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Topic: Helvetian Republic

	Cisalpine Republic – FREE Cisalpine Republic Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Cisalpine Republic, Italian state created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 by uniting the Transpadane and Cispadane republics, which he had established (1796) N and S of the Po River.
		By the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), Austria recognized the republic, to which were added the Venetian territories W of the Adige (including Bergamo and Brescia), the duchy of Mantua, and the formerly Swiss Valtellina.
		The republic was in fact subject to France, and its constitution was based on the French model.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Cisalpin.html (889 words)

	Helvetia - IBWiki
		The Republic of Helvetia or Helvetia is a landlocked state in Europe, which neighbours Jervaine, France, Italy, Austria and Grand Fenwick and the Holy Roman Empire.
		In 1795 the citizens of the city of Ciuzatz da Pfäich (Fribourg) rebelled, killed the Count of Sären whose seat was at Ciuzatz da Pfäich and declared the county to be a republic.
		Unfortunately the First Republic was extremely short-lived, and in 1803 a coup by disaffected nobles regained control of the country, and Karl Josif, Duke of Stantz en Silb, leader of the aristocratic party claimed first the title of Grand Duke (1804) and then “King of Helvetia” (1808).
	ib.frath.net /w/Helvetia (1405 words)

	The Historical Atlas of Europe Benelux 1795
		In the Eighteenth century the Dutch Republic was slowly torn apart by internal and external tensions.
		In the later days of the Batavian Republic a Head of State with the title of Pensionary of the Council, reminiscent of the title of Johan van Oldenbarneveldt., (see Benelux page on 1609) was installed, equivalent to the First-Consul (Bonaparte) in France.
		It is the tragedy of the Dutch Republic and the Netherlands as a whole in a nutshell.
	home.versatel.nl /gerardvonhebel/b1798.htm (863 words)

	[No title]
		After a brave struggle, Berne was taken and plundered by the French (5 March, 1798); it lost the Aargau and Vaud and became the capital of the newly founded Helvetian Republic.
		As compensation for the loss of the Aargau and Vaud, the Congress of Vienna (1815) gave Berne the greater part of the suppressed Bishopric of Basle and the cities of Biel and Neuenstadt.
		It was not until 1798 that the Catholics, in virtue of section 6 of the Constitution of the Helvetian Republic, were able to re-establish their church organization.
	www.catholic.org /printer_friendly.php?id=1792§ion=Encyclopedia (1033 words)

	Swiss Revolution and Helvetic Republic 1798-1802, Mediation 1803-1815
		Though Switzerland was a loose confederacy of valley and city republics at the time, this fact alone made no significant difference to monarchy: A small number of families monopolized political (and economic) power in the cities (Geneva, Berne, Basel, Zurich, Lucerne) and even in the rural areas having some primitive form of direct democracy.
		The constitution of the Helvetic Republic was similar to the constitution of the French Republic, with a parliament (two chambers), a government (called board of directors) and a Supreme Court of Justice.
		They wanted to defend the Republic against reactionary forces (especially Austria), but the result was that the alliance with France engaged the Helvetic Republic in the wars of France with other nations.
	history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch /swiss-revolution-helvetic-republic-1798.html (2617 words)

	Cisalpine Republic – FREE Cisalpine Republic Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Find Cisalpine Republic Research
		Created by Napoleon in 1797 from conquered territories, it was centred in the Po River valley and included the lands around Milan and Bologna.
		Once drawn into the Napoleonic orbit, Switzerland became the Helvetian Republic from 1798 to 1803 and was attached to the French revolutionary monetary system.
		Prussia, Naples, the Pope, the King of Sardinia, the Cisalpine Republic,...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1B1-360835.html (773 words)

	Austrian Anschluss and the Helvetian Takeover - IBWiki
		Austrian Anschluss and the Helvetian Takeover - IBWiki
		The Helvetians were hardened fighters and slowed the German advance so much so that it took nearly four years to complete the annexation of a nation much smaller than Austria.
		Some would claim that it was not the incompetence of the German armies, but rather the terrain and the Helvetian propensity to blowing up bridges and tunnels to prevent the advance of the German troops.
	ib.frath.net /w/Austrian_Anschluss_and_the_Helvetian_Takeover (1266 words)

	Helvetian Republic (1798-1803)
		The flag adopted by the Helvetic Republic was green-red-yellow horizontally.
		Later on, after France had become an empire, all those republics were transformed into kingdoms (often with Napoléon's relatives as monarchs).
		The Helvetic Republic (Switzerland) was proclaimed on 19 March 1798.
	www.fotw.us /flags/ch-1798.html (164 words)

	Helvetian Republic (1798-1803) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The flag adopted by the Helvetic Republic was green-red-yellow horizontally.
		Later on, after France had become an empire, all those republics were transformed into kingdoms (often with Napoléon's relatives as monarchs).
		The Helvetic Republic (Switzerland) was proclaimed on 19 March 1798.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ch-1798.html (164 words)

