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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Heian Period
		The Heian Period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature.
		The Heian Period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (平安京, present day Kyoto), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kammu.
		The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the Incho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Heian-Period (6599 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Heian Period
		The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art and especially in poetry and literature.
		The Heian period is preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 after the movement of the capital of Japanese civilisation to Kyoto by the 50th emperor Kammu.
		Although written Chinese remained the official language of the Heian period imperial court, the introduction and wide use of kana saw a boom in Japanese literature.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/he/Heian_Period (261 words)

	Heian Period (794-1185A.D.)
		Heian period began with the transfer of the capital to Kyoto and came to the end when the Kamakura Shogun ate was established by Yoritomo Minamoto.
		Fujiwara florished in middle of the period and Taira thribed in the late period.
		Heian period also had a strong emperor's autholity in eralier period and a politics controlled by the peerage in middle and later period like other period usually had.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/japan/heian/heian-p.htm (2214 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Heian Period
		The Heian period is preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 after the movement of the capital of Japanese civilisation to Heiankyō (present-day Kyoto) by the 50th emperor Kammu.
		While on one hand the Heian period was indeed an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants.
		The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the Incho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Heian_period (1644 words)

	Kyoto
		By the end of the Heian Period the military samurai class was growing in power, and the resulting unrest, coupled with the fact that the world would enter mappo (the last years of Buddhist law), according to Buddhist doctrine, in 1052, led to an increase in religious fervour.
		It was during this period that the supremacy of Kyoto as a centre of pilgrimage became established.
		It was radically restored to its Heian Period form in 1629, after which repairs were carried out in the 17th (once), the 18th (three times), and 19th centuries to the main shrine buildings, the Higashi Honden and the Nishi Honden (both National Treasures), the 1863 reconstruction being the last.
	www.insecula.com /us/musee/M0227.html (3928 words)

	Heian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Heian period (平安時代) is the last division of classical Japanese history that runs from 794 to 1185.
		The Heian period is preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 after themovement of the capital of Japanese civilisation to Kyoto by the 50th emperor Kammu.
		This period saw the flowering of the Shingon school of esoteric Buddhism, founded by Kukai, as well as the Jodo Shinshu, or True Pure Land, school, founded by Shinran.
	www.therfcc.org /heian-period-56839.html (367 words)

	Heian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Heian period was predominantly peaceful, and was regarded in later epochs as the classical age of Japanese civilization, in which a sophisticated indigenous culture was established.
		Despite its peaceful appearance, the Heian period also fostered provincial military clans, the daimyo and their followers the samurai, which eventually brought its end in a bitter civil war.
		The Heian aristocracy, especially the Fujiwara, devoted its wealth and leisure to artistic pursuits, and the period is known for the "rule of taste": the extreme importance of discernment and sensibility in aristocratic social relations.
	www.ox.compsoc.net /~gemini/simons/historyweb/heian.html (3789 words)

	Women in Japanese literature of the Heian period, by K. Cheney
		Women of the Japanese court in the Heian period played a large role in the development of the literature of the time, which was an even more impressive feat considering the state of the rest of the world’s culture and the role and rights of women in the rest of the world at the time.
		During the Heian period Buddhism became the state religion, and its influence is evident in their architecture, sculpture, and painting (Morris 7).
		Lady Sarashina is overly sensitive, even by Heian standards, for she cries often and at the slightest provocation." However, he says, when she was young, her "seemingly profound grief" was easily dispelled and as she matured there was a "noticeable decline in weeping," especially after her marriage.
	www.her-own-eyes.org /heianwomyn.htm (3852 words)

	Heian Era Literature -- A Bibliography (a part of the UCLA Teaching about Japan website)
		One word of caution: we should not automatically consider a tendency toward emotionalism rather than intellectualism or the subordination of the individual in deference to the group as negative--they are simply different from what we encounter in the 20th C western cultures.
		Divided into three chronological segments, the article covers Heian literature from its inceptions from 794-905 when Chinese writings were in vogue to "The Birth of Prose Literature (905-1020)" to the post-Genji through the compilation of the eighth imperial poetic anthology, the Shinkokinshû (1020-1205), extending the Heian period a little past its usual 1185 cut-off.
		It was clear that the men folk of the period "owned" the silk cloth, but Cavanaugh very persuasively argues that by being the creators and the storehouses of the cloth the women played a very crucial and effective role at court.
	www.international.ucla.edu /eas/japan/lessons/heian-bibliography.htm (2602 words)

