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Topic: Helmand River

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Vedic Saraswati River

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Rivers of Asia

	HELMAND RIVER in Zoroastrian Tradition - (CAIS) ©
		According to Avestan geography [1700 B.C.E.], the region of the Haêtumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arghandâb with the Helmand (Gnoli, 1980, p.
		The important role that the Helmand River and its region have played in Zoroastrian tradition is linked to the special connection between them and the kavaêm xúar, and therefore also to the xúar (farrah, farr) of the Kavis, the Kayanids of the national tradition (Gershevitch, 1959, pp.
		The Helmand River and its region have therefore played a great role in the entire Zoroastrian tradition (Geldner, 1906, p.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Geography/helmand_zoroastrian.htm (1084 words)

	Helmand River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Helmand rises in the Hindu Kush, some 50 km to the west of Kabul, separated from the watershed of the Kabul River by the Unai Pass.
		The ancient overland route from the lower Indus River followed this river passing by Kandahar to southern Persia and the Persian Gulf.
		The hot, steamy conditions in the Helmand Valley were well suited for the breeding of elephants, the ancient equivalent of tanks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Helmand_River (187 words)

	Sarasvati River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sarasvati River is an ancient river that is mentioned in Hindu texts and one of the chief Rigvedic rivers.
		Yajurveda 34.11 says: "The five equally celebrated rivers, merged with the mighty Sarasvati The same Sarasvati got (divided)into five glorified flows in the country." The commentator Uvat wrote that the five tributatries of the Sarasvati were the Punjab rivers Drishadvati, Satudri (Sutlej), Chandrabhaga (Chenab), Vipasa (Vyas) and the Iravati (Ravi).
		Kocchar (1999) argues that the Helmand is identical to the early Rigvedic Sarasvati of suktas 2.41, 7.36 etc., and that the Nadistuti sukta (10.75) was composed centuries later, after eastward an eastward migration of the bearers of the Rigvedic culture to the western Gangetic plain some 600 km to the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vedic_Sarasvati_River (2898 words)

	River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A river may have its source in a spring, lake, from damp, boggy landscapes where the soil is waterlogged, from glacial melt, or from surface runoff of precipitation.
		Rivers have been used by man since the dawn of civilization as a source of water, for food, for transport, as defences, as a source of power to drive machinery, and as a means of disposing of waste.
		Lena River – the principal river of northeastern Siberia
	www.tocatch.info /en/River.htm (2676 words)

	On the Identity and Chronology of the Rigvedic River Sarasvati (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In this picture, the rivers to the east of the Satluj bearing Rigvedic names are not Rigvedic rivers at all, but merely named in their honour.
		It is strange that a river system containing such majestic rivers as the Satluj and the Yamuna should be known by the name of a puny rainwater stream such as the Ghaggar.
		In its transition from the naditama to the Vinasana to a mythical river, the Sarasvati traces the stepwise history of the Indo-Aryan migrations from Afghanistan to the Ganga plain.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/306/contrasarav.htm (4286 words)

	Iranica.com - HELMAND RIVER
		According to Avestan geography, the region of the Hae@tumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arg@anda@b with the Helmand (Gnoli, 1980, p.
		The important role that the Helmand River and its region have played in Zoroastrian tradition is linked to the special connection between them and the kavae@m xúar™no@, and therefore also to the xúar™nah (farrah, farr) of the Kavis, the Kayanids of the national tradition (Gershevitch, 1959, pp.
		Numerous indications lead to the assumption that in an unspecific but archaic period, probably during the course of the 6th century B.C.E., a process occurred in which the Helmand and other localities of its region were identified with elements of traditional cosmography and mythical geography.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v12f2/v12f2026b.html (952 words)

	River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Helmand River, the principal river of Afghanistan
		Maas, the principal river of the southern provinces of the Netherlands and eastern Belgium
		The Tigris, one of the twin principal rivers of Mesopotamia
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/River (2223 words)