	N
		democratic republic of congo - national index
		turkish republic of northern cyprus: political parties
		1918-1934 mexican navy: president of the republic
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/keywordn.html (1523 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Helvetic Republic, 1798-1803
		The HELVETIAN REPUBLIC was proclaimed (March 29th 1798), with a federal constitution (granting much more power to the central institutions, such as the DIRECTORY, in comparison to the previous Swiss Confederation).
		The Republic was to have a bicameral parliament; the capital, after having been at AARAU from May to Oct. 1798, was to be LUZERN.
		Flag of the Helvetic Republic, the Helvetic Legion, of the Valais, from FOTW
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/helvetic.html (858 words)

	Treaty of Campo Formio 1797
		Thirdly, that the French Republic shall enjoy the free navigation of the Meuse, and that all tolls and other dues which may be established from Venloo to the point where the river enters Batavian territory; shall be suppressed.
		The territories which His Majesty the Emperor, King of Hungary and of Bohemia, is to possess in virtue of Article VI of the oopen, definitive treaty signed this day, shall serve as an indemnity for those territories which he cedes by Articles III and VII of the open treaty and by the preceding article.
		The French Republic shall unite the said districts to the Helvetian Republic, according to an arrangement to be made between the said countries, without prejudice, however, to His Majesty the Emperor and King, or to the Empire.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/government/diplomatic/c_campoformio1.html (915 words)

	The Swiss and the Jews
		It is nothing new in the moral world to find those who are the most cruelly unjust to others to be of all men the loudest to complain when their rights are invaded.
		Wonderful liberality!—there shall be no compulsion on the part of the exclusionists to exclude the Israelites from their territory, though, should they be so inclined, they may tell an American citizen that he shall not be permitted to transact his lawful business in the tabooed districts.
		It is surprising how any American diplomatist could be so ignorant of this country’s institutions as to sanction, even in a mere draught of a treaty, the spirit of discrimination between those who are alike his sovereigns, and help to elect even the chief-magistrate and mediately the senators from whom he holds his appointment.
	www.jewish-history.com /occident/volume8/mar1851/swiss.html (500 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: The Kyrgyz Take Their Stan by Stephen Schwartz
		After the democratic transformations of Georgia and especially Ukraine, it became obvious that the former Soviet republics of Central Asia would be the next area of ferment.
		Similarly, the Georgians, rather amazingly, never forgot that their independent republic, led by Mensheviks, or moderate social democrats, had been forcibly overthrown by Bolsheviks in 1921.
		Democratization in the Muslim republics of the former Soviet Union could stir citizen activism in Russia itself, but also in the Arab core of the Muslim world.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17591 (1259 words)

	Swiss Federal Archives - Subject-based research - Subjects in focus - The Old Confederation - Rütli Oath and Federal ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Helvetian Republic established by Napoleon replaced the Ancien Régime, as the government of that time is now called.
		Nevertheless, the foundation stone had been laid for a republic with a modern constitution, a centralised administration and a standardised economic and monetary system.
		The Central Archives were founded in the early days of the Helvetian Republic, with the task of preserving the documents of the first government of the whole of Switzerland and of its administration.
	virtor.bar.admin.ch /en/rec/the/alt/rue.aspx (1179 words)

	The Surrender of Malta to the French Republic 1798.
		The French republic w ill likewise use its influence with the Cisalpine, Ligurian, Roman, and Helvetian republics, that this third article may remain in force for the knights of those several nations.
		It shall also endeavour to induce the Cisalpine, Ligurian, Roman, and Helvetian republics, to grant the same pension the knights of their respective countries.
		ARTICLE V.-The French republic shall employ its credit with the different powers, that the knights of each nation may be allowed to exercise their right over the property of the order of Malta situated in their dominions.
	www.orderstjohn.org /osj/surrend.htm (393 words)

	Sion
		The secular power of the bishops was brought to an end by the French Revolution.
		In 1798 Valais, after an heroic struggle against the supremacy of France, was incorporated into the Helvetian Republic, and Bishop John Anthony Blatter (1790-1817) retired to Novara.
		During the sway of Napoleon Valais was separated from Switzerland in 1802 as the Rhodanic Republic, and in 1810 was united with France.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/sion.html (1606 words)

	Zug (city) - Search View - MSN Encarta
		In 1364 it was readmitted and the Habsburgs renounced all claims to the town in 1389.
		During the period of the Helvetian Republic from 1798 to 1802, Zug was a part of the huge canton of Waldstätten.
		In 1803 Zug and the surrounding district became a separate canton.
	encarta.msn.com /text_762529655__1/Zug_(city).html (267 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 237, SWITZERLAND: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The fundamental laws of the republic forbid the maintenance of a standing army within the limits of the confederation.
		The eighteenth article of the constitution of 1874 enacts that "Every Swiss is liable to serve in the defense of his country." Article nineteen enacts: "The federal army consists of all men liable to military service, and both the army and the war material are at the disposal of the confederation.
		Every citizen of the republic not disabled by bodily defects or ill health, is liable to military service at the age of twenty.
	www.econlib.org /library/ypdbooks/lalor/llCy1007.html (7121 words)