	Heian Japan
		So the Heian court was not overly involved in the day to day governing of outlying provinces, which numbered sixty-six.
		This was a demotion for the traditional aristocracy; it did not mean, however, that Heian government exercised a great deal of control over these regional governors who ran their provinces more or less autonomously.
		Anything that had beauty revealed the truth of the Buddha; as a result, the art of the Hiei monks made the religion profoundly popular at the Heian court and deeply influenced the development of Japanese culture that was being forged at that court.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~dee/ANCJAPAN/HEIAN.HTM (1549 words)

	Japan Glossary - Samurai
		It was not until the early modern period, namely the Azuchi-Momoyama period and early Edo period of the late 16th and early 17th centuries that the word saburai became replaced with samurai.
		During the Heian period, the emperor's army was disbanded and the emperor's power gradually declined.
		The Sengoku jidai ("warring-states period") was marked by the loosening of samurai culture, in a sense.
	www.jref.com /glossary/samurai.shtml (5435 words)

	Japanese history: Nara, Heian Periods
		One characteristic of the Nara and Heian periods is a gradual decline of Chinese influence which, nevertheless, remained strong.
		Among the worst failures of the Taika reforms were the land and taxation reforms: High taxes resulted in the impoverishment of many farmers who then had to sell their properties and became tenants of larger land owners.
		The Fujiwara family controlled the political scene of the Heian period over several centuries through strategic intermarriages with the imperial family and by occupying all the important political offices in Kyoto and the major provinces.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2132.html (639 words)

	Heian period Summary
		This period was the peak of Japanese aristocratic and court life, a time during which literature and the arts flourished.
		Although written Chinese (Kanbun, 漢文) remained the official language of the Heian period imperial court, the introduction and wide use of kana (仮名) saw a boom in Japanese literature.
		The early Heian period (794-967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital (Kyoto) was patterned on the Chinese Tang (唐) capital at Chang'an (長安, today's Xi'an, 西安), as was Nara, but on a larger scale.
	www.bookrags.com /Heian_period (3669 words)

	The Heian Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Heian Period is the last classical division of Japan history and runs from 794 to1185 AD.
		The Heian period is now considered the peak of Japanese history in imperial court, and also because of there art during this time period, but two of the main reasons were because of there poetry and literature.
		During this period the lyrics of Japanese national anthem was written, and many other story's were written such as The Tale of Genji.
	www.angelfire.com /mo3/byerdrew/Heian_webpage.htm (156 words)

	Chapter 5
		The new schools of Kamakura Buddhism were spawned in a period of prolonged social crisis, a period which began in late Heian times (perhaps from the eleventh century) when the tremors of turbulence began to be felt in the capital, Kyoto, behind which loomed Mt. Hiei, the monastic capital and major center of Heian Buddhism.
		The Kamakura period spurred such a breakthrough in Japan, so that Buddhism achieved new spiritual heights and, at the same time, offered itself to the people in a way it had not been able to when it was monopolized by the aristocracy, and functioned merely to serve the interests of the state or clan.
		In this period he married Eshin-ni, raised a large family, and only on the threshold of old age returned to the capital of Kyoto where he continued to teach, to write and to live as neither priest nor layman.
	www.shindharmanet.com /course/chapter5.htm (3360 words)

	Heian Jingu Shrine/Festival of Ages
		During this period, the government was engulfed in domestic and foreign turmoil; the opening of Japan to foreigners being one of the major issues.
		As the most accomplished woman of that period, she was given the highest rating as entertainer.
		During this period, many changes were made in fighting tactics, influenced by the introduction of guns and newly-styled armored vests made with iron plates ("Gusoku").
	www.heianjingu.or.jp /english/0302.html (1291 words)

