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Topic: Hellenic Civil War

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	Bambooweb: Civil war
		A civil war is a war in which the competing parties are segments of the same country or empire.
		Civil war is usually a high intensity stage in an unresolved political struggle for national control of state power.
		Some civil wars are also categorized as revolutions when major societal restructuring is a possible outcome of the conflict.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/c/i/Civil_War.html (146 words)

	Greek Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On one side, in the civil war, were most of the predominantly conservative Greek civilian population, and the armed forces of the Greek government, supported at first by the United Kingdom and later by the United States.
		In the first phase of the civil war (1942-1944), the left-wing and right-wing of the resistance movement fought each other, in a fraternal conflict to establish the leadership of the Greek resistance.
		The origins of the civil war lie in the occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany (and its allies Italy and Bulgaria) from 1941 to 1944.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hellenic_Civil_War (4445 words)

	WAR OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE - LoveToKnow Article on WAR OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		GREEK INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF, the name given to the great rising of the Greek subjects of the sultan against the Ottoman domination, which began in 1821 and ended in 1833 with the establishment of the independent kingdom of Greece.
		When, on the 2nd of April 1821, Archbishop Germanos, head of the Hetaeria in the Morea, raised the standard of the cross at Kalavryta as the signal for a general rising of the Christian population, the circumstances were highly favorable.
		The worst enemy of the Greeks was their own incurable spirit of faction; in the very crisis of their fate, during tile siege of Missolonghi, rival presidents and rival assemblies struggled for supremacy, and a third civil war had only been prevented by the arrival of Cochrane and Church.
	63.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GR/GREEK_INDEPENDENCE_WAR_OF.htm (5314 words)

	Long_War
		The Long War is also a name proposed by Philip Bobbitt in The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History, to describe the series of major conflicts fought from the start of the First World War in 1914 to the decline of the Soviet Union in 1990.
		The Long War, as proposed by Bobbitt, includes the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, as well as the Bolshevik Revolution, the Chinese Civil War, the Spanish Civil War and the Cold War.
		The Greek historian Thucydides, for example, identified the wars of the fifth century BC in the Hellenic world as a constitutional struggle between the hegemons Athens and Sparta, which he called the Peloponnesian War.
	www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=Long_War (212 words)

	PELOPONNESIAN WAR - LoveToKnow Article on PELOPONNESIAN WAR
		Meanwhile there occurred civil war in Corcyra, in which ultimately, with the aid of the Athenian admiral Eurymedon the democracy triumphed amid scenes of the wildest savagery, In the autumn of the year Nicias fortified Minoa at the mouth of the harbour of Megara.
		As contrasted with the Archidamian War, this war was fought almost exclusively in the Aegean Sea, the enemy was primarily Sparta, and the deciding factor was Persian gold.
		A common theory is that Sparta fought throughout the war as an advocate of oligarchy, while Athens did not seek to interfere with the constitutional preferences of her allies.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PE/PELOPONNESIAN_WAR.htm (7147 words)

	Borders - Feature - The Peloponnesian War
		From the perspective of the fifth-century Greeks the Peloponnesian War was legitimately perceived as a world war, causing enormous destruction of life and property, intensifying factional and class hostility, and dividing the Greek states internally and destabilizing their relationship to one another, which ultimately weakened their capacity to resist conquest from outside.
		On the island of Corcyra, now called Corfu, the victorious faction in a civil war brought on by the larger struggle butchered their fellow citizens for a full week: "Sons were killed by their father, and suppliants dragged from the altar or slain upon it" (3.81.2-5).
		I hope to demonstrate, also, that a study of the Peloponnesian War is a source of wisdom about the behavior of human beings under the enormous pressures imposed by war, plague, and civil strife, and about the potentialities of leadership and the limits within which it must inevitably operate.
	www.bordersstores.com /features/feature.jsp?file=peloponnesianwar (1303 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Hellenic Republic, Hellas for short and commonly known as Greece, is a country in the southeast of Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula.
		Bounded on land by Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Albania to the north, to the east by Turkey and the waters of the Aegean Sea and to the west and south by the Ionian and Mediterranean Seas.
		The 1975 constitution includes extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and vests the powers of the head of state in an indirectly elected president, who is advised by the Council of the Republic.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/g/gr/greece.html (1221 words)

	MSN Encarta - Greece
		Greece (Greek Hellas), officially known as the Hellenic Republic (Ellinikí Dimokratía), country in southeastern Europe, occupying the southernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula.
		The ancient Greek civilization was concentrated on the coastlines of present-day Greece and its islands, as well as the Aegean coast of what is today Turkey.
		After an eight-year war, Greece formally gained its independence from the Ottomans in 1830; it was the first nation in the empire to do so.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572872/Greece.html (794 words)

	Secret War - Foreword by Andre Gerolymatos
		Memoirs by actual participants of the intelligence war were further limited by the official secrets acts of Great Britain and the United States and by the fact that most of these covert warriors were either killed during the course of the occupation or continued as professional intelligence officers after 1945.
		As was the situation in Europe and North America, the story of the guerrilla war eclipsed the equally significant and harrowing history of the spies and saboteurs.
		In this respect, the “Secret War” is a testament to the unsung heroes of the resistance and a unique perspective on the role of covert operations in the Second World War.
	www.cs.uml.edu /~heines/secretwar/foreword.htm (1213 words)

