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Topic: Helsinki Accords

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	Encyclopedia: Helsinki Accords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Helsinki Accords is the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975 between the United States and Canada, the Soviet Union and the countries of Europe, including Turkey but not Albania and Andorra.
		Helsinki Watch was an independent NGO created in mid-1970s to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords (signed 1975).
		Helsinki Committees for Human Rights exist in many European countries (the OSCE region) as volunteer, non-profit organizations devoted to human rights and presumably named after the Helsinki Accords.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Helsinki-Accords (1051 words)

	Helsinki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Helsinki forms a conurbation with three other cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, which are together called the capital area.
		At that time, however, Helsinki was little more than a place for the King and his retinue to stay while they were away from the capital Turku on hunting trips.
		Helsinki is, however, perhaps even more famous for its numerous Art Nouveau buildings, designed in the early 1900s and strongly influenced by Kalevala, which is a very popular theme in the national romantic art of that era.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Helsinki,_Finland (1239 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Helsinki Accords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Helsinki Accords, agreements resulting from the deliberations of the 35 nations participating in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe...
		The diplomatic agreements signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe became known as the Helsinki...
		According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the nation's real gross domestic product was expected to increase by 4.5 percent in 1985 (compared with 2.5 percent in 1982).
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Helsinki_Accords.html (195 words)

	Lithuanian Group to Monitor Helsinki Accords
		We hope, that the participant states of the Helsinki Conference will consider that the contemporary status of Lithuania was established as a result of the entrance of Soviet troops onto her territory on June 15,1940, and will pay special attention to the observance of humanitarian rights in Lithuania.
		The Lithuanian Public Group to Promote Implementation of the Helsinki Agreements announces that the arrests of J. Matulionis and Vladas Lapienis are a violation of Principle VII of the first part of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
		According to information which I now have, one of the members of the Lithuanian Group, the seventy-year-old Ona Lukauskaitė-Poškienė, on January 11, 1977, was warned in the procurator's office of the city of Šiauliai about her activities.
	www.lituanus.org /1977/77_1_07.htm (2372 words)

	Places in Finland (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Summers in Helsinki are rather mild, with an average temperature of 18C in July; winters are pretty long and cold, January temperatures averaging -6°C. A belt of sea ice forms close to the coast during the winter months,but a passage is usually kept open by icebreakers.
		Helsinki was founded in 1550 by King Gustav Vasa to compete with the Hansaetic city of Tallinn in Estonia, some 50km south across the Gulf of Finland, and merchants from several smaller towns were ordered by force to move to Helsinki.
		The Helsinki accords was the "declaration of policy intent" signed in Helsinki in 1975, by the United States, Canada, the USSR, and 32 European countries at the end of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1973-75).
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq45.html (2296 words)

	AllRefer.com - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		The CSCE's 1975 meeting in Helsinki, Finland, ratified the acts commonly known as the Helsinki Accords, which were signed by every European nation (except Albania, which did so later) and the United States and Canada.
		The Helsinki Accords held the post–World War II European border arrangements to be permanent, and the signers agreed to respect the human rights and civic freedoms of their citizens, as well as to undertake various forms of international cooperation.
		Although the nonbinding accords did not have treaty status, they were the first international agreement signed by the Soviet Union to mention the rights of free speech and travel.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/OrgSCE.html (422 words)

	TIME FOR A "HELSINKI" ACCORDS FOR IRAN
		According to the agreement, Iran would sign the Additional Protocols to the Non Proliferation Treaty, allowing nuclear inspectors from the Vienna-based IAEA to inspect Iranian nuclear sites and projects at will, without any restrictions or conditions from the Iranian side, thus escaping possible international sanctions.
		However, the 21 October accord is considered as a rapprochement between the American hard line and the European soft line in dealing with Iran.
		This accord was backed up with an organization of representatives of virtually all the states of Europe-with the exception of Albania-as well as the United States and Canada, committed to formalizing decisions on important questions affecting the security and stability of European continent as a whole.
	www.iran-press-service.com /articles_2003/Oct-2003/eu_iran_311003.htm (868 words)

