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Topic: Helsinki Final Act

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	Helsinki
		Helsinki Watch continued to receive reports of police brutality against detainees in 1993, including one case of a death in detention under suspicious circumstances.
		Helsinki Watch was unaware of any instance in which human rights monitors had been hindered in their work by the Romanian government during the year.
		Helsinki Watch called on the Romanian government to take a clear position condemning violence against Gypsies and to guarantee the protection of all Romanian citizens from violence or bodily harm, regardless of their ethnic or national origin.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1994/WR94/Helsinki-17.htm (1315 words)

	University of Helsinki
		The University of Helsinki is an important international actor both on the national and the regional levels, and the international students and staff members at the University add significantly to the internationalisation of Finland and the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
		The final report on the assessment of teaching and degrees realised in the year 2002 states that the number of courses given in foreign languages ought to be increased.
		The University of Helsinki is the most versatile and the largest university in the area, and even by itself but also together with the other universities in the area it is a resource on which the Helsinki Metropolitan Area can rely when it, for instance, attempts to become the site for international entrepreneurial activities.
	www.helsinki.fi /english/intrel/actionplan.html (5121 words)

	Proclamation 5843 -- Helsinki Human Rights Day, 1988
		The Helsinki Final Act acknowledged the fundamental interrelationship of human rights, economic relations, and security considerations in the overall conduct of affairs within and among states.
		The Final Act recognized that there can be no true international security without respect for basic political and civil rights; that economic ties can contribute to security, but only if based upon open relations among peoples; and that security and confidence can also be improved through the free exchange of information.
		It is appropriate that we mark this 13th anniversary of the signing of the Final Act by setting aside a special day to reflect upon and to renew our dedication to the values of human dignity and freedom embodied in that farsighted document.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1988/080188d.htm (575 words)

	The Oslo War Process: How Norwegian Diplomacy Destroyed Yugoslavia
		In 1975, with the elaboration of the Helsinki Final Act, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was born, later to be transformed into the OSCE between 1990 and 1995.
		This means that there is supposed to be a continuity of purpose between the CSCE -- established with the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 -- and the organization it later became: the OSCE.
		Any lingering doubts about the continuing centrality of the Helsinki Final Act are dispelled by the words 'Helsinki Final Act,' prominently displayed on the OSCE logo.
	www.hirhome.com /yugo/oslo5.htm (882 words)

	SHAFR: June 2000 - Drafting of the Helsinki Final Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		These luncheons continued on a regular basis until, in 1975, the posture of the American delegation, acting under instructions from Washington, stiffened, and the luncheons were discontinued, undoubtedly to the relief of both delegations.
		Finally, on March 17, 1975, the agreed text was tabled, reading "The participating States consider that their frontiers can be changed in accordance with international law, by peaceful means and by agreement".
		Finally, to jump from the long ago gathering of the CSCE in Geneva to the present time, it is difficult to underestimate the current influence and power of the U. on the world stage.
	www.ohiou.edu /shafr/NEWS/2000/JUN/HELSINKI.HTM (2311 words)

	Soviet Human Rights Under Gorbachev
		Moscow has ignored its commitment, under the 1975 Helsinki Final Act on security and cooperation in Europe, to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, as well as the free flow of ideas and people across state borders.
		After the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 nongovernmental 81Helsinki groupsll were established in Moscow (the Russian Federation), the Ukraine, Lithuania, Georgia, and Armenia to monitor Soviet adherence to the principles.of human rights.
		Amnesty International, along with the Helsinki Watch, a New York City-based organization monitoring compliance with the Helsinki Final Act, recently complained about the numerous cases of torture of political prisoners in the Soviet Union.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg562.cfm (2343 words)

	95/06/01: 33rd OSCE Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In Paris, the Final Conference on Stability in Europe on March 20-21, 1995, concluded a French initiative, also known as the "Balladur Initiative," launched by the EU at a conference also in Paris in May 1994.
		At the heart of the CSCE process are the ten principles of the Helsinki Final Act and additional commitments made over the years, which define the basic code of conduct CSCE states have adopted.
		The Final Conference on Stability in Europe on March 20-21, 1995, concluded a French initiative ("Balladur initiative") launched by the EU at a conference in Paris in May 1994.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/bureaus/eur/releases/950701OSCEReport.html (20748 words)

	Website of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee
		The Conference concluded with the adoption of the politically and morally binding Helsinki Final Act, which, at that time, was the only international agreement that attempted to link peace and security with the respect for human rights.
		They set up their watchdog organization based on the provision in the Helsinki Final Act, Principle VII, that establishes the rights of individuals to know and act upon their rights and duties.
		In 1982, the Moscow Helsinki Group was forced to disband (it was re-organized in 1989), yet its pioneering efforts had inspired others to call attention to violations of human rights.
	www.bghelsinki.org /index.php?module=pages&lg=en&page=helsinki (497 words)