	Ask Us A Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rivers begin at their source in higher ground, either rising from a spring, forming from glacial meltwater, flowing from a body of water such as a lake, or simply from damp, boggy places where the soil is waterlogged.
		River management is an ongoing activity as rivers tend to 'undo' the modifications made by man. Dredged channels silt up, sluice mechanisms deteriorate with age, levees and dams may suffer seepage or catastrophic failure.
		The Susquehanna River, the principal river of Pennsylvania and the Chesapeake Bay
	www.avoo.com /wiki/River (2600 words)

	FISH AND FISHERIES AT HIGHER ALTITUDES: ASIA - TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 385
		The source of surface water in all rivers is precipitation, and consequent snow melt, over the central mountain ranges extending from the Pamir mountain knot at the western termination of the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush and its outliers, and the ranges of Hazarajat (Fig.
		Rivers along the northeast border with Pakistan are affected by the monsoon and have maximum flows twice a year: July to September and January to April.
		The Helmand River is the largest of the three major drainage basins of Afghanistan and has the least diverse ichthyofauna in terms of number of species.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/x2614e/x2614e08.htm (2113 words)

	Helmand: the river in Arachosia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The main river of Arachosia is Argandab (Arachotos Gr.) River, which is a tributary of Helmand River.
		To the north of Kandahar is a valley above the valley of the Argandab River.
		From Phrada during the winter of 330-329, Alexander moved to south through Arachosia toward valley of the Helmand River, and crossed the country of the Paropamisadae, where he founded the city of Alexandria in Arachosia.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/helmand/helmand1.htm (1868 words)

	Lemar-Aftaab - Jan. - March. 1998 - Vol. 1 Issue. 3 - Journey - Helmand: The Valley of Fertility & Livelihood - By Daud ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Helmand is located among the Southern provinces of Afghanistan bordering Kandahar, Farah, Orozgan and Zabul.
		The homes of the American employees of the Helmand-Argandab project were the first buildings erected in the vicinity of the hospital and other government institutions on the eastern flanks of the Helmand river bed.
		The fertile province of Helmad is covered by both banks of the Helmand river-- the biggest river in Afghanistan and the seventh biggest river in Asia.
	www.afghanmagazine.com /janmarch98/journey/helmand.html (848 words)

	Ch07
		The Indus River system was the first to be developed for perennial irrigation on a large scale.
		River flow depends on winter and early spring rains and summer melt, and is even more variable than the Indus.
		The aims of the project were the familiar mix of economic and political: to control and store the river flow, bring virgin lands under cultivation, settle nomads, and contribute to the solution of national problems created by border disputes with Pakistan and Iran.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/80458e/80458E08.htm (2246 words)

	Afghanistan's Web Site - Rivers and Lakes
		The Harirud River rises in central Afghanistan and flows to the west and northwest to form part of the border with Iran.
		The long Helmand River rises in the central Hindu Kush, crosses the southwest of the country, and ends in Iran.
		The most important dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan are the Kajaki Reservoir on the Helmand, the Arghandab Dam on a tributary of the Helmand, the Sardeh Dam on the Ghazni River, and the Kelagay Dam on the Darya-ye-Qondoz tributary of the Amu Darya.
	www.afghanistans.com /Information/RiversLakes.htm (306 words)

	Afghanistan Sub-Projects
		Characterization of the 1991 Flood in the Helmand Basin
		Flood information on the Helmand River and its tributaries in the Helmand province of Afghanistan is very important as it delivers water for irrigation and is used for drinking water.
		A hydrographic comparison of streamflow data for major floods (1953-79) at selected gaging stations on the Helmand River was completed, and the streamflow data were plotted.
	gisdata.usgs.net /website/afghan/1991helmand_flood.asp (496 words)

