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	Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz by: J.J O'Connor and E. F. Robertson - Athenaeum Library of Philosophy
		Helmholtz was always prepared to admit his mistakes and indeed he did just this three years later when he published new experimental results showing these of his 1852 paper to be incorrect.
		Helmholtz showed that the vortex tubes had to close up and also that the particles in a vortex tube at any given instant would remain in the tube indefinitely so no matter how much the tube was distorted it would retain its shape.
		Helmholtz was aware of the topological ideas in his paper, particularly the fact that the region outside a vortex tube was multiply connected which led him to consider many-valued potential functions.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /helmholtz02.htm (2158 words)

	Hermann von Helmholtz
		Helmholtz was the eldest of four children and because of his delicate health was confined to home for his first seven years.
		Helmholtz' work in electricity and magnetism revealed his conviction that classical mechanics was probably the best mode of scientific reasoning.
		Helmholtz, on the other hand, was fully conversant with Faraday's laws of electrolysis, which related the amount of current that passed through an electrochemical cell to the equivalent weights of the elements deposited at the poles.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/HelmholtzBio.htm (526 words)

	Helmholtz (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Helmholtz was concerned solely with the scientific analysis of sound and had no interest in direct musical applications, the theoretical musical ideas were provided by Ferruccio Busoni, the Italian composer and pianists who's influential essay "Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music" was inspired by accounts of Thaddeus Cahill's 'Telharmonium'.
		Helmholtz revolutionized ophthalmology with his invention, although he was neither the first person to look into the living retina nor the first to fashion a device for viewing the retina.
		Helmholtz's great accomplishment was his ability to turn his inquisitive mind from contemplating the mathematical expression of the law of conservation of energy to devising the only method to illuminate and see the interior of the eye.
	www.geocities.com.cob-web.org:8888 /bioelectrochemistry/helmholtz.htm (3274 words)

	Hermann von Helmholtz (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Helmholtz was the son of a gymnasium headmaster, Ferdinand Helmholtz, who had studied classical philology and philosophy, and who was a close friend of the publisher and philosoper Immanuel Hermann Fichte.
		Helmholtz had in his early refutal of the speculative early nineteenth century tradition of Naturphilosophie stressed the importance of materialism, and was focusing more on the unity of "mind" and body.
		Helmholtz Helmholtz, Hermann Helmholtz, Hermann Helmholtz, Hermann von Helmholtz, Hermann von cs:Hermann von Helmholtz de:Hermann von Helmholtz es:Hermann von Helmholtz fr:Hermann von Helmholtz nl:Hermann von Helmholtz ja:&12504;&12523;&12510;&12531;&12539;&12501;&12457;&12531;&12539;&12504;&12523;&12512;&12507;&12523;&12484; ru:&1043;&1077;&1083;&1100;&1084;&1075;&1086;&1083;&1100;&1094;, &1043;&1077;&1088;&1084;&1072;&1085; sl:Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
	hermann-von-helmholtz.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (639 words)

	Herman Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz
		With this accomplishment he gains the attention of the scientific commity and with the publication of this paper, helmholtz is able to reliquish his position as a military physician.
		Helmholtz remains at the academy for just one year before he is transferred to konigsberg.
		Helmholtz discovered the existance of summation tonnes and the dependence of their presence on the simple tone.
	www.ilt.columbia.edu /projects/bluetelephone/html/hemholtz.html (1313 words)

	helmholtz3
		Helmholtz did research on thermodynamics and came up with this differential equation that has remained a very influential formula to this day.
		The Helmholtz free energy is defined by F=E-TS where E is the energy, T is the temperature, and S is the entropy.
		Helmholtz's original ophthalmoscope was mounted with a holder for one lens, and lenses had to be changed constantly for eyes of different refraction.
	www.msu.edu /~armbru23/helmholtz3.html (672 words)

	Helmholtz Coils for Fluxmeters- Magnetic Instrumentation, Inc.
		Helmholtz Coils are ideal for the measurement of Rare Earth (Samarium Cobalt, Neodymium) and Hard Ferrite permanent magnet materials (materials which exhibit a relative straight line demagnetization).
		The Helmholtz Coil measures the magnet sample as a single magnetic moment provided that the longest dimension of the magnet sample is less than one-third (1/3) the diameter of the coil system.
		The Helmholtz Coil and Fluxmeter are used for the measurement of a wide range of magnet sizes, materials, and geometries without specimen destruction, complicated set-up times, or bulky and expensive equipment.
	www.maginst.com /specifications/helmholtz_coils.htm (346 words)