	The Moscow Helsinki Group 30th Anniversary: From the Secret Files
		In the Soviet bloc, the founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group was followed by the formation of Helsinki Groups in Lithuania (November 1976), Ukraine (November 1976), Georgia (January 1977), and the establishment of the Committee for Social Defense in Poland (summer 1977), and Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia (January 1977).
		The historical record shows that Brezhnev himself was deeply committed to the Helsinki process (known as the CSCE), but did not fully appreciate the possible consequences of the humanitarian provisions, or the Third Basket of the Final Act, for the development of protest movements in the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc (Document 1).
		Thus the story of the signing of the Helsinki Final Act and the founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group becomes a story of unintended consequences for the Soviet regime, which links the events of the mid-1970s with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB191 (2135 words)

	:: ORGANIZATION ::
		The Moscow Helsinki Group was founded in 1976 with the aim of monitoring compliance by the Soviet government with the human rights provisions of the Final Act.
		In June 2002, the Hungarian Helsinki Committee and the National Prison Administration concluded a new agreement of cooperation whereby the HHC is permitted to monitor the treatment of all detainees in all institutions maintained by the National Prison Administration: convicts serving prison terms, pre-trial detainees, detainees under misdemeanour procedures and aliens in custody.
		The Hungarian Helsinki Committee is the implementing partner of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in coordinating a countrywide lawyers network for asylum seekers and refugees since March 1998.
	www.helsinki.hu /article.cgi?lang=en&fo=9 (1766 words)

	William J. Clinton Foundation "Proclamation on Helsinki Human Rights Day"
		During the Cold War, the Helsinki Principles were the rallying point for courageous men and women who confronted tyranny -- often at great personal risk -- to win the fundamental freedoms set forth by the Final Act.
		The Helsinki Final Act has been instrumental in the progress we have made together toward building a Europe that is whole and free; a Europe where our partnership for peace is overcoming the possibility of war.
		The Helsinki Final Act continues to shape our vision for the future of transatlantic cooperation, and the Helsinki accords remain the basic definition of common goals and standards for how all countries in the new Europe should treat their citizens and one another.
	www.clintonfoundation.org /legacy/080100-proclamation-on-helsinki-human-rights-day.htm (568 words)

	Representative Christopher H. Smith - (NJ04) - Smith Leads House in Commemorating 30th Anniversary of the Helsinki ...
		Final Act was signed in 1975, this basic truth was recognized, laying down a marker that changed the face of the world forever.”
		There are currently 55 participating States in the Helsinki Process that was created by the Helsinki Final Act.
		Final Act and made them part of the cultures in their own countries.
	www.house.gov /list/press/nj04_smith/PRHelsinki.html (355 words)

	The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction: Risking Judicial Tryanny - Global Policy Forum - International Justice
		The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, signed in Helsinki in 1975 by President Gerald Ford on behalf of the United States, obligated the 35 signatory nations to observe certain stated human rights, subjecting violators to the pressures by which foreign policy commitments are generally sustained.
		In the hands of courageous groups in Eastern Europe, the Final Act became one of several weapons by which communist rule was delegitimized and eventually undermined.
		But none of these steps was conceived at the time as instituting a "universal jurisdiction." It is unlikely that any of the signatories of either the U.N. conventions or the Helsinki Final Act thought it possible that national judges would use them as a basis for extradition requests regarding alleged crimes committed outside their jurisdictions.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/general/2001/07kiss.htm (3152 words)

	Dispatch Supplement VOL. 3, NO 6
		The 30th report to Congress on the implementation of the principles of the Final Act and other documents of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) appears during a momentous period.
		The Fourth CSCE Follow-up Meeting is in session in Helsinki, marking the great progress made since the Helsinki Final Act was signed in 1975.
		At the heart of the CSCE process are the ten principles of the Helsinki Final Act and additional commitments elaborated over the years, which define the basic code of conduct that CSCE states have adopted.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/briefing/dispatch/1992/html/Dispatchv3Sup6.html (20716 words)

	The Helsinki process and the death of communism Timothy Sowula - openDemocracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The occasion was the thirtieth anniversary of the signing of the international agreement between the states of the Soviet bloc and the states of western Europe (including Turkey), the United States and Canada, known as the Final Act of the Helsinki Accords.
		The Helsinki Process of debate and dialogue that led to the accords, and the agreement itself, were focal-points of dissident activity, sources of empowerment to challenge the injustices of their societies.
		This is perhaps Helsinki’s greatest legacy: that wherever a society is mired in oppression, injustice, fear and hopelessness, the precondition of progress is a belief (even among a few people) that things can change for the better.
	www.opendemocracy.net /conflict-protest/helsinki_2716.jsp (1465 words)

