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	Ancient philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Europe, the spread of Christianity through the Roman world marked the end of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy.
		In the east, Indian philosophy begins with the Vedas where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked.
		Buddhist philosophy arose in India but contributions to it were made in China, Japan, and Korea also.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_philosophy (403 words)

	Hellenistic_Philosophy.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The respective philosophies of the Hellenistic era sought to help their followers to successfully achieve ataraxia or "freedom from worry or suffering" to overcome the tribulations caused by Tyche, yet still have a raison d'etre.
		Hellenistic philosophy sought the ideal wise man. Cynicism attempted to provide guidance for this new world, by advocating independence from civilization and engaging in deliberate poverty.
		Hellenistic philosophy was inefficient for ethical guidance of managing a personal life or organizing communities.
	members.tripod.com /~Kekrops/Hellenistic_Files/Hellenistic_Philosophy.html (5574 words)

	[No title]
		Philosophy seeks answers which, chiefly, refer to human capacities and ideals and to the world of experience in which we live; Religion will often include postulates about divine forces and spiritual realities in the answers it frames.
		Since a major in philosophy involves a rigorous study of basic questions about human life and action, knowledge, truth, and values, it is recognized as providing a sound base for those who plan to continue their education in one of the professional specialties such as law, medicine, or the ministry.
		Philosophy in Western Europe from the end of the Roman Empire to the early 15th Century as reflected in the writings of such thinkers as Boethius, Augustine, Abelard, Aquinas and Ockham.
	www.und.nodak.edu /dept/AdmisInfo/YEAR9799/UGDEPT/PROGRAMS/philrel.html (2525 words)

	Greek philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from early Greek philosophers, through early Muslim philosophy to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the secular sciences of the modern day.
		The history of philosophy in the West begins with the Greeks, and particularly with a group of philosophers commonly called the pre-Socratics.
		The spread of Christianity through the Roman world ushered in the end of the Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Mediaeval Philosophy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greek_philosophy (1114 words)

	Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind
		Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind is an elegant survey of Stoic and Epicurean ideas about the soul--an introduction to two ancient schools whose belief in the soul's physicality offer compelling parallels to modern approaches in the philosophy of mind.
		In part, the Hellenistic epoch was a "scientific" period that broke with tradition in ways that have an affinity with the modern shift from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the present day.
		Hellenistic philosophy of the soul, Annas argues, is in fact a philosophy of mind, especially in the treatment of such topics as perception, thought, and action.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/5704.html (272 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 95.03.15
		Hellenistic philosophy, we learn from Nussbaum's lengthy programmatic introduction to The Therapy of Desire, 'is hard to study partly on account of its success...
		Nussbaum has decided to shape her investigation around a nexus of themes stemming from a central metaphor, that of philosophy as 'a way of addressing the problems of human life' and of the philosopher as 'a compassionate physician whose arts could heal many pervasive types of human suffering' (3).
		The philosophy of Epicurus is unblinkingly focused on eudaimonia, and consequently is unapologetically therapeutically-oriented; for him, 'every branch of philosophy must be assessed for its contribution to practice.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1995/95.03.15.html (2519 words)

	Ancient philosophy : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		The three main parts of philosophy were most commonly labelled ‘physics’ (a primarily speculative discipline, concerned with such concepts as causation, change, god and matter, and virtually devoid of empirical research), ‘logic’ (which sometimes included epistemology) and ‘ethics’.
		To a large extent, it was felt that the history of philosophy had now come to an end, and that the job was to seek the correct interpretation of the ‘ancients’ by close study of their texts.
		In this final phase of ancient philosophy, conveniently called ‘imperial’ because it more or less coincides with the era of the Roman empire, the Hellenistic creeds were gradually eclipsed by the revival of doctrinal Platonism, based on the close study of Plato’s texts, out of which it developed a massively elaborate metaphysical scheme.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/A130#A130P1.29 (2342 words)

