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Topic: Heliopause

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	Cosmos4Kids.com: Solar System Details: Heliopause
		The heliopause is the outer edge of the heliosphere.
		The region between the heliopause and the termination shock is called the heliosheath.
		The heliosphere and heliopause are in the shape of a teardrop with the round end in front and the tail in back.
	www.cosmos4kids.com /files/solsyst2_heliopause.html (380 words)

	Heliopause - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inside the heliopause is a boundary called the "termination shock" where supersonic solar wind particles are slowed to subsonic speeds by the interstellar medium.
		The layer between the termination shock and the heliopause is known as the heliosheath.
		Outside the heliopause, the interaction between the interstellar medium and the heliopause produces the bow shock, a turbulent region in front of the Sun's progress through the interstellar medium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heliopause (401 words)

	Heliosphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The outer surface of the heliosheath, where the heliosphere meets the interstellar medium, is called the heliopause.
		Beyond the heliopause lies the bow shock, a region of space where the heliopause's interaction with the interstellar medium becomes more turbulent.
		In May 2005, it was announced that Voyager 1 had crossed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath in December 2004, at a distance of 94 AU.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heliosphere (352 words)

	The Heliopause in the Solar System
		As we shall see, the Heliopause may play a crucial role in the understanding of the nature, and appearance, of the Dark Star itself.
		I'm not sure whether the Dark Star itself would be affected by the Heliopause area enough to become super-charged, causing it to emit flares of light.
		Voyager 2 has reached the edge of the heliopause unexpectedly early, leading scientists to believe that the heliopause itself is distorted.
	www.darkstar1.co.uk /heliopause.html (1057 words)

	heliopause
		Additionally, the heliopause distance probably fluctuates in response to changes in ISM and solar wind conditions.
		Upstream of the heliopause, in the ISM, theory suggests the existence of a bow shock where the incoming interstellar wind first reacts to its impending collision with the Sun's magnetosphere.
		The extent to which interstellar matter penetrates inside the heliopause is open to question but may be partially determined by the first interstellar probes.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/heliopause.html (227 words)

	Universe Today - Heliopause Seems to Be 23 Billion Kilometres
		Tue, 09 Dec 2003 - According to data gathered by NASA's Voyager spacecraft, the Sun's heliopause - the boundary between the solar wind and interstellar wind - seems to be approximately 23 billion kilometres from the Sun.
		The location of the heliopause, which marks the outermost edge of the solar system, is a subject of scientific speculation.
		The termination shock is caused by a reduction in the speed of the solar wind as it slams into cooler plasma at the edge of the solar system and is similar to the sonic boom that occurs on Earth when an airplane crosses the sound barrier.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/size_of_heliopause.html (888 words)

	Voyager - Mission - Interstellar Mission
		The mission objective of the Voyager Interstellar Mission (VIM) is to extend the NASA exploration of the solar system beyond the neighborhood of the outer planets to the outer limits of the Sun's sphere of influence, and possibly beyond.
		Penetration of the heliopause boundary between the solar wind and the interstellar medium will allow measurements to be made of the interstellar fields, particles and waves unaffected by the solar wind.
		The heliopause has never been reached by any spacecraft; the Voyagers may be the first to pass through this region, which is thought to exist somewhere from 8 to 14 billion miles from the Sun.
	voyager.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/interstellar.html (893 words)

	RedOrbit - Reference Library
		Heliopause -- The heliopause is the boundary where our Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium.
		The solar wind blows a "bubble" in the interstellar medium (the rareified hydrogen and helium gas that permeates the galaxy).
		The point where the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough to push back the interstellar medium is known as the heliopause, and is often considered to be the outer "border" of the solar system.
	www.redorbit.com /education/reference_library?article_id=209 (201 words)

	APOD: 2002 June 24 - The Sun's Heliosphere and Heliopause (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		heliopause and is thought to occur at about 110 AU.
		It is depicted above as the middle surface.
		heliopause moves through the local interstellar medium much as a boat moves on water, pushing a bow shock out in front, thought to occur near 230 AU.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap020624.html (148 words)

	Space Today Online - Voyager spacecraft are leaving the Solar System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Using data sent to Earth by the Voyager cosmic ray detectors, NASA scientists are predicting the termination shock to be in the range of 62 to 90 AU from the Sun.
		Reaching the termination shock and heliopause will be major milestones for the mission because no spacecraft from Earth have been there before and the Voyagers will gather the first direct evidence of the termination shock and heliopause.
		The heliopause is somewhere between 5 and 14 billion miles from the Sun.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Voyagers20years.html (2629 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When this cloud of plasma arrived at the heliopause, the particles interacted violently with the interstellar plasma and produced the radio emissions, according to Gurnett.
		Our assumption that this is the heliopause is based on the fact that there is no other known structure out there that could be causing these signals," Gurnett continued.
		Exactly where the heliopause is remains one of the great unanswered questions in space physics.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r93-99 (562 words)

	Heliopause stability in the presence of neutral atoms: Rayleigh-Taylor dispersion analysis and axisymmetric MHD ...
		The heliopause, a surface separating the tenuous hot heliosheath flow and the dense, magnetized interstellar flow, is subject to instabilities of the Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz types.
		Here we investigate the stability of the upwind segment of the heliopause in the presence of charge exchange collisions using both an analytic (dispersion relation) approach and a numerical model that includes the interstellar magnetic field.
		We discuss the effect of a strong LISM magnetic field on the heliopause stability and possible implications of the obtained instability on the X-ray emission and cosmic ray transport in the outer heliosphere.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JA010879.shtml (382 words)

