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Topic: Hebrew transliteration

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	Transliteration of Biblical Languages
		Transliteration is the representation of the sounds of one language in the characters or alphabet of another language.
		Hebrew uses dots inside or beside letters for various purposes, for example to indicate that the letter is doubled.
		Hebrew is an ancient language that is no longer spoken (Modern Hebrew is actually Israeli, a language compounded from classical Hebrew, Yiddish, which is a mixture of Aramaic, Hebrew and German, as well as features of modern English and European languages).
	www.cresourcei.org /terms/transliteration.html (1186 words)

	Romanization of Hebrew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Romanization of Hebrew is the representation of Hebrew-language text using the Latin alphabet.
		Notable varieties of Hebrew for which Tiberian vocalization is not suitable are the Hebrew of the Qumran community (as known from the Dead Sea Scrolls) and of the Samaritans.
		Transliterated text of the Torah and all Haftarot are available from http://bible.ort.org/ based on Sephardi pronunciation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew (1483 words)

	Judaism 101: Hebrew Alphabet
		Note that Hebrew is written from right to left, rather than left to right as in English, so Alef is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet and Tav is the last.
		However, as Hebrew literacy declined, particularly after the Romans expelled the Jews from Israel, the rabbis recognized the need for aids to pronunciation, so they developed a system of dots and dashes called nikkud (points).
		Transliteration is more an art than a science, and opinions on the correct way to transliterate words vary widely.
	www.jewfaq.org /alephbet.htm (2275 words)

	Hebrew/English Transliteration
		General guidelines for transliteration are as follows: Hebrew and Greek words or phrases in study notes will always be transliterated.
		Hebrew and Greek in translator’s notes and text-critical notes will usually be transliterated, but there are some exceptions.
		If a Hebrew or Greek phrase in the notes is extensive, in many cases it will not be transliterated for stylistic reasons to avoid unnecessary length and awkwardness.
	www.bible.org /netbible/hebrewtl.htm (167 words)

	A Guide to Hebrew Transliteration
		Although scholarly academic writings generally follow a standardized system of rendering Hebrew sounds and letters into Latin letters (i.e., the alphabets used in English and other European languages), many of the works that you will be consulting do not reflect this system, especially in editions that are aimed at traditional Jewish audiences.
		The "ghayin" is not represented in standard Hebrew notation, and merges with the "‘ayin".
		In scientific transliterations this always indicates an English "long" vowel (sounds like "woof" or "woo") and might be written as "ou" or "oo" in some popular works.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/RelS367/transliteration.html (907 words)

	A Guide to Hebrew Transliteration
		Although scholarly academic writings generally follow a standardized system of rendering Hebrew sounds and letters into Latin letters (i.e., the alphabets used in English and other European languages), many of the works that you will be consulting do not reflect this system, especially in editions that are aimed at traditional Jewish audiences.
		The "ghayin" is not represented in standard Hebrew notation, and merges with the "‘ayin".
		In scientific transliterations this always indicates an English "long" vowel (sounds like "woof" or "woo") and might be written as "ou" or "oo" in some popular works.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~elsegal/RelS367/transliteration.html (907 words)

	Bible Codes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Hebrew transliteration for "Hussein" (cheth-vav-samek-yod-yod-nun) is found at its second shortest ELS occurrence in the Torah (-94), beginning in Genesis 48:15 and ending in Genesis 48:7.
		The Hebrew transliteration for "Iraq" (ayin-yod-resh-koph) is highlighted in the center of the matrix at an ELS of 390, beginning in Genesis 47:26 and ending in Genesis 48:15.
		The Hebrew year "5750" (tav-shin-nun), which is equivalent to the year 1990, appears at an ELS of 1 in Genesis 48:13.
	users.aristotle.net /~bhuie/code16.htm (319 words)

	Transliteration of Hebrew Letters in the Bible
		As is well known, only the consonants were written in early Hebrew and, in general, the consonants are of more importance in carrying the meaning of a Hebrew word while the vowels are more significant in marking the form.
		All double consonants (those marked in Hebrew by a doubling dot in the middle of the letter) are simply written twice in the transliteration.
		In cases where there is a difference in the Hebrew text between the written consonants (the Kethib) and the vowels attached (the Qere), both forms are not always noted, but an effort has been made to list one or the other reading.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/hebrew.htm (1064 words)