	EurasiaNet Civil Society - The 25th Anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act: Evaluating The Human Rights Legacy
		The actual twenty-fifth anniversary of the signing of the Helsinki Final Act is lost amidst the lull of the summer vacation period.
		Perhaps the most important legacy of the Helsinki Final Act — especially in considering the Caucasus and Central Asia — was the creation of an institutional framework that evolved into the fifty-four-member Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
		Underscoring the shortfalls of the Helsinki process is the fact that virtually all of the elections in the Caucasus and Central Asian states since the Soviet collapse in 1991 have, to a certain degree, been rigged.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/civilsociety/articles/eav073100.shtml (1011 words)

	Thomas, D.C.: The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism.
		Those established by the Helsinki Final Act contributed directly to the demise of communism in the former East bloc, contends Daniel Thomas.
		Thomas argues that the Final Act, signed in 1975, transformed the agenda of East-West relations and provided a common platform around which opposition forces could mobilize.
		Without downplaying other factors, Thomas shows that the norms established at Helsinki undermined the viability of one-party Communist rule and thereby contributed significantly to the largely peaceful and democratic changes of 1989, as well as the end of the Cold War.
	press.princeton.edu /titles/7216.html (639 words)

	CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY BUILDING MEASURES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Concluding Document of the Conference, the Helsinki Final Act, was signed on August 1, 1975 in Helsinki by the 35 participating countries (the United States, Canada, and all European states except Albania).
		The Final Act represents a political commitment that is not legally binding upon the parties.
		The Helsinki Final Act calls for periodic CSCE followup meetings, designed to review implementation of the provisions and principles of the Final Act, and to consider new proposals.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/acda/csbm1.htm (6062 words)

	The Voice of Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Final Act provides for obligatory respect for the rights inherent in the sovereignty of any state, the non-use of force or threat to use force, inviolability of borders, territorial integrity of states, settlement of disputes by peaceful means only, and non-interference in the internal affairs of countries.
		These are the fundamental principles of the Helsinki Act, the principles that have been trampled underfoot by NATO's action in Yugoslavia.
		But the Final Act is the result of extremely delicate efforts by world diplomacy and of the skill to look for and reach compromises.
	www.vor.ru /Kosovo/commentaries_31.html (482 words)

	Primary Source: The Helsinki Final Act: Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Enunciated
		The Helsinki Conference on European Security of 1975 was an ambitious undertaking, which continues to have an influence on international politics.
		Indeed, some argue that the Helsinki Final Act is perhaps the most influential international agreement since the establishment of the United Nations.
		The Final Act has by now been acceded to by many countries; its impact has been significant, including its use a lever to insist, for instance, that the Soviet Union and other repressive regimes allow more freedom for their peoples.
	college.hmco.com /history/world/resources/shared/primary/source/helsinkidoc.htm (745 words)

	Press Release
		Since the signing of the Helsinki Final Act over 20 years ago, the name “Helsinki” has become emblematic of specific political principles and values.
		The “Helsinki” commitments also obligate the participating countries to prevent torture and cruel and degrading treatment; to uphold international humanitarian law; to work toward the abolishment of capital punishment; to uphold the “rule of law”; to promote tolerance and protect the rights of national minorities.
		The corruption of the 1996 elections was one of the factors feeding into the final collapse of confidence in the president and his party, whose undemocratic practices started soon after he first come in power in 1992.
	www.greekhelsinki.gr /english/pressrelease/3-8-97.html (925 words)

	CSCE Budapest Declaration, Towards A Genuine Partnership In A New Era, DOC.RC/1/95 (21 December 1994). Pt. IV, Code of ...
		The participating States emphasize that the full respect for all CSCE principles embodied in the Helsinki Final Act and the implementation in good faith of all commitments undertaken in the CSCE are of fundamental importance for stability and security, and consequently constitute a matter of direct and legitimate concern to all of them.
		The participating States confirm the continuing validity of their comprehensive concept of security, as initiated in the Final Act, which relates the maintenance of peace to the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
		The participating States recall that the principles of the Helsinki Final Act are all of primary significance and, accordingly, that they will be equally and unreservedly applied, each of them being interpreted taking into account the others.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/osce/new/Code-of-Conduct-Politico-Military.html (1899 words)

	Moldova Azi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Helsinki Final Act which enshrined ten major principles for dialogue and co-operation among the states who participated in the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe laid a corner stone for greater freedom and security in Europe.
		The seventh principle of the Helsinki Decalogue, Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief gave power to the powerless.
		The Helsinki Decalogue obliges the participating states to (1) respect each other's sovereign equality and individuality, to (2) refrain from the threats or use of force, (3) to respect (3) the inviolability of frontiers and (4) the territorial integrity of States.
	www.azi.md /print/35317/En (745 words)

	Helsinki Accords
		The Helsinki Accords seemed to provide both the West and the Soviet Union what each had been seeking.
		One of the major objectives of Soviet foreign policy from the end of World War II had been to obtain international recognition of the post-war borders, including the the Soviet annexation of the Baltic States.
		Under the Helsinki Accords, the Soviets received the recognition that they desired, while they in turn agreed to respect human rights, and acknowledge that the issue of human rights was an international concern.
	www.historycentral.com /Today/HelsinkiAccords.html (216 words)

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