	Remote Sensing revealed a morphotectonical view point on the deviation of Hirmand (Helmand) river courses
		Kochak river, Sheileh river, Biaban river, Sanaroud river, Sistan river and Paryan river are branches that Hirmand river have passed, while now, Paryan river is the main branch of Hirmand river in the most north part of the area and Sistan river as a minor branch is flowing in the south of Paryan river.
		Historical and archeological evidence of the study area, also confirm the migration of Hirmand river to the north whereby the delta of Hirmand, now is active in the northern part of the study area.
		The alternative deviation of Hirmand river in recent thousands years, could be assumed as a neotectonic phenomena that is because of uplift of southern parts and (or) subsidence of northern parts of the area.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/geology/geomorphology/mi03077.htm (666 words)

	How old is the Rig Veda? (Part 3)
		The presence of the vast number of Harappan settlements along the river suggests that it was active towards the later date (the Harappan culture was at its peak from 2600 BC to 1900 BC).
		The Arghandhab is the chief tributary of the Helmand river.
		Since the transfer of the name of a tributary to the main river is has happened in the past, it is postulated that the 1300 kilometer long Helmand is the Rig Vedic Saraswati.
	www.sawf.org /newedit/edit02192001/musings.asp (1357 words)

	FAO Representation in Afghanistan
		The Helmand/Arghandab rivers rise in the the central highlands and flow southwestwards.
		The river exhausts itself in the marshes and lakes of the Hamoun in the Seistan Basin on the frontier with Iran.
		The spate rivers of Farah are seasonal rivers with rise in the mountains of eastern Farah and Ghor provinces.
	www.fao.org /world/afghanistan/prof_rivers_hari_en.htm (212 words)

	Water flow of Helmand River, 1991—2001: UNESCO
		In recent years, the Helmand River has experienced dramatic declines in water flows.
		With declining precipitation, the snowfields that supply the headwaters of the Helmand shrank from 41 000 km2 to 26 000 km2 between 1998 and 2000.
		With continued withdrawals for irrigated agriculture, Helmand waters failed to reach the Sistan basin altogether in 2001.
	portal.unesco.org /es/ev.php-URL_ID=13599&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (82 words)

	Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, Chapter 2: Emerging Water Shortages--Rivers ...
		Dams on rivers are built for irrigation, to generate electricity, and to supply water to cities and industry.
		The Helmand River, which originates in the mountains of eastern Afghanistan, flows westward across the country and into Iran, where it empties into Lake Hamoun.
		Many of the river systems just discussed are described by hydrologists as "closed basins"—that is, virtually all the water in the basin is being used.
	www.earth-policy.org /Books/PB/PBch2_ss3.htm (916 words)

	Afghan News Network - Printer Friendly Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In recent weeks, Helmand has seen heavy fighting between Nato and Afghan forces and the Taleban and their allies.
		Nato confirmed on Friday that its forces were supporting Afghan troops in fighting around Babaji, along the Helmand River, north of Lashkar Gah, the provincial capital.
		Bloodshed in Afghanistan last year returned to levels not seen since the fall of the Taleban in 2001, with the southern provinces of Helmand and Kandahar and areas in the east of the country particularly hard-hit.
	www.afghannews.net /printer.php?action=show&type=news&id=1837 (324 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Kabul River, the major eastern stream, flows into the Indus River in Pakistan, which empties into the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean.
		The Amu, a 1,578-mile-long river originating in the glaciers of the Pamirs, drains an area of approximately 93,000 square miles in the northeastern and northern parts of the country.
		The principal river in the southwest is the 715-mile-long Helmand, which rises in the Baba Mountains, about 50 miles west of Kabul.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Drainage.shtm (460 words)

	All Empires: History Forum: Helmand River "Dispute btw Iran and Afgha
		This river is used extensively for irrigation, although a buildup of mineral salts has decreased its usefulness in watering crops.
		The Helmand's ancient irrigation and river-control system was destroyed by Genghis Khan (13th cent.) and Timur (14th cent.); the modern irrigation works are vital to both Iranians and Afghans, and in times of drought there are disputes over water rights.
		Lashkargah, the capital of Helmand province was one of the most modern cities in Afghanistan having a public water and sewer system, modern Western style suburbs, and a brand new state of the art Hospital, educational systems.
	www.allempires.com /Forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=14630 (1229 words)