	THE INTRODUCTION OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY IN THE MUSLIM WORLD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Also in his philosophy of nature he showed that matter, motion, and time as closely related concepts (this is an advanced worked comparing it with the knowledge of the middle ages.) Since matter cannot be eternal, and cannot generate its existence (c.f.
		The first claim is that some of the teachings of philosophy run against the teachings of Islam to the point that they cannot be rationally reconciled.
		He would also write a point-by-point refutation of al-Ghazali’s criticism of philosophy, the tahafut -the success of of which is widely debated due to the fact that he only defended Aristotle's doctrines.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/intgkp.htm (2212 words)

	Stoicism (Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry)
		Stoicism is that Hellenistic philosophy which sought to make the personal and political lives of men as orderly as the cosmos.
		Subsequent philosophies were to use large pieces of the Stoics' wall in constructing and defending their own assertions.
		Health, property, and honor were among these advantages; their opposites were disadvantages to be avoided (but not at all costs), and the things totally indifferent (adiaphora) to the wise man became things like the paying of a debt with one piece of money rather than another.
	zork.cs.uvic.ca /quotes/stoics_encyclopedia.html (3158 words)

	Hellenistic Astrology [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Hellenistic and Late Antiquity astrologers built their craft upon Babylonian (and to a lesser extent Egyptian) astrological traditions, and developed their theoretical and technical doctrines using a combination of Stoic, Middle Platonic and Neopythagorean thought.
		One notable Stoic contribution to Hellenistic astrology which distinguishes it from the Babylonian is the incorporation of Chryssipus' principle of two forces, active and passive, manifest in the activities of the four elements.
		The importance of Antiochus for the development of Hellenistic astrology may be his break with the skepticism of the New Academy, one which allowed the Middle Platonists to espouse more theological and speculative views about the soul and the cosmos while anticipating Neoplatonic theories.
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/astr-hel.htm (19004 words)

	[No title]
		She compares such philosophy, finally, to giving vitamins to the healthy, rather than healing the sick (101)--thus pointing up a major difference between Aristotle's approach and that of the Hellenistic philosophers.
		One of the most impressive achievements of Hellenistic philosophy is to have shown compellingly and in detail how specific social conditions shape emotion, desire, and thought.' (11) But she is quite ready to take judicious exception to a number of the central tenets of Hellenistic philosophy.
		She is not comfortable with the Hellenistic notion that eudaimonia flows from a reduced attachment to the unstable elements of the world (what the ancients called ataraxia, 'not-being-distressed'),[[7]] and she attempts to explore the extent to which the therapy-model is dependent upon this notion.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-9503-kirby-therapy.txt (2347 words)

	Hellenistic Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The articles included in the present volumes on Hellenistic Philosophy represent a selection of the texts of the Papers that were submitted and presented at the Fourth International Conference on Greek Philosophy.
		In particular, apart from studies which attempt to define Hellenistic philosophy, and the general climate of that age, there are others which deal with topics of moral and political philosophy, philosophy of mind, ontology and metaphysics.
		The transmission of Antisthenes' Hercules in Hellenistic philosophy and literature.
	www.hri.org /iagp/books/vol11.html (314 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.3.16
		It is this third method that RWS adopts; each of the central five chapters treats a topic or area of philosophy, presenting the views of all of the relevant schools on that topic.
		I had occasion to comment elsewhere, in the review of a similar but unsuccessful book, that the rapid advances in our understanding of Hellenistic philosophy over the last few decades make it especially important that the author who attempts such a survey be familiar with the best of the recent literature.
		Since A.A. Long's "Hellenistic Philosophy" is the only sensible standard of comparison for the RWS volume, I should say a word about their relative merits.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1998/98.3.16.html (1330 words)

