out of use as an everyday spoken language and was replaced by Aramaic about 2,500 years ago.
		Hebrew continued to be used as a liturgical language since then and was revived as a spoken language in the late 19th and early 20th century.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/hebrew.htm (479 words)

	Hebrew Translation - Translate Hebrew Language Translator
		Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by the efforts of a single man, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (אליעזר בן־יהודה) (1858-1922).
		Hebrew has two kinds of stress (taa'm): on the last syllable (milra') and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, mile'l).
		Hebrew grammarians usually classify the verb system into 7 basic groups (called the binyanim, plural of binyan), each of which conjugates in a certain way, which is usually apparent in the binyan 's name.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/hebrew.shtml (4622 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Hebrew
		Hebrew is one of the longest continuously recorded languages that has survived to the modern day.
		While the script on this inscription is called Old Hebrew, it is barely discernible from Phoenician from where it originated.
		The Aramaic script adopted by the Hebrews quickly became known as the Jewish script, and because of the shape of its letters it also became known as ketab merubba`, or "square script".
	www.ancientscripts.com /hebrew.html (455 words)

	Ancient Hebrew Research Center - Home Page
		On the website are lessons for learning Hebrew, in-depth word studies and information on the Ancient Hebrew alphabet, language and culture as it relates to the Bible and its proper interpretation.
		The AHRC Museum of Ancient Semitic Inscriptions includes inscriptions from its early pictographic script to the modern Hebrew script.
		Dedicated to researching and teaching the Hebrew text of the Bible based on the Ancient Hebrew culture and language.
	www.ancient-hebrew.org (481 words)

	The Hebrew Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hebrew is written from right to left, just like Arabic, while English and most other languages which are written in the opposite direction.
		Hebrew codes contain 27 letters, the 22 basic letters of the Hebrew alphabet and the 5 final forms.
		The cantillation marks, also known as accents (in Hebrew, Teamim or Teamey Hamiqra) are used with biblical texts to indicate precise punctuation and the notes for reading the text in public.
	www.qsm.co.il /NewHebrew/ab.htm (334 words)

	Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Samaritan Hebrew alphabet, as it is called by scholars, is a slight development of the paleoHebrew, the ancient Hebrew script.
		The modern Hebrew that is called by scholars Jewish Hebrew script shows a slight development of the Aramaic script (easier).
		There they learn the script and the reading of the ancient Samaritan Hebrew as well as their special dialect of the Aramaic taught by Samaritan teachers in order to maintain the tradition from generation to generation.
	www.mystae.com /reflections/messiah/scripts/alphabet.html (276 words)

	MT WorldType Hebrew
		By about 200 BC, Old Hebrew script had been displaced by a distinct variant of Aramaic script which is yet another Semitic script descended from Phoenician.
		As in all other Semitic scripts, Hebrew writing was originally purely consonantal, however with the passing of time, several consonants began to double as long vowels.
		The demise of Hebrew as a colloquial tongue made it all the more necessary to preserve in writing the pronunciation of the Hebrew Scriptures which had been passed down as oral tradition.
	www.monotype.co.uk /nonlatin/wt_info/info_hebrew.html (516 words)

	AncientScripts.com: Aramaic
		The Aramaic language was the international trade language of the ancient Middle East between 1000 and 600 BCE, spoken from the Mediterranean coast to the borders of India.
		Its script, derived from Phoenician and first attested during the 9th century BCE, also became extremely popular and was adopted by many people with or without any previous writing system.
		It is the Jewish script that eventually evolved into the modern square Hebrew script.
	www.ancientscripts.com /aramaic.html (152 words)

	[No title]
		For instance, the 'khof', 'tsadek' and 'shin', single characters in the Hebrew script, are represented by the combined characters 'kh', 'ts' and 'sh' in transcription.
		Hebrew script is not better to represent alternative pronunciations used by certain groups of Yiddish speakers.
		The Hebrew script is not basically better than the Romanisation - the YIVO transcription is at least fully compatible with the Soviet system to write Yiddish in Hebrew script.
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~mendele/vol09/vol09028.txt (1833 words)

	Re: DSS in Hebrew, not in Rashi Script
		ONe must note, however, that the script used in Qumran and in the vast majority of HEbrew documents from the second period until the present is not the origijnal HEbrew script.
		The paleo-Hebrew script of the firs temple period was called ketav da'ats or ra'ats- neither term being of a know mening and etymology.
		Teh RAshi script which was the topic of discussion is a special form of Ashurit adapted for economically and densely writing rAbbinic commentaries in the margins of works.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/1996b/msg00584.html (517 words)