	Vedic Saraswati River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The river has been identified with various present-day or historical rivers, particularly the Ghaggar-Hakra river in India and Pakistan.
		The situation is further complicated by the fact that the heavenly 'river' of the milky way[?] seems sometimes to be referred to, and by the fact that the river is personifid as a goddess.
		Recent finding suggest the Ghaggar river did once flow in great strength, and was of major importance to the Indus Valley civilization, but that it dried up due to the redirection of its tributaries.
	www.factbase.info /ve/vedic-saraswati-river.html (225 words)

	USGS SIR 2006-5182: Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan
		The Helmand River is the lifeblood of southern Afghanistan and has supported desert civilizations in the Sistan depression for over 6,000 years.
		The Helmand Basin is a structurally closed basin that began to form during the middle Tertiary as a consequence of the collision of several Gondwanaland fragments.
		Climate conditions in the lower Helmand Basin likely mirrored climate changes in the Rajasthan Desert to the east and in Middle Eastern deserts to the west: greater aridity during global episodes of colder temperatures and increased available moisture during episodes of warmer temperatures.
	pubs.usgs.gov /sir/2006/5182/sir5182abs.html (691 words)

	Afghanistan Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		Geographical regions are the Hindu Kush mountain range; the central Hazarajat highland; the piedmont plains of the Amu Darya River; the alluvial plains of the Kabul River; the semiarid rocky plain of Registan; the irrigated plains of the Helmand River; and the arid, rocky Herat valley.
		True forests are found only in Nuristan (Asmar Forest) and Khost in E. The rivers are mostly unnavigable; the longest is the Helmand, which flows generally SW from the Hindu Kush to the Iranian border.
		The Kabul River, on which the capital stands, is particularly famous because it leads to the Khyber Pass and thus S to Pakistan.
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Afghanistan.html (1650 words)

	Articles - River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		* The Orinoco, the principal river of Venezuela
		* The Tigris, one of the twin principal rivers of Mesopotamia
		* The Vistula, the principal river of Poland
	www.foreverd.com /articles/River (2288 words)

	Chaman Fault Zone 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This view is to the east across the Helmand block to the Chaman fault.
		At lower left is one of the lakes that marks the end of the Helmand River system, headwaters of which are in the Pamirs (under clouds at top).
		Across the Helmand block are the Sistan Lakes, the end of the Helmand River system that flows across the Helmand block.
	earth.jsc.nasa.gov /handbooks/arabianpages/chaman2.htm (331 words)

	Freshwater Fishes of Iran, Introduction - Drainage Basins - Sistan
		The principal river is the Helmand (or Hirmand) which flows from the Paghman Mountains just west of Kabul to end in Sistan after a journey of 1400 km.
		The Helmand is the most important river between the Tigris and the Indus and drains an area of 386,000 sq km of which 78,000 sq km or 20.2% lies in Iran (Gleick, 1993).
		The Helmand was dry at the Iran-Afghanistan border in 2004 (Gall, 2004).
	www.briancoad.com /introduction/sistanbasin.htm (2072 words)

	IRIN Asia \| Asia \| Iran \| IRAN-IRAN: Special report on the Hamun lake crisis \| Environment \| Feature
		The river's flow is controlled by a number of regulatory structures, principally the Garishk, Kajaki, Daula and Boghra dams, constructed in the 1940s with US assistance, deep inside Afghanistan.
		As more and more sand from the river and lake beds is blown over agricultural lands and villages, more people are being driven out, destroying the chance of establishing these communities for a generation or more.
		The letter noted that the water flow which used to flow to the Helmand river in Iran from the Kajaki Dam in Afghanistan had been cut, resulting in "tremendous damage" to the region's agriculture and animal husbandry.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=30081&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=IRAN (2131 words)

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