	Greek and Hellenistic Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		At first, philosophy was materialistic, reducing reality to nothing but atoms and space, as in the atomism of Democritus and later a part of Epicurean thought.
		But Western philosophy is said to have begun with Thales (Jones 1969), who used the symbol of the sphere, an object having no beginning or end and encompassing everything, as the most perfect and beautiful thing.
		Like most of the Hellenistic philosophies, Neoplatonism helped to preserve the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, the two main figures in the classical school, and build a bridge to the Medieval period.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/415/415lect04.htm (6151 words)

	Hellenistic Philosophy Timeline/Freeland/University of Houston
		"Hellenistic" refers to a broad time period roughly from the death of Aristotle in 323/2 B.C.E. up through the second century C.E. During this period the centers of intellectual inquiry in many fields shifted from Athens to other regions around the Mediterranean, as political power shifted, including both Rome and Alexandria in Egypt.
		The term "Hellenistic" derives from the Greek word "hellenizo" which means to "act Greek" or "Greekify." In short, this is a time period in which literature, art, architecture, and philosophy were all acutely conscious of a debt to (and sometimes feelings of inferiority to or derivativeness upon) classical Hellenic culture.
		In philosophy, the Hellenistic period was exceptionally rich and varied.
	www.uh.edu /~cfreelan/courses/Stoics/Timeline.html (417 words)

	Hellenistic Philosophy
		Hellenistic philosophy is a name for a variety of philosophical options which flourished in the period from the life of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) to the late 2nd century CE.
		Hellenistic culture accentuated lowest common denominators among its many diverse citizens and subjects, in a bid to maintain some peace and facilitate day to day life.
		Conceived as philosophy in action: ‘What good is philosophy if it never moves you to criticize your comfortable habits and actually change yourself for the better?’ Cynicism was conceived of as a way of life unbeholden to social convention or political demand, that is, a life lived according to nature.
	people.bu.edu /wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/wphil/lectures/wphil_theme04.htm (5252 words)

	[No title]
		Although the general culture of this "Hellenistic" period remained Greek in spirit, political power was vested in a highly centralized state, established and maintained primarily through extensive applications of military force.
		Hellenistic philosophers, therefore, devoted less attention than had Plato and Aristotle to the speculative construction of an ideal state that would facilitate the achievement of a happy life.
		The Hellenistic schools of philosophy, then, exhibit less confidence and propose solutions less radical than their Athenian predecessors had in the golden era.
	www.loyno.edu /~gerlich/315HellenisticThought.html (1155 words)

	Stoicism
		Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period.
		It seems that they were well aware of the mutually interdependent nature of their philosophical views, likening philosophy itself to a living animal in which logic is bones and sinews; ethics and physics, the flesh and the soul respectively (another version reverses this assignment, making ethics the soul).
		The notion was that philosophy peaked with Plato and Aristotle and then degenerated into the popular "feel good" philosophy of the Hellenistic period and did not approach its earlier glory again until Plotinus.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/stoicism (11578 words)

	Theology WebSite: Church History Study Helps: Hellenistic Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Philosophy at that time was not the critical discipline it is in our day nor the theoretical and metaphysical study it has been through much of its history; it was a way of life.
		Some even saw philosophy as bringing a kind of conversion and cleaning of the soul,' although it was a redemption worked by one's own strength.
		Philosophy contributed to the impulse toward mono.theism, but in general the god of Hellenistic.Roman philosophy was impersonal.
	www.theologywebsite.com /history/hellenphil.shtml (359 words)

	Hellenistic Thought
		A rival school of philosophy in Athens was that of the Stoics.
		Despite (or because of) the gloomy prospects held forward by these schools of philosophy, the later Hellenistic period also produced significant movement toward the consolidation of the older Greek philosophical tradition with the middle-eastern religions of Judaism and Christianity.
		The version of Platonic philosophy that came to be incorporated into the theology of the middle ages, however, had rather little to do with the thought of Plato himself.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/2w.htm (1732 words)