	Alienshift, MARS, Alternative 3, UFOs, Aliens, Pole Shift, Time Travel
		The Hebrew transliteration of "Japan" (yod-pey-nun) is highlighted twice in the matrix, forming of a cross.
		The Hebrew words ha-behema, which are translated "the beast" (hey-beth-hey-mem-hey), are encoded at an ELS of -2, beginning in Genesis 28:22 and ending in Genesis 28:21.
		The Hebrew word for "desolation" (shin-mem-mem) is found at an ELS of -222 crossing vertically through the word "abomination." It begins in Genesis 28:18 and ends in Genesis 28:11.
	www.alienshift.com /id15.html (2491 words)

	Hebrew Language, Grammar Pronunciation-Transliteration - Zionism and Israel -Encyclopedia / Dictionary/Lexicon of ...
		Hebrew is a Semitic language, closely related to ancient Cana'anite and probably originally identical with it, and close to Arabic and Aramaic.
		Hebrew has no W, J or X. The Hebrew letters can be approximated by English sounds, but the pronunciation of vowels, and of "r", and 'h (het) are often problematic for English speakers.
		The standard pronunciation of modern Hebrew is a simplified version of the Sephardi pronunciation: in particular, the kaf-kuf, chet-chaf, and tet-tav pairs are pronounced identically and the alef and ayin are both silent vowel stops.
	www.zionism-israel.com /dic/Pronunciation-Transliteration.htm (1689 words)

	The Hebrew Bible: Help
		Hebrew is written right to left; these documents use "visual directionality", in which the characters in the Web documents are pre-arranged in the order they appear on the page; browsers need not support bidirectional text to correctly display such files.
		Steve Gross employed a different Hebrew transliteration scheme than is used here; a description of his transliteration is included in the archive.
		This edition of the Hebrew Bible uses this ISO-8859-8 encoding of Hebrew, defining it as the document character set and thereby requesting the browser to render it with a compatible font.
	www.fourmilab.ch /etexts/www/hebrew/Bible/help.html (1694 words)

	Hebrew Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It is my opinion that the Hebrew words, as written in the standard 22-letter Hebrew alphabet, contain the consonants and some of the vowels of the spoken words.
		The modern Hebrew scholars claim that the Hebrew letter "heth" is pronounced in that manner, but this letter corresponds to the Greek letter "eta", which seems to be pronounced as A-long.
		I transliterate the Hebrew letter "he" by E, but with the understanding that it is pronounced as a E-short, a vowel.
	www.vorsoft.com /faith/hebrew/alphabet.htm (1088 words)

	Machers Directory: Jewish: Hebrew - Learning, Information and Resources
		Modern Hebrew) and Mandarin - A paper by Dr Ghil'ad Zuckermann (Cambridge) on the camouflaged influence of Modern English (mainly American) on 'Modern Hebrew' and Mandarin Chinese within the broader context of linguistic and cultural globalization.
		Hebrew Alphabet - Illustrates the letters and vowel points of the Aleph-Bet, along with their names and numerical values.
		Hebrew Self-Study - Self-Study group using J. Weingreen's Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew for beginners who want to be able to read from the Chumash and siddur.
	www.machers.com /directory/Hebrew/index.html (1603 words)

	Bible Codes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Hebrew abbreviation for "prime minister" (resh-hey-mem) appears in the matrix at an ELS of -298, beginning in Exodus 35:12 and ending in Exodus 34:14.
		The Hebrew transliteration of "China" (samek-yod-nun) occurs twice in the matrix.
		The Hebrew acronym for "USSR" (beth-hey-resh-mem) is found at an ELS of 6 in the matrix, beginning in Exodus 34:16 and ending in Exodus 34:17.
	users.aristotle.net /~bhuie/code31.htm (477 words)