	The Hebrew Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are a variety of Hebrew script styles used today, though the Hebrew script used for sacred writing is called STA”M (an acronym for Sifrei Torah (Torah scrolls), Tefillin (phylacteries), and Mezuzot).
		Bet Ari - Ketav Ari is the Hebrew Script written in accordance to the tradition of Rabbi Isaac Luria, 1534-1572 (also known as the Arizal).
		In each case of script style, however, there are a many rules governing the formation of the letters (collectively known as soferut) so that there be no confusion between the letters written in the sacred writings.
	hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_One/Aleph-Bet/aleph-bet.html (506 words)

	Hebrew language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While many saw his work as fanciful or even blasphemous, many soon understood the need for a common language amongst Jews of pre-state Israel who at the turn of the previous century were arriving in large numbers from diverse countries with many different languages.
		For this reason, over half the population pronounces ר as, (a uvular trill, as in German and Yiddish) or as (a uvular fricative, as in French), rather than as /r/, an apical trill, as in Spanish.
		See also Romanization of Hebrew The Hebrew language is normally written in the Hebrew alphabet.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Hebrew-language.htm (2839 words)

	The Schonfieldian Script Page
		One of the typefaces he shows as an example of Hebrew ugliness is Frank-Rühl (of which New Peninim is a clone), which is still in common use (sort of the Hebrew equivalent of Times New Roman).
		The scripts are mapped into the private-use areas of Unicode and are generally specified with Unicode-like proposals.
		Schonfield intended his script to be amenable to be rendered in styles which matched existing styles of Latin text; The New Hebrew Typography shows glyphs to match Caslon Old Face, Nicholas Cochin, Cable, and Ultra Bodoni.
	www.geocities.com /snortar/schonfield.html (1542 words)

	Issues in the Representation of Pointed Hebrew in Unicode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It seems that a particular set of conventions is used for general publications in Hebrew, especially in Israel, but various other conventions, in which more fine distinctions are made, are used mainly for quality editions of biblical and other religious texts.
		This Convention is suitable for Hebrew but may not be suitable for every other language written in Hebrew script.
		The result is the current Hebrew Bible text, consisting of consonants as base characters, and vowels and accents as combining marks (and a few as base characters e.g.
	www.qaya.org /academic/hebrew/Issues-Hebrew-Unicode.html (4372 words)

	Book of Hebrew Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Even though I live a ten minute drive from the National Library at Hebrew University with its excellent manuscript department, I still often wished I could have at my fingertips in my studio, access to a wide variety of historical Hebrew scripts from which to draw inspiration.
		Ada Yardeni is a serious paleographer and researcher of the Hebrew script, in addition to being a calligrapher, type designer, and graphic artist.
		It was interesting for me to see the differentiation made by paleographers between the "root form" of a character ("the root is an abstract form which exists only in the imagination") and its skeletal form (the central line running through the strokes of the actual existing form).
	www.johnnealbooks.com /jnb/articles/hebrewscript.html (1669 words)

	Hebrew script : MyFonts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Hebrew language was initially written in an alphabet very similar to Phoenician — Paleo-Hebrew or ktav ivri kadum.
		A modern Hebrew reader can without much trouble decipher and read these ancient manuscripts which were preserved in the dry climate of the Qumran caves of the Judean desert.
		The other two scripts may be alive and well, but their application is confined to a limited area.
	www.myfonts.com:8080 /Article6823.html (205 words)

	Appendix: Hebrew OpenType specification
		If the "dflt" tag is not present for the script being used, the font may not work in some applications.
		Note: both the script and language tags are case sensitive (script tags should be lowercase, language tags are all caps) and must contain four characters (ie.
		Hebrew has three cases where the METEG/SOF PASUQ is put between parts of a nikud.
	www.eu.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/hebrewot/appen.htm (469 words)

	Hebrew - Test for Unicode support in Web browsers
		The Hebrew script is caseless and is written right-to-left; it is used for the Hebrew, Ladino and Yiddish languages.
		You can find some Hebrew in Windows-1255 character encoding at http://www.microsoft.com/israel/, some Hebrew in visual ISO 8859-8 encoding at the Israeli Government Tech Site, The Knesset - The Parliament of Israel and Israel Online, and some information in Hebrew about Macintosh computers at http://www.yeda.co.il/.
		Hebrew Web pages with UTF-8, Windows-1255 and ISO 8859-8 (logical and visual) encodings are supported by Internet Explorer 5 (or higher) with Windows 95 (or higher).
	www.alanwood.net /unicode/hebrew.html (549 words)