	Solar System Galactic Frontier.
		The boundary separating the galactic and the solar matter, the heliopause, is predicted to be 40-50 AU further away from the sun.
		Distance to the termination shock is 90 AU in the upwind (with respect to the interstellar wind) direction; distance to the heliopause is 140-180 AU.
		EUV mapping of the heliopause is a relatively new experimental concept and important advancement in instrumentation is required to enable such space experiments.
	astronauticsnow.com /GalacticFrontier (647 words)

	Circumstellar Debris Shells
		The solar wind is deflected and confined to the region within the heliopause (HP) while the region beyond the heliopause is filled by interstellar gas and dust.
		While the dust and gas are expected to be coupled in the interstellar medium at least on large scales, close to the heliopause the plasma flow is stopped by the solar wind.
		Assuming that the magnetic field of the interstellar medium is coupled to the plasma, relative motion between the dust particles and the surrounding plasma imposes a Lorentz force on electrically charged grains.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /users/mann/webisdx.html (1243 words)

	To the edge of the Soar System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The sphere on influence of the Sun's solar wind is called the Heliosphere and the boundary where the intersteller medium equals it called the Heliopause.
		The solar wind is the stream of electrically charged ionized hydrogen which is emitted by the sun.
		The Voyager's plasma wave experiments are now measuring the radio emissions which emanate from the Heliopause.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/7284/helio.htm (123 words)

	Kapili:Space Sciences:Solar System:Heliopause (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The heliopause is the outer edge of the heliosphere.
		The heliopause is the part of our Solar System that comes in contact with the ions and particles of deep space.
		The heliosphere and heliopause are in the shape of a teardrop with the round end in front and the tail in back.
	www.kapili.com /files/solarsyst_heliopause.html (325 words)

	Physics News Update Number 131 - RADIO SIGNALS FROM THE HELIOPAUSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The heliopause, where the solar wind particles streaming out from the sun meet the directional flow of interstellar-medium particles, essentially constitutes the edge of the solar system.
		However, Voyager 1, at a distance of 52 AU (an astronomical unit is the distance between the Earth and sun), and Voyager 2, at 40 AU, were well placed to made a measurement.
		Ralph McNutt of Johns Hopkins said that from the timing of the signals the distance to the heliopause could be estimated to be between 80 and 130 AU.
	www.aip.org /pnu/1993/split/pnu131-1.htm (128 words)

	Medium
		The precise shape and location of the heliopause is not known but it is probably similar in shape to the Earth's magnetosphere and the bow shock is probably about 110 - 160 AU from the Sun.
		The Ulysses spacecraft is conducting an extensive study of the Sun and the solar wind.
		The nature of the heliopause remains one of the great unanswered questions in space physics.
	www.nineplanets.org /medium.html (509 words)

	IMA Hero: JPL Photo Gallery - Voyager
		Heliopause: Voyagers 1 and 2 are headed towards the outer boundary of the solar system in search of the heliopause.
		The heliopause is the region where the Sun's influence begins to decrease and the interstellar space begins.
		The termination shock is the first indication that the wind is nearing the heliopause.
	www.imahero.com /photos/jplphotogallery/voyager_jpl.html (344 words)

	Interstellar Probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In our present view of the large scale structure of the heliosphere, the solar wind flows radially outward to a "termination shock" surrounded at somewhat greater distance by a contact surface called the heliopause, which is the boundary between solar wind and interstellar plasma.
		Although the size of the heliosphere is not certain, several recent estimates place the distance to the termination shock at ~80 to 90 AU, with the heliopause somewhat further beyond.
		Once beyond the heliopause an Interstellar Probe would be able to make direct measurements of interstellar gas and dust, the interstellar magnetic field, and of low energy cosmic rays unaffected by processes of "solar modulation" that shield the inner heliosphere.
	umbra.nascom.nasa.gov /SEC/secr/missions/ISP2.html (338 words)

	Voyager
		At the heliopause, the outward pressure exerted by the solar wind balances the inward pressure of the interstellar wind.
		Voyager 1 is already detecting a slowing of the solar wind from the pressure of inbound interstellar particles leaking through the heliopause.
		Because the heliosphere expands and contracts with the level of solar activity and the inward pressure of the interstellar wind is uncertain, it is very difficult for scientists to estimate the actual extent of the heliosphere.
	vegas.astronomynv.org /NASA/Voyager.htm (445 words)

	Two Voyager spacecraft still going strong after 20 years
		Reaching the termination shock and heliopause will be major milestones for the spacecraft because no one has been there before and the Voyagers will gather the first direct evidence of their structure.
		Encountering the termination shock and heliopause has been a long-sought goal for many space physicists, and exactly where these two boundaries are located and what they are like still remains a mystery.
		"Based on a radio emission event detected by the Voyager 1 and 2 plasma wave instruments in 1992, we estimate that the heliopause is located at110 to 160 AU from the Sun," said Dr. Donald A. Gurnett, principal investigator on the plasma wave subsystem at the University of Iowa.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/97/vgrani97.html (1328 words)

	Astronomy Web 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At the heliopause, the pressure of the solar wind balances that of the interstellar medium.
		When a dense, high-speed gust of solar particles, and their associated shock wave, hit the heliopause, they generated an intense radio hiss detected by the spacecraft.
		This enabled scientists to estimate that the edge of our solar system is somewhere between 116 and 177 times farther away from the Sun than is Earth.
	ase.tufts.edu /astroweb/view_pic.asp?id=866 (90 words)

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