	PlanetMath: Helmholtz equation
		The solutions of this equation represent the solution of the wave equation, which is of great interest in physics.
		Usually the Helmholtz equation is solved by the separation of variables method, in Cartesian, spherical or cylindrical coordinates.
		This is version 7 of Helmholtz equation, born on 2002-11-13, modified 2006-10-21.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/HelmholtzDifferentialEquation.html (109 words)

	hermann von helmholtz and the psychophysics of perception
		The intent of this essay is two-fold: to both trace the trajectory of Helmholtz's life and the scientific pursuits which lead him into early psychophysical sensory research, and to demonstrate an at least basic, passing knowledge of the physical theorems and processes that formed the basis of his work.
		Helmholtz's journey perhaps did not take him as far afield as Chekhov's medicine-to-literature, but Helmholtz's interests were undeniably widely varied and eclectic within the general scientific field, an expanse of interests ably noted in Foundations (and responsible in part for its massive girth).
		Helmholtz himself recalled that during this time, a well-known physiologist recoiled in annoyance at the invitation of an equally well-known physicist to participate in one of the latter's experiments.
	www.theater2k.com /HermEssay.html (2522 words)

	Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN LUDWIG FERDINAND VON [Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von], 1821-94, German scientist.
		Although known especially as a physicist and biologist, he was also a physician, mathematician, philosopher, and lecturer on popular science.
		Helmholtz was professor of physics at the Univ. of Berlin from 1871 and also director of the physicotechnical institute at Charlottenburg from 1887.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-helmholt.html (311 words)

	Helmholtz Resonators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Therefore, Helmholtz claimed, even a person with no ear for music, or an unpracticed ear for detecting pitch, could detect a simple tone from a complex mixture of noises such as a spoken vowel, or the sound of a musical instrument.
		Helmholtz made the distinction between complex sound (musical sounds or vocalizations) and "pure tones" central to his investigations of auditory sensation and perception.
		Helmholtz’s theories of sound had a considerable impact on those interested in physics, psychology and music.
	www.psych.utoronto.ca /museum/helmholtz.htm (397 words)

	Mind, Brain, and the Experimental Psychology of Consciousness (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was born in Potsdam and educated at the Potsdam Gymnasium and at the Friedrich Wilhelm Medical Institute in Berlin.
		In the theory of color vision, Helmholtz reasoned that just as the differences between sensations of sound and light reflect the specific qualities of auditory and visual nerves, sensations of color may depend on different kinds of nerves within the visual system.
		Experimental psychology, born with Fechner, nurtured by Helmholtz and Donders, was to be raised by Wundt.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /Mind/Consciousness.html (2358 words)

	Hermann von Helmholtz, MD (deceased)
		Hermann von Helmholtz was born in Potsdam, Germany.
		To the world, Helmholtz is best known for his doctrine of the conservation of energy, but it was his 1850 invention of the ophthalmoscope that revolutionized ophthalmology.
		Helmholtz’ influence was also felt in acoustics, mathematics, mechanics, electricity, and meteorology, marking him as one of the great scientific minds of the 19th century.
	www.ascrs.org /Awards/Hermann-von-Helmholtz-MD.cfm (189 words)

	Hermann von Helmholtz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Helmholtz was the son of the Potsdam Gymnasium headmaster, Ferdinand Helmholtz, who had studied classical philology and philosophy, and who was a close friend of the publisher and philosopher Immanuel Hermann Fichte.
		Helmholtz is thought to be the first person to put forward the idea of the heat death of the universe in 1854.
		In 1851, Helmholtz revolutioned the field of ophthalmology with the invention the ophthalmoscope; an instrument used to examine the inside of the human eye.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz (933 words)

	Helmholtz Resonator
		In order to understand what happens when a classic Helmholtz Resonator is applied to control sound propagating through a duct, it helps to visualize the situation.
		The Helmholtz resonator is a small cube connected to the pipe with a square neck.
		When the Helmholtz resonator is added at the center of the length of the pipe, the entire situation changes.
	www.kettering.edu /~dludwigs/researchport/Helmholtz.html (820 words)

	Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821-1894) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Helmholtz's use of the word "force" corresponds to what later became known as energy,
		Helmholtz sought to synthesize Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light with the central force theorem.
		He attempted to demonstrate that body heat and muscular action of animals could be produced by the oxidation of foodstuffs.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /biography/Helmholtz.html (142 words)

	Introductory Note. Hermann von Helmholtz; Translated by Edmund Atkinson. 1909-14. Scientific Papers. The Harvard ...
		Helmholtz early showed mathematical ability, and wished to devote his life to the study of physics; but practical considerations led him to take up medicine, and he became a surgeon in the Prussian army.
		He began the publication of original contributions to science in 1842, and for fifty-two years, till his death in 1894, he continued to produce in an unbroken stream.
		The practice of popular lecturing on scientific subjects was almost unknown in Germany when Helmholtz began, and he did much to give it dignity and to set a standard.
	www.bartleby.com /30/1002.html (277 words)