	Barmitzvahs.org - Hebrew Alphabet
		However, as Hebrew literacy declined, particularly after the Romans expelled the Jews from Israel, the rabbis recognized the need for aids to pronunciation, so they developed a system of dots and dashes called nikkudim (points).
		Several Hebrew fonts for PC (Windows), Mac and Unix (Linux) are available for free from ftp.snunit.k12.il/pub/fonts/.
		These Hebrew fonts map to ASCII 224-250, high ASCII characters which are not normally available on the keyboard, but this is the mapping that most Hebrew websites use.
	www.barmitzvahs.org /judaism/alephbet.php (1696 words)

	Mixing Hebrew and English: Tips for Song Sheets and CD Notes
		Hebrew Typography in German-speaking Regions, a fascinating project led by Dr. Ittai Joseph Tamari on Ashkenazic Hebrew typography.
		If you are preparing Hebrew or Yiddish materials for a non-native Hebrew- or Yiddish-speaking audience, it is safe to presume that your goals will usually be different.
		If the music is printed in Yiddish or Hebrew for a native-speaking population, it is quite easy to break up the words syllabically, and to present them, in Hebrew, under the music.
	www.ivritype.com /hebrew/hebeng_tips (1546 words)

	[No title]
		Transliteration forces people to really understand the grammar (eg when a dages is doubbled, when a qames is short u-vowel, etc) and when it is avoided, we will all have to work harder to know if people really understand the Hebrew from which they are pontificating.
		Transliteration > forces people to really understand the grammar (eg when a dages is > doubbled, when a qames is short u-vowel, etc) and when it is avoided, we > will all have to work harder to know if people really understand the > Hebrew from which they are pontificating.
		Transliterations can also be very useful when emphasizing a point, such as that the tav in shtayim is not doubled.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/V01/v01.n060 (5109 words)

	The Nostradamus page on the transliteration, transcription or Romanization of Hebrew.
		In Hebrew transliteration, I've seen an apostrophe, a lower case or a superscripted used.
		Scholars need perfect correspondence in their transliterations, so the system found in the SBL Handbook of Style (published by the Society of Biblical Literature) is generally used.
		Our friend Bill Wollheim suggests that someone ought to undertake scholarly research into the transliteration preferences of the various Jewish movements and see whether there is a connection to their respective ideologies.
	users.rcn.com /nostrada/transliteration.htm (1309 words)

	Institute of Sacred Music \| Colloquium Journal
		The error suggests that the Hebrew transliteration may have been in circulation for a while before the translation was added.
		If so, then the third logical stage of compilation, the transliteration of Latin into Hebrew, would have been distinct from the fourth stage, when the Hebrew transliteration was misread to produce a faulty Hebrew translation.
		The second Hebrew letter, intended to represent the labial plosive p, was read as a fricative f, a common shift in Hebrew.
	www.yale.edu /ism/colloq_journal/jpages/jeffery3.html (521 words)

	Hebrew Alphabet / Torah 101 / Mechon Mamre
		The line of text at the right would be pronounced (in Sephardic pronunciation, which is what most people today use): "V'ahavta l'rayahkhah kamokha" (And you shall love your neighbor as yourself, Leviticus 19,18).
		The style of writing illustrated above is the one most commonly seen in Hebrew books. It is referred to as block print or sometimes Assyrian text.
		Another style is used in certain texts to distinguish the body of the text from commentary upon the text. This style is known as Rashi Script, in honor of Rashi, the most popular commentator on the Torah and the Talmud. The alefbet at the right is an example of Rashi Script.
	www.mechon-mamre.org /jewfaq/alephbet.htm (163 words)