	WebMuseum: Heian Art
		The period is further divided into the early Heian and the late Heian, or Fujiwara, eras, the pivotal date being 894, the year imperial embassies to China were officially discontinued.
		The wooden image of Shaka, the "historic" Buddha (early 9th century), enshrined in a secondary building at the Muro-ji, is typical of the early Heian sculpture, with its ponderous body, covered by thick drapery folds carved in the hompa-shiki (rolling-wave) style, and its austere, withdrawn facial expression.
		In the last century of the Heian period, the horizontal, illustrated narrative handscroll, the emaki, came to the fore.
	www.ibiblio.org /wm/paint/tl/japan/heian.html (760 words)

	Ancient Japan - 3
		Government during this period was based mostly on precedent, and the court had become little more than a centre for highly ritualized ceremonies.
		Since the government-encouraged opening up of new land during the Nara period, temples and aristocrats with resources at their disposal had hastened to develop new areas, and vast private lands had accrued to them.
		The emperor Go-Sanjo ascended the throne in 1068, the first sovereign in more than a century not born of a daughter of the Fujiwara; while Michinaga's sons Yorimichi and Norimichi both gave their daughters to be imperial consorts, no Fujiwara-related heirs resulted from these unions.
	www.crystalinks.com /japan3.html (4328 words)

	Sensei's Library: JBQM9
		Anyway, in the Heian era, the imperial court was the centre of government, with the emperor as its head.
		In the Heian period, for example, the Northern part of Honshu was not under the control of the emperor.
		On the whole the Heian period seems to have been peaceful but the creation of strong generals to bring Honshu under the imperial court eventually led to the creation of rebellious warlords, the "warring states", and the shoguns taking over political power.
	senseis.xmp.net /?path=JapaneseBigQuestionMark&page=JBQM9 (958 words)

	Three Heian Women
		Japan clearly had the higher civilization in the late Ancient, or Heian, period (794 to 1185), perhaps the highest civilization in the world (only China could challenge it), and the higher literary achievement until at least the time of Chaucer (1343 to 1400).
		This early period in Japan is named after the capital city, Heian Kyo (now Kyoto), and it was definitely an aristocratic literature, centered in activities at court.
		Heian literature was much more secular, written by and for the court elite--some of the best by a few well-placed women of rare genius.
	www.washburn.edu /reference/bridge24/heian.html (2931 words)

	Heian Japan
		So the Heian court was not overly involved in the day to day governing of outlying provinces, which numbered sixty-six.
		This was a demotion for the traditional aristocracy; it did not mean, however, that Heian government exercised a great deal of control over these regional governors who ran their provinces more or less autonomously.
		Anything that had beauty revealed the truth of the Buddha; as a result, the art of the Hiei monks made the religion profoundly popular at the Heian court and deeply influenced the development of Japanese culture that was being forged at that court.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ANCJAPAN/HEIAN.HTM (1549 words)

	Chapter Three: The Heian Period Aristocrats
		There remains a large quantity of literature from the Heian period, nearly all of which is by the aristocracy, for the aristocracy, and about the aristocracy.
		Theoretically, politics was a male domain during the Heian period (in contrast with the Nara period), and men held all formal ministerial offices.
		In the early Heian period, it was a significant institution, but by the end of the tenth century, increasingly fewer aristocrats studied there.
	www.east-asian-history.net /textbooks/172/ch3_main.htm (9297 words)

	Rajas Pargaonkar
		No better statement could be made about the contrast between the Heian and Medieval periods of Japanese history; mannerism and poetry, hallmarks of the Heian, clung to the Japanese soil fast, only to be melted away by the turmoil and violence of the Medieval period.
		The Kamakura and the Heian represented such strong polar opposites of ideology that one can scarcely believe that they are periods of the same people of the same country.
		The Heian was a dainty era, built upon the principles of a strong grasp of culture and manners, as opposed to the strong grip of a sword during the Kamakura.
	artsci.wustl.edu /~copeland/heian-kamakura.html (1257 words)

	Aaron Paushter
		Due to the unfortunate fact that detailed records were not kept of women during the Heian period, little is known of Shonagon aside from the certainties that she was a woman, a middle level aristocrat and a tutor to the empress Sadako.
		It was during this period that peasants began to realize their strength and banded together symbiotically with religious institutions in the formation of merchant guilds known as za.
		The Heian period served as a starting point for Japanese art and provided the ideals of mono no aware and miyabi a standard upon which all future art could be based.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~copeland/aaron.html (1919 words)

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