	Consonance and Dissonance - Frequency Ratio Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Helmholtz (1877) proposed the notion that dissonance arises due to beating between adjacent harmonics of complex tones.
		Helmholtz proposed that maximum dissonance would arise between two pure tones when the beat rate is roughly 35 cycles per second.
		It is important to note that Helmholtz himself was aware that beats alone could not account for the phenomenon of dissonance.
	www.music-cog.ohio-state.edu /Music829B/roughness.html (1199 words)

	Helmholtz Association (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Helmholtz Association identifies and takes on the grand challenges of society, science and the economy, in particular through the investigation of highly complex systems.
		This is the result of a new agreement between the China Scholarship Council and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, which governs the selection and financing of scholarship holders.
		This was followed by the ceremonious highlight of the evening, the award of the Erwin Schrödinger Prize for interdisciplinary research to a team from the Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik (IPP) for their ground-breaking achievements in the field of fusion research.
	www.helmholtz.de.cob-web.org:8888 (731 words)

	Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies
		They are internal energy, the enthalpy, the Helmholtz free energy and the Gibbs free energy.
		The Helmholtz free energy is then a measure of the amount of energy you have to put in to create a system once the spontaneous energy transfer to the sytem from the environment is accounted for.
		As discussed in defining the Helmholtz free energy, an environment at constant temperature T will contribute an amount TS to the system, reducing the overall investment necessary for creating the system.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/helmholtz.html (440 words)

	Helmholtz
		Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) gave his name to the arrangement of two parallel coils of wire which is used to produce a region of uniform magnetic field, and to the acoustic resonators which were used in the nineteenth century for Fourier analysis.
		The Helmholtz resonator consists of a known volume (of any shape) with rigid walls and a small hole in one side.
		The set of Helmholtz resonators at the right was sold by Ritchie of Boston for $25.50 toward the end of the nineteenth century.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Acoustics/Helmholtz/Helmholtz.html (476 words)

	Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research - About us
		The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research is a member of the Helmholtz Association, Germany's largest scientific organization.
		The center is supported by the federal government of Germany and the state of Lower Saxony (90:10).
		The Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research was founded in 1965 by the chemist Hans-Herloff Imhoffen.
	www.helmholtz-hzi.de /en/about_us (199 words)

	Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research - Home
		Ninety percent of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research funding is provided by the federal German government and the other ten percent by the state of Lower Saxony.
		The institute is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, Germany's largest non-university scientific organization.
		Furthermore, recent research indicates that infections also are responsible for triggering certain diseases, which were previously thought not to be connected to pathogens, such as cancer, diabetes and allergies.
	www.gbf.de /start-en (518 words)

	Helmholtz free energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential which measures the "useful" work obtainable from constant temperature, constant volume thermodynamic systems.
		The Helmholtz free energy was developed by Hermann von Helmholtz and is denoted by the letter A (from the German "Arbeit" or work), or the letter F .
		With this definition, we may say that the negative of the Helmholtz energy is the maximum amount of work energy available from a system in which the initial and final states have the same temperature and number of particles.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy (2071 words)

	Helmholtz-EOS Main
		The physical and chemical tolerances of processes critical for human life also need to be defined, and long-term monitoring undertaken of global, regional and local changes.
		Thanks to their expertise, science infrastructure and major facilities the Helmholtz centers AWI, GKSS, DLR and GFZ have the necessary preconditions for jointly pursuing crucial research topics in this context and achieving added value.
		The Helmholtz Research Fields "Earth and Environment" and "Transport and Space" are being linked to create an "Integrated Earth Observing System.“ Its purpose is to concentrate expertise and share infrastructure and data, initially in three research programs: Ocean and Cryosphere, Disaster Management, and Land Surface Processes.
	helmholtz-eos.dlr.de /start_en.htm (518 words)

	Hermann von Helmholtz + Théophile Gautier
		The son of a classics teacher of small means, Hermann was persuaded to set aside his love of natural science in favor of medicine, because the Prussian government would pay for a medical education — as long as he committed to 10 years as a physician in the army.
		Indeed, as a thorough and outspoken Agnostic, Helmholtz believed medicine would eliminate belief in "mystical disease-entities" just as Newton and physics would eliminate belief in "astrological superstitions"; likewise, he opposed spiritualism and mysticism.
		This inspired his student, Wilhelm Wundt, one of the founders of experimental psychology, to study the psychology of the senses.
	ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0831almanac.htm (771 words)

	Amazon.ca: Treatise Physiological Optics: Books: Helmholtz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This classic work was translated into English to mark the centenary of Helmholtz's birth and is one of the most frequently cited books on the physiology and physics of vision.
		Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-94) was a major influence on German science during the mid-nineteenth century, bringing it to the forefront of world attention.
		Helmholtz became a great inspiration to many others, famously Heinrich Hertz, a student of Helmholtz, who discovered radio waves.
	www.amazon.ca /Treatise-Physiological-Optics-Helmholtz/dp/1855068311 (620 words)

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