	Epicurus [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Epicurus is one of the major philosophers in the Hellenistic period, the three centuries following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE (and of Aristotle in 322 BCE).
		The second point is a commonplace of ancient Greek philosophy, derived from the Principle of Sufficient Reason (the principle that for everything which occurs there is a reason or explanation for why it occurs, and why this way rather than that).
		One important aspect of Epicurus' philosophy is his desire to replace teleological (goal-based) explanations of natural phenomena with mechanistic ones.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/e/epicur.htm (5535 words)

	Sketches in the History of Western Philosophy
		Although this kind of brother-sister marriage would be typical of the Hellenistic Period, thought to be inspired by Egypt, and Mausolos is usually thought of as a Hellenistic monarch, he was in fact ruling under the Persians and even his sister, who survived him, died before Alexander even arrived.
		An important aspect of Hellenistic thought was the degree to which Greek culture began to mix with that of the older civilizations in the Middle East.
		Philosophy revived through the adaptation of the Neoplatonism of Late Antiquity to Islam: the One became God, and the lesser gods became angels.
	www.friesian.com /hist-1.htm (12266 words)

	Phil 260 Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Philosophy Pages has a quite nice overview of Socrates as a person and philosopher.
		Perseus is a classics archive which has a significant number of ancient philosophy texts (in addition to poems, plays, political works, and other sorts of texts) in both the original Greek and in English translations.
		The World Congress of Philosophy has a rather significant collection of ancient philosophy papers that were presented at the 1998 meeting of the congress.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~jenkinsm/phil260resources.html (1171 words)

	Course Guide PHIL 3321 Hellenistic Philosophy Professor John Heil Spring 2005
		Philosophy and the Good Life: Reason and the Passions in Greek, Cartesian, and Psychoanalytic Ethics.
		While the organization and their site focuses on broad topics and issues related to the study and teaching of Philosophy, the links on their "Web Resources" page may be of interest.
		It covers a wide variety of topics beyond Philosophy, but their Philosophy page does include links to full-text of the works of philosophers from the ancient to contemporary times.
	www.trinity.edu /bharris/hellenisticphilosophy.htm (1569 words)

	The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy - Cambridge University Press
		Hellenistic philosophy, for long relatively neglected and unappreciated, has over the last decade been the object of a considerable amount of scholarly attention.
		It has been written by specialists but is intended to be a source of reference for any student of ancient philosophy, for students of classical antiquity and for students of the philosophy of later periods.
		Philosophy, science and medicine Giuseppe Cambiano; Part V. Ethics and Politics: 19.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521250285&print=y (373 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Philosophy: History of Philosophy: Ancient (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Ancient Roman philosophy: Discourses by Epictetus - A selection from the Discourses of Epictetus, ancient Roman philosopher who was born 60 AD, on surrender and the will of God.
		Philosophy at Hal Hsieb - Series of lecture notes on ancient philosophy, in PDF format.
		Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Episteme and Techne - Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
	dmoz.org /Society/Philosophy/History_of_Philosophy/Ancient (610 words)

	philosophy questions 13
		The Hellenistic period is seen as a period of self-confident independence, conscious originality and,
		Hellenistic Matrix, a Matrix born from the womb of Classical philosophy.
		Hellenistic thought was dogmatic; it led to skepticism and a decline in
	www.philosophos.com /knowledge_base/archives_13/philosophy_questions_1327.html (501 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 95006150 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The doctrines of the Hellenistic Schools - Epicureans, Stoics, and Sceptics - are known to have had a formative influence on later thought, but because the primary sources are lost, they have to be reconstructed from later reports.
		This important collection of essays by one of the foremost interpreters of Hellenistic philosophy focuses on key questions in epistemology and ethics debated by Greek and Roman philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
		In bringing together a major collection of scholarly and interpretative studies by a leading figure in the field, this volume is a boon to philosophers and classicists who work on the Hellenistic period, but also to students keen to enrich their understanding of the history of epistemology and ethics.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam026/95006150.html (197 words)

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