	Kosovo: Allied Force Violates the Helsinki Accords
		Operation Allied Force violates the Helsinki Accords because the Accords specifically recognize the existing borders of European nations, the principle of national sovereignty, and non-interference in internal affairs.
		The 1975 Helsinki Accords grew out of the desire of the Soviet Union to secure the borders of the territory it gained during W.W.II and of the Nixon-Kissinger diplomacy team to return focus to Europe after the diversion of Vietnam and prevent Europe from negotiating independently with the Soviets.
		The Accords grew out of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, a process of diplomatic meetings that began in 1973 and continued after the signing of the Accords in 1975.
	www.citizensoldier.org /helsinki.html (411 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The document recognized the inviolability of frontiers between states; pledged the signatories to respect basic human rights (“including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief”), to ease travel restrictions, and to allow freer dissemination of information; and provided for follow-up sessions to assess compliance.
		These so-called Helsinki accords implicitly ratified the postwar division of Europe into Communist and non-Communist blocs, including the separation of Germany into two sovereign states.
		Subsequent agreements expanded the Helsinki provisions for the movement of people and ideas (1983) and endorsed the principle of on-site inspections as one of several “confidence-building” measures leading toward disarmament.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..or028350.a (448 words)

	Moscow Helsinki Group (Public Group of the Assistance of the Implementation of Helsinki Accords in the USSR, Moscow ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Altogether, according to the verdicts, made by soviet courts, MHG members were sentenced to 60 years of GULag and to 40 years of exile.
		Moscow Helsinki Group from its creation attracted sympathy of many soviet citizens, who realized their lawlessness, and was a subject of big interest of the world community.
		According to the Statutes, approved in 1993, Moscow Helsinki Group is a non-governmental organization.
	www.mhg.ru /english/18E49C2 (915 words)

	Helsinki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Helsinki, or Helsingfors in Swedish, is the capital of Finland.
		The Greater Helsinki area has a total population of 1.2 million.
		Helsinki spreads around a number of bays and over a number of islands.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/he/Helsinki.htm (736 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Helsinki
		Helsinki (Swedish Helsingfors), largest city, capital, and chief seaport of Finland.
		Helsinki, University of, institution of higher learning located in Helsinki, Finland.
		The University of Helsinki grew from a smaller national...
	encarta.msn.com /Helsinki.html (92 words)

	The Helsinki process and the death of communism Timothy Sowula - openDemocracy
		The Prague foreign ministry of the Czech republic — one of the successor states after Czechoslovakia’s split in 1992 — was, therefore, an appropriate venue for an international conference on 5-7 June 2005 in which former dissidents, academics, activists and statesmen debated their roles in the fall of communism.
		But for the few who were looking hard enough, the Helsinki Accords created a chink in the armour of “state socialism”, a small opportunity to hold their leaders to account.
		The Helsinki Process of debate and dialogue that led to the accords, and the agreement itself, were focal-points of dissident activity, sources of empowerment to challenge the injustices of their societies.
	www.opendemocracy.net /democracy-protest/helsinki_2716.jsp (1402 words)

	COMMENTARY: 20th anniversary of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group (01/05/97)
		The group's purpose was to monitor the Soviet government's adherence to the Helsinki Accords in Soviet Ukraine.
		The Helsinki Accords were signed in 1975 by 33 European nations plus the United Sates and Canada.
		The signing of the Helsinki Accords, the establishment of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group (UHG) and its activities had a major impact on the international perception of human and national rights, since, for the first time, Soviet violations against its own citizens were exposed.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1997/019713.shtml (882 words)

	CSCE :: Press Release :: U.S. Helsinki Commission Calls for Calm, Respect for Human Rights in Uzbekistan
		The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the Helsinki Commission, is a U.S. Government agency that monitors progress in the implementation of the provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords.
		According to press reports, on May 12, an unidentified group of armed men broke open a jail in the eastern Uzbek town of Andijan to free a group of 23 local businessmen facing trial on charges of extremism.
		Torture in Uzbek prisons, according to a United Nations report, is “systemic.” Approximately 5,500 individuals remain jailed because of their religious beliefs or affiliations, despite repeated calls by Members of the Helsinki Commission, the international community and NGOs for their unconditional release.
	www.csce.gov /index.cfm?Fuseaction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=P&CFID=381005&CFTOKEN=40560850 (776 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Albania / Glossary
		Founded in August 1975, in Helsinki, when thirty-five nations signed the Final Act, a politically binding declaratory understanding of the democratic principles governing relations among nations, which is better known as the Helsinki Accords (q.v.
		In essence, the Helsinki Accords confirmed existing, post-World War II national boundaries and obligated signatories to respect basic principles of human rights.
		The term Helsinki Accords is the short form for the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and is also known as the Final Act.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/albania/al_glos.html (2512 words)

	Helsinki Accords
		The accords recognized the borders of Europe, as they had been at the end of World War II, thus recognizing Soviet domination of the Baltic States(Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania).
		The Helsinki Accords seemed to provide both the West and the Soviet Union what each had been seeking.
		Under the Helsinki Accords, the Soviets received the recognition that they desired, while they in turn agreed to respect human rights, and acknowledge that the issue of human rights was an international concern.
	www.multied.com /Today/HelsinkiAccords.html (216 words)