	Hellenic Studies, Princeton University, Against Greek Exceptionalism
		The objective is to re-examine the concept of Hellenism as formulated since the 19th century, which tends to be seen by contemporary scholarship as the basis of a specific discourse on Greece lending itself to critical analysis from different perspectives.
		The premise of this paper is the perceived lack of historicized approaches with regard to the understanding of this exceptional bond, which is either taken as self-explanatory or denounced as an offshoot of Eurocentrism.
		The Greek Civil war in fact lasted as long as the previous period of Axis occupation, and provoked tremendous consequences on social, political, and cultural levels for decades to come.
	www.princeton.edu /~hellenic/Exceptionalism.html (1525 words)

	VDH's Private Papers :: A War Like No Other
		Over the course of a generation, the Hellenic city-states of Athens and Sparta fought a bloody conflict that resulted in the collapse of Athens and the end of its golden age.
		Those born after the first years of the war often fought and died in the fighting before it was over.
		Indeed, players in and observers of the war were the greats of Hellenic civilization—Alcibiades, Aristophanes, Euripides, Pericles, Socrates, Sophocles, Thucydides, and others—many of whom flourished, were discredited, or perished because of their involvement in the fighting.
	victorhanson.com /Books/AWarLikeNoOther.html (3791 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Julius Caesar's campaign in Gaul: the war cost the lives of more than a million Gauls, and a million further were enslaved.
		Bombing of Dresden in World War II: allied bombers dropped 3.4 kilotons of incendiaries (napalm) on Dresden, specifically targetting a civilian population (the city was packed with refugees), and creating a firestorm which killed an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 civilians.
		In 1975, Indonesia invaded East Timor with the quiet approval of the USA, and its subjugation of that nation involved the deaths of thousands of civilians which has been estimated to be, in proportionate numbers, worse than the killings committed by the contemporary Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/concepts/genocide (3839 words)

	It is Not a War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But definitive outcomes in “real” wars, that is, political violence involving the use of governmental military resources and policy in the form of direct and intentional violence to defeat a politically organized human enemy in the form of a state or a collective actor aspiring to control a particular state, seem more elusive than ever.
		The number of wars that do resemble the image of two or more monolithic and equally sovereign units deploying organized military force in order to achieve a decisive outcome – a victory for one and a defeat for the other – is, as a proportion of the large-scale political violence in the world today, small.
		Indeed the same could be said of most wars in the second half of the twentieth century (and some earlier, I would argue) if what he meant by the old image of ‘war’ was the use of military force by one state to defeat, by weakening, the military forces of another.
	www.montana.edu:8181 /wwwpo/franke/It_is_Not_a_War.html (7006 words)

	Peace Theories and the Balkan War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The war against the Marcomanni under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, in the second half of this century, was the turning-point.
		But neither the civil nor the ecclesiastical authorities were able to cope with the problem; indeed they were apt to minimize its importance, and the heresy was never eradicated till the arrival on the scene of Islam, which proved as attractive to the schismatics as the well-regulated Orthodox Church had been the reverse.
		Ferdinand's clever and wealthy mother cast a beneficent and civilizing glow around him, smoothing away many difficulties by her womanly tact and philanthropic activity, and, thanks to his influential connexions in the courts of Europe and his attitude of calm expectancy, his prestige in his own country rapidly increased.
	www.blackmask.com /thatway/books152c/balka.htm (16987 words)

	file_nav_name Encyclopedia Index
		The intended meaning of the term civil religion often varies according to whether one is a sociologist of religion or a...
		The Greek Civil War was fought between 1946 and 1949, and was the first example of a post-war Communist insurgency.
		With the decline of the Toltec civilization came political fragmentation in the Valley of Mexico.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/political.html (7191 words)

	Communist Party of Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the end of the war fighting broke out between ELAS and Greek government backed by the British army.
		This led to the Hellenic Civil War which lasted until 1949 and ended with the defeat of ELAS guerillas.
		During its period of illegality the KKE split into two groups, one based mainly in exile and sympathetic to the Soviet Union (known as the KKE Exterior, this is considered as a derogatory phrase by the KKE themselves) and one based inside Greece and following a Eurocommunist line (known as the KKE Interior).
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Communist_Party_of_Greece (551 words)

	Greece Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The mythical ancestor of the Greeks is the eponymous Hellen.
		During the 19th and early 20th century20th centuries, in a series of wars with the Ottomans, Greece sought to enlarge its boundaries to include the ethnic Greek population of the Ottoman Empire, slowly growing in territory and population until it reached its present configuration in 1947.
		The 1975 constitution includes extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and vests the powers of the head of state in an indirectly-elected president, who is advised by the Council of the Republic on an ''ad hoc'' basis.
	www.echostatic.com /Greece.html (3259 words)