	Understanding the Hebrew Alphabet by J.W. Embry
		Hebrew is read from the RIGHT to the LEFT (the opposite of English which is read from the left to the right) and this can be confusing to the beginner, so extra care should be used to pay close attention to the DIRECTION the word is spelled in Hebrew.
		Transliteration is not an exact science since there are sounds in both languages that does not exist in the other one, so it is, at best, an attempt to sound-guess the appropriate Hebrew letter to fit the English sound.
		One of the best ways to commit the Hebrew alphabet to memory is to place the letters on one side of a set of 3X5 index cards and place the appropriate names on the opposite side of each card.
	www.thebiblecodes.com /researcher/hebrew/understanding.htm (736 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Hebrew
		Hebrew is one of the longest continuously recorded languages that has survived to the modern day.
		While the script on this inscription is called Old Hebrew, it is barely discernible from Phoenician from where it originated.
		The Hebrew alphabet as it is adopted from Phoenician actually doesn't reproduce all the sounds in the Hebrew language, so some letters represent multiple sounds.
	www.ancientscripts.com /hebrew.html (494 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions
		Specifically the letter BET is sometimes pronounced B and sometimes V. Similarly KAF is sometimes K and sometimes KH, and PEH is sometimes P and sometimes F. In elementary texts, the ambiguity is resolved by placing a dot in the middle of the letter to differentiate between the hard-consonant sound and the soft-consonant sound.
		Since most vowels are omitted in Hebrew text, how do you know what vowel to use when you transliterate from Hebrew to English.
		Of course the list of cities are written in Hebrew, so if you can't read Hebrew you'll have to "pattern-match" the characters in the drop-down list with the Hebrew characters for the city name appearing in the phone directory.
	www.stevemorse.org /hebrew/faq.htm (2397 words)

	AD * Hebrew * Book Craft * Falk/Book of Blessings
		A look at Hebrew typefaces reveals that serious attention to vowels was not paid until the time of the abysmal typefaces of the last century, and the better, if not yet inspired faces of the early part of this century (Frank-Ruehl).
		The one major problem is the stubborn insistance that the transliteration and the Hebrew to which it applies be kept as far apart as possible, on opposite sides of the page (see verso--left-hand page--above).
		(Hebrew is invariably shorter, if only because of those pesky vowels that are set as diacriticals, not as inline characters.) The Hebrew begins about two ems to the left of the English, on the left-hand side of the page.
	www.ivritype.com /hebrew/books/falk/falk.html (1369 words)

	Avodah Fellowship - Links to Other Websites
		Hebrew for Christians Beginning Hebrew alphabet and Biblical Hebrew grammar.
		Hebrew Fonts Links to down-loadable Hebrew fonts, many for free.
		Hebrew Roots Hebrew Roots is the ministry of Dean & Susan Wheelock.
	avodahfellowship.org /links.php (1321 words)

	The Nostradamus page on the transliteration, transcription or Romanization of Hebrew.
		In Hebrew transliteration, I've seen an apostrophe, a lower case or a superscripted used.
		Scholars need perfect correspondence in their transliterations, so the system found in the SBL Handbook of Style (published by the Society of Biblical Literature) is generally used.
		Our friend Bill Wollheim suggests that someone ought to undertake scholarly research into the transliteration preferences of the various Jewish movements and see whether there is a connection to their respective ideologies.
	www.nostradamus.net /transliteration.htm (1391 words)

	First Steps in Hebrew Prayer - Jewish blessing tutorial
		It features the Hebrew text in bold letters, line-for-line with English translation and transliteration, and is illustrated with a beautiful selection of graphics and photos.
		The sages taught that it is better to pray in Hebrew, even if the praying person does not understand the words.
		An ancient "Masoret" (tradition) teaches us that the Hebrew alphabet existed prior to the creation of the world, and that God used the twenty-two Hebrew letters as raw material for the creation.
	www.hebrewworld.com /html_folder/fshp2.html (336 words)

	Rodef Shalom Congregation, Pittsburgh, PA - Hebrew School
		The Hebrew language is the language of the Jewish people and provides a common bond, a link with Jews from all over the world.
		Students in Kindergarten and First Grade are introduced to Hebrew words and concepts as they are introduced to holidays, rituals and life cycle events.
		The Second Grade is formally introduced to the Hebrew alphabet and learns the sounds of each letter through games, activities and an interactive workbook.
	rodefshalom.org /learning/hebrew (450 words)

	Graphai Transliteration
		Because of the current limitations of e-mail, the Graphai discussion must represent Greek and Hebrew in transliteration.
		We use Beta Code for Greek and the Michigan-Claremont coding for Hebrew, except that we allow the use of lower case letters, which are easier to type and read.
		Hebrew, Syriac, and Aramaic texts are coded using to the Michigan-Claremont system; for example, Gen. 1:1,
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /graphai/transliteration.html (71 words)

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