	Easy Hebrew™ Correspondence Course — for BELIEVERS who long to know HEBREW
		There is no such thing as purely "Biblical Hebrew." Because of the term "Biblical Hebrew," Christians are confused about whether there is a difference between Modern Hebrew and the Hebrew of the Bible.
		On the other hand, courses which are strictly "spoken" or "Modern" Hebrew, even those offered by Israelis, also lack the spiritual mindset of the language and of the Bible and, therefore, are not suitable or sufficient for Believers.
		Instead, a Believer is either "doomed" to the spiritually dry, difficult academia of "Biblical Hebrew" where he studies feverishly but learns little, or must settle for study methods that are like "pretend" plastic rings from a child's gumball machine, only to learn next to nothing.
	www.easyhebrew.com (1723 words)

	Jewish Liturgy: The Amidah prayer, also known as the Shmoneh-Esreh
		When the Hebrews were deported to Babylonia after the destruction of the First Temple, in 586 B.C.E., they adopted Aramaic writing, which was squarer than their own Hebraic script.
		It became the official script for daily use and for the transcription of sacred texts.
		However, for private use, there is a different script, the cursive script, which in numerous points is actually derived from paleo Hebrew, the twin sister of paleo-Phoencian.
	www.hebrewresources.com /ancient-Hebrew.html (745 words)

	The Letter Aleph
		The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet is called "Aleph" (pronounced "ah-lef").
		In the classical Hebrew script (ketav Ashurit) used for writing Torah scrolls, Aleph is constructed with two Yods (one to the upper right and the other to the lower left) that are joined by a diagonal Vav.
		Ketav Ashurit was the script that Jesus would have read (ketav Ivri was an older script, similar to ancient Phoenician, but was not the script used when Moses received the Torah from the LORD on Sinai.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_One/Aleph-Bet/Aleph/aleph.html (1184 words)

	Hebrew characters in XML and XHTML
		In addition to Hebrew specific characters, languages that use the Hebrew script also use other characters, such as punctuation marks, digits, and symbols that are used by many other languages.
		The legacy encodings were designed in a sensible manner and thus include the vital non-Hebrew-specific characters that are used in languages that use the Hebrew script.
		Some of which are often used in Hebrew such as quotation marks, and the new sheqel sign.
	www.nirdagan.com /hebrew/characters (599 words)

	[No title]
		The alphabetic order was adopted by the Hebrews, Arameans and Greeks from the Canaanites during the last two centuries of the second milennium B.C., presumably together with their script.
		The Hebrews adopted the (Proto-) Canaanite script in the twelfth or eleventh century B.C., but it took two or three hundred years until they began to develop an independent branch of their own.
		Hebrew should be defined as whatever the Hebrews wrote in ancient times as their own language even if the earliest dialect happens to be identical or nearly so with Old Canaanite.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/1998/v1998.n277 (4692 words)

	Yiddish alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Ashkenaz was the medieval Hebrew name for Germany, though the Ashkenaz area also included parts of northern France and later spread to Eastern Europe.
		From the 13th century they started to use the Hebrew script to write their language, which linguists refer to as Judeo-German or occasionally Proto-Yiddish.
		The earliest known fragment of Judeo-German is a rhyming couplet in a Hebrew prayer book dating from 1272 or 1273.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/yiddish.htm (324 words)

	Consonants and Vowels In the Hebrew Script
		While it is true that all characters of the Hebrew script are consonants, it is not so that a text in Hebrew contains as little information about the vowels as an English text from which all vowels were deleted.
		When one considers a script in which vowels are left away, at least sometimes, one would expect the most confusing effect when unrelated words are written alike, for instance in English: tan, ten, teen, tin, ton, tone, tun, tune.
		In Hebrew, the same is true to a still larger extent: cognates are only recognised by their root, that is, by the consonant pattern which remains when all prefixes and suffixes are stripped off.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~hr/bible/hebvow.html (1950 words)

	Hebrew font links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hebrew font manufacturer active in the early nineties [note: the link is to a general archive].
		From Encyclopaedia Britannica: "Semitic script used in Palmyra, a city on the trade routes between Syria and Mesopotamia, from the 3rd to the 2nd century BC until shortly after the conquest of the city by the Romans in AD 272.
		John M. Fiscella designed the fonts for symbols and many of the alphabetic scripts for the unicode charts and all typefaces complky with unicode standards.
	jeff.cs.mcgill.ca /~luc/hebrew.html (6681 words)

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