	The Greek Civil War, 1944-1949
		The stage was now set for the main civil war between the KKE and the Greek government, between the communists and the nationalists.
		Most recruits during the civil war were young men and women, with idealist and left-wing views, mainly from the towns.
		The example shown here is depicted as seen after the war, when "KN-575" was used as VIP-transport: this aircraft, however, is known to have been delivered to RHAF already during the Civil War in Greece.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/article_294.shtml (7418 words)

	Romanticised Ruins of War
		His work is less explicit and reflects the shadows of war, be it in the form of instant settlements set up by refugees, the face of a young Aids victim in a country ravaged by civil war or the bizarre environments created by a global, computerised surveillance system known as Echelon.
		Norfolk, who gave up photojournalism in favour of landscapes, fashions his subjects to look like "archaeological treasures, the remains of a great civilisation" brought to its fall through war and its aftermath.
		"Walking a Kabul street can be like walking through a museum of war," points out the photographer, who is interested in ruins and their portrayal in art in the paintings of Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain.
	www.helleniccomserve.com /ruinsofwar.html (369 words)

	Greek Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Greek Civil War was a war fought between 1942 and 1949 in Greece.
		The civil war left Greece with severe economic problems and a legacy of political division which lasted until the 1970s and remains a hot controversial subject until today.
		The background to the civil war lay in the occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany (and its allies Italy and Bulgaria) from 1941 to 1944.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/Greek-Civil-War.htm (4436 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the German occupation of Greece during World War II, the Communists together with other parts of the Greek Left formed a resistance army called the National People's Liberation Army (in Greek the Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos or ELAS), which by 1944 controlled large areas of the country.
		At the end of the war fighting broke out between ELAS and conservative forces backed by the British army.
		This led to the Hellenic Civil War which lasted until 1949 and ended with the defeat of ELAS.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Greek_Communist_Party (422 words)

	Guardian \| Bittersweet return for Greek civil war's lost victims
		He was wrenched from his parents, taken from his village in the dark and forced to trek across the mountains.
		It was March 30 1948, the height of Greece's brutal civil war, and he was a boy of 12.
		But this summer something extraordinary happened: after 55 years of enforced exile, of being stripped of his Greek citizenship and property, Mr Donevski, now a Macedonian, was finally allowed to return to the place of his birth.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4776294-103681,00.html (1339 words)

	The New Yorker: The Critics: A Critic At Large (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The war was the culmination of fifty years of simmering tensions between two superpowers: Athens, a direct democracy, and Sparta, a militaristic oligarchy.
		Bankrupt and imploding with civil strife after nearly three decades of fighting, it was finally defeated by an alliance of Sparta and Persia, the traditional enemy of the Greeks.
		Indeed, almost as soon as the Cold War had begun, people who knew their history were using the Peloponnesian War as a lens through which to examine the geopolitical scene.
	www.newyorker.com /critics/atlarge?040112crat_atlarge (3945 words)

	The Case of Plataia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first blows of the Peloponnesian War -- which, in its length and geographical extent, constituted a world war for the Greeks -- were struck in Plataia, a small city-state that belonged, by custom and dialect, to the Greek district Boiotia, but that had been, for almost a century, a client of neighboring Athens.
		Second, the invention of "Hellas" and "Hellene" ("Greece" and "Greek" are Roman terms) as separate, distinct categories was an on-going process that was still relatively new in the fifth century BCE.
		By the time the Peloponnesian War was about to break out, the situation had reversed itself again: the oracle at Delphi declared that the god would support the Pelponnesians against the Athenians (Thuc.
	www.perseus.tufts.edu /~gcrane/Pel.War.conf.html (13356 words)

	History of the Civil War
		The floating pontoons used in the Civil War era bridges were actually small boats but other ideas were tried.
		Some early war pontoon bridges were first made using wood frames covered with tin or copper.
		The process of vulcanizing rubber was invented ten years before the Civil War by Charles Goodyear but the U.S. army actually began experimenting with rubber pontoons as early as 1846 and adopted George W. Cullum's design.
	www.floridareenactorsonline.com /pontoon.htm (4434 words)

	Ethics of Greek Politics and Wars 500-360 BC by Sanderson Beck
		Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC Though Athens and Sparta had fought each other before, Thucydides called the 27-year conflict between the Athenian empire and the Lacedaemonians the Peloponnesian War, which he wrote in his great history was caused by the growth of Athenian power and the fear which that caused in Sparta.
		Spartan Hegemony 404-371 BC According to Thucydides during the Peloponnesian War in 424 BC the Spartan general Brasidas had told the Thracians that the Peloponnesians did not seek empire but were struggling to end Athenian imperialism; Brasidas offered autonomy to Thrace, and his policy was confirmed in oaths by the Spartan ephors.
		By the end of the Peloponnesian War both Sparta and Athens were making agreements with Persia to recognize their Greek holdings in Asia, a reversal of the original purpose of the Delian league, whose growing Athenian power had brought on the Peloponnesian War in the first place.
	www.san.beck.org /EC19-GreekWars.html (19828 words)

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