	Sandafayre Stamp Auctions \| Stamp Atlas \| Switzerland
		Switzerland was invaded by the French in 1798 who then established the Helvetian Republic within the French postal system.
		In 1815, the Helvetian Confederation was reformed, and the boundaries of Switzerland have been generally respected ever since.
		By the Treaty of Vienna, Switzerland was increased to 22 cantons and the independence and neutrality of the Federation was guaranteed.
	www.sandafayre.com /atlas/switz.htm (1000 words)

	Switzerland
		Switzerland had recalled its French regiments in 1792 when the Swiss Guard was massacred in Paris, but they were disarray six years later, and only Bern resisted the invasion.
		When France imposed the Helvetic Republic on the Swiss in 1798, they also recruited a Helvetic Legion of four regiments to fight France's wars.
		When the regiments returned home after the fall of Napoleon they became border troops, and the restored Swiss Confederation in 1815 presented each of them with an honorary flag (see image).
	flagspot.net /flags/ch.html (2547 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Berne
		After a brave struggle, Berne was taken and plundered by the French (5 March, 1798); it lost the Aargau and Vaud and became the capital of the newly founded Helvetian Republic.
		As compensation for the loss of the Aargau and Vaud, the Congress of Vienna (1815) gave Berne the greater part of the suppressed Bishopric of Basle and the cities of Biel and Neuenstadt.
		It was not until 1798 that the Catholics, in virtue of section 6 of the Constitution of the Helvetian Republic, were able to re-establish their church organization.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02507b.htm (1124 words)

	Switzerland.htm
		Helvetians were assimilated into the Roman civilization in the first two centuries of last millennium.
		In 260 CE, the Alemannians (a germanic tribe) crossed the fortified northern roman boundary (limes) and settled in the area.
		They resumed minting local coins but had to conform to the uniform system established under the Helvetian Republic.
	www.worldcoincatalog.com /CX/Switzerland/Switzerland.htm (1081 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Lombard Republic, Transpadan Republic, Cispadan Republic, Cisalpine Republic, Italian Republic
		In 1798, both republics, were merged to form the CISALPINE REPUBLIC, capital Milano.
		In 1802, the Cisalpine Republic was renamed ITALIAN REPUBLIC, in 1805 enlarged by Venice, Istria, Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands, and transformed into the KINGDOM OF ITALY.
		The Council of State of the Italian Republic to the First Consul of the French Republic, President of the Italian Republic, Apr. 5th 1802, from napoleonseries.org
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/cispadan.html (386 words)

	Helvetian Swan Song?
		The agreement shows the extent of power asymmetry between the EU and non-EU countries in Europe, and points to difficult days ahead for the independence of the Helvetian Republic.
		Professor David Landes of Harvard University writes that it was Europe's political, economic and cultural "fragmentation [that] gave rise to competition, and competition favored good care of good subjects." In contrast, the EU uses "enlargement" as a preferred way of stifling growing international competition.
		The EU is, therefore, likely to continue to tighten its suffocating embrace of the Helvetian Republic, with Norway and Iceland surely to follow.
	www.cato.org /dailys/11-18-04.html (1034 words)

	[No title]
		One of the major phases of Celtic activity is named after La Tene in Switzerland, and the Upper Danube area to the north of modern Switzerland was heavily influenced by Celtic culture.
		Known to the Romans as Helvetians or Transalpine Gauls, the Helvetii invaded southern Gaul in 58 BC but were defeated by Julius Caesar at Bibracte, near Autun and Helvetia became subject to Rome.
		France invaded in 1798 and established the Helvetian Republic with a centralized government.
	www.gaminggeeks.org /Resources/KateMonk/Europe-Western/Switzerland/History.htm (512 words)

	Fortunate Isles Maps
		Please note that I'm not at all sure of the boundaries, and some things are purely on supposition.
		The People's Republic of Myanmar and the Kingdom of Burma both claim sovereignty of the other's territory.
		Both areas of 6 & 7 should be considered disputed.
	www.geocities.com /bo_arthur/fi/maps.html (67 words)

	French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Meanwhile, the French also invaded Switzerland at the invitation of French-speaking factions in Vaud, seizing Bern and establishing the Helvetian Republic on the French model.
		French troops occupied Rome, deposing the Pope's secular rule and establishing a republic.
		By the end of the year, the European powers, having recovered from their previous defeats and emboldened by Napoleon's absence, organized a new Second Coalition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars:_Campaigns_of_1798 (479 words)

	Footnotes for Volume 8 of Marx-Engels Collected Works
		Though particularism was restored, on the whole the anti-feudal measures of the Helvetian Republic remained in force.
		The revolution ended with the victory of the north, where Europe’s first bourgeois republic — the United Provinces (the Dutch Republic) — was established, and with the defeat of the southern provinces, which remained under Spanish rule.
		Abolition of the privileges of the burghers’ commune began during the Helvetian Republic in 1798-99, when all the Swiss were made equal in rights and political power was transferred to the residents’ commune (Einwohnergemeinde), which was declared to be the holder of sovereignty in the name of the entire nation.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/cw/volume08/footnote.htm (18266 words)

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