	Helsinki on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Helsinki grew rapidly after Alexander I of Russia moved (1812) the capital there from Turku.
		When the Univ. of Helsinki (founded 1640) was moved from Turku in 1828, Helsinki became the center of Finnish nationalism.
		In the city's older part are the state council building, the president's residence, the Univ. of Helsinki, the Church of St. Nicholas, the national art gallery, and the impressive railway station (designed by Eliel Saarinen).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Helsinki.asp (718 words)

	The Helsinki Accords. (from Bill of Rights) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Known officially as the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Accords were drawn up for a 35-member nation summit conference that met in Helsinki, Finland, in 1975.
		The Helsinki Accords were primarily an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of...
		Helsinki lies in the far south of the country, on a peninsula that is fringed by fine natural harbours and that protrudes into the Gulf of Finland.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-197451 (863 words)

	Central Europe Review - Sam Vaknin: The Magla Vocables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In theory the outcome of the Helsinki summit could fundamentally re-draw the political, economic and physical map of Europe.
		So, it seems that, even after the Helsinki Summit, we are no nearer to knowing when the EU will actually take these Central and East European countries on board.
		For a Summit that was supposed to finally clear the air and set definite targets on EU enlargement, Helsinki seems to have brought only further confusion and delaying tactics.
	www.ce-review.org /99/25/brown25.html (771 words)

	THE OSCE CHALLENGED - NHC/IHF - 2003
		Ludmilla Alexeyeva, President of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) has been involved in the Helsinki movement from the very beginning, she is pre-eminently placed to describe the reasons for its existence.
		Citizens from Helsinki process countries, human-rights NGOs from the International Helsinki Federation in the first place, should stimulate their governments to increase pressure on such Helsinki process countries to respect their humanitarian obligations, as formulated by the Helsinki Accords.
		Common efforts of Russia’s partners under the Helsinki Accords are necessary, and expected, to help achieve the result desired by both Russia and the international community: to restore peaceful conditions in the Chechen Republic.
	www.ihf-hr.org /booklet/toc15.php (1316 words)

	Private Peacemaking USIP-Assisted Peacemaking Projects of Nonprofit Organizations: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. ...
		It is progress that all sides in the dispute over Karabakh refer to the Helsinki Accords of 1975 as a basis for claim of right.
		The FGC effort did not focus on the status of Karabakh or political goals framed by the Helsinki Accords so much as the cultural, security, and economic goals which are often at the root of such disputes.
		The Helsinki Accords were therefore not an issue, nor was the question of the ultimate status of Karabakh.
	www.usip.org /pubs/peaceworks/smock20/chap6_20.html (2362 words)

	[No title]
		At that time, however, Helsinki was little more than a place for the King and his retinue to stay while they were away from the capital
		Helsinki is, however, perhaps even more famous for its numerous Art Nouveau buildings, designed in the early 1900s and strongly influenced by
		Kalevala, which is a very popular theme in the national romantic art of that era.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Helsinki (644 words)

	Embassy of the U.S. London: Current Issues: Foreign Policy: Rice Urges Parliamentarians To Think Boldly, Globally
		But "preserving the integrity of Helsinki principles and ensuring that the OSCE continues to be an agent of peaceful democratic transformation should be paramount objectives," she added.
		The Helsinki Final Act, or Helsinki Accords, is the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki in 1975.
		In the three decades since the signing of the Helsinki accords, we have seen a Europe divided by force united in peace.
	www.usembassy.org.uk /forpo752.html (1746 words)

	Search Results for accord - Encyclopædia Britannica
		In November 1977 the Egyptian president, Anwar el-Sadat, initiated peace negotiations that led to the agreement known as the Camp David Accords in September 1978 and to the Egyptian-Israeli peace...
		The French granted full independence to Tunisia in an accord that was reached on March 20, 1956, and Bourguiba was chosen as prime minister.
		Interim Accord between the Hellenic Republic and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
	www.britannica.com /search?ref=B04319&query=accord&submit=Find (526 words)

	US Dept of State - U.S. Helsinki Commission Outraged at Conviction of Uzbek Woman
		The U.S. Helsinki Commission, an independent federal agency formally known as the Commission for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), monitors and encourages progress in implementing provisions of the Helsinki Accords.
		Fatima Mukhadirova was sentenced to six years of hard labor for publicizing the circumstances of the August 2002 death of her son, who died in the notorious Jaslyk prison after reportedly being submerged in boiling water.
		Helsinki Commission Chairman Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ) and House Ranking Commissioner Rep. Benjamin L. Cardin (D-MD) condemned the February 12 conviction of Mukhadirova by an Uzbek court.
	usinfo.state.gov /dhr/Archive/2004/Feb/24-345724.html (835 words)

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