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Topic: Hemagglutinin

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Antigenic shift

T cell

Antigenic drift

Influenza

Agglutination

	Hemagglutinin - Influenza Binding Protein
		Hemagglutinin is species specific binding protein that binds only to matched sialic acid receptors in host cells (Subbarao 2000).
		The hemagglutinin protein, as was previously stated, is a trinomer protein, primarily responsible for the binding of the Influenza A virion to cell surface receptors, membrane fusion and intracellular infection, which is the first stage of viral infection.
		The exact binding geometry differs between species specific hemagglutinin and cell surface proteins, however there are primary cites on the loop-helix-loop complexes that form specific integrations allowing for the binding of the hemagglutinin and the subsequent cell infection.
	biology.kenyon.edu /BMB/Chime2/2005/Cerchiara-Holsberry/FRAMES/start.htm (961 words)

	Hemagglutinin Summary
		Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase protrude from the outer surface of the influenza virus and neuraminidase is a constituent of the enveloping membrane that surrounds the viral contents.
		The binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid compounds on the surface of cells is the initial event in the association of the virus with human epithelial cells.
		Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are used in the designation of the different antigenic types of the influenza virus that have and continue to appear.
	www.bookrags.com /Hemagglutinin (1497 words)

	Scientists at Scripps Research Institute describe structure of receptor on surface of 1918 flu virus
		The structure of the hemagglutinin protein, one of only a handful of proteins made by the virus, reveals details that may be crucial to understanding the 1918 outbreak.
		There, the hemagglutinin on the surface of the virus binds to lung epithelial cell receptors containing sialic acid, which allows the virus to be internalized into the epithelial cell, through something known as the endosomal pathway, and this establishes an infection.
		Hemagglutinin is also the main antigenic determinant on the virus-- it is what the human immune system primarily recognizes and responds to by making antibodies and mounting an immune defense.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/sri-sas020404.php (1033 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Expression of hemagglutinin protein from the avian influenza virus H5N1 in a ...
		Subunit vaccines, recombinant hemagglutinin and neuraminidase [7-10] may be an attractive alternative to the inactivated vaccine, although none are currently in use as commercial vaccines.
		Hemagglutinin protein is the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoprotein of influenza virus and the target for infectivity-neutralizing antibodies [17,18].
		The recombinant hemagglutinin protein can be produced in different ways such as expression of hemagglutinin protein in the insect cell system [8-10,16,19,20] or in the recombinant baculovirus express in insect larvae [21].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/6/16 (3867 words)

	Influenza
		Its hemagglutinin molecules bind to carbohydrate on the glycoproteins of the epithelial cells of the host.
		The hemagglutinin of the 1918 flu virus was H1, its neuraminidase was N1, so it is designated as an H1N1 "subtype".
		change the epitopes on the hemagglutinin molecule (and, to a lesser degree, the neuraminidase) so that they are no longer recognized by the antibodies circulating in the bodies of previous victims.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html (1898 words)

	CDC - Influenza (Flu) \| The Influenza (Flu) Viruses
		Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N).
		There are 16 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 9 different neuraminidase subtypes, all of which have been found among influenza A viruses in wild birds.
		Wild birds are the primary natural reservoir for all subtypes of influenza A viruses and are thought to be the source of influenza A viruses in all other animals.
	www.cdc.gov /flu/about/fluviruses.htm (897 words)

	Influenza Hamagglutinin
		Hemagglutinin, displayed at left, is one of two virally-coded integral envelope proteins of the influenza virus.
		Hemagglutinin is responsible for host cell binding and subsequent fusion of viral and host membranes in the endosome after the virus has been taken up by endocytosis.
		This "fusion-active" state of hemagglutinin triggers the fusion of the viral membrane and the endosome membrane, releasing the viral nucleocapsid into the cytosol of the host cell.
	www.callutheran.edu /Academic_Programs/Departments/BioDev/omm/jmol/flu_div/start.html (791 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 58
		In types A and B the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens undergo genetic variation, which is the basis for the emergence of new strains; type C is antigenically stable.
		Changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens are responsible for the appearance of antigenically novel strains that evade host immunity and cause reinfections.
		The nucleocapsid is enclosed in an envelope consisting of a lipid bilayer and two surface glycoproteins, a hemagglutinin and a neuraminidase.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch058.htm (3161 words)

	Flu Wiki - Science - H 5 N 1 Hemagglutinin Sequences
		In a single short region of the gene for the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the H5N1(A) virus (the “H” in H5N1) there are two changes which are most likely to be responsible for transmissibility between humans, as opposed to transmissibility between birds and the occasional, rare infection of a human.
		Hemagglutinin is one of the10 proteins produced by the Influenzavirus A genome, and the principal protein responsible for the ability of the virus to enter host cells.
		Siallic acids are found on many cells and substances in the body, but which sialic acid is involved and how it is attached to other molecules is an important part of whether a flu virus will be able to infect the cell.
	www.fluwikie.com /pmwiki.php?n=Science.H5N1HemagglutininSequences (1591 words)

	HA Hemagglutinin Tag Antibody Review
		This is a review about hemagglutinin antibodies (HA antibodies), based on 16 pusblished articles using hemagglutinin antibodies in western blot, immunoprecipitation, ELISA, and other immunological technologies.
		Hemagglutinin antibodies from different suppliers can be searched here.
		It is common to include a small segment of the viral hemagglutinin coat protein in gene expression vectors as an epitope tag.
	www.exactantigen.com /review/ha.html (668 words)

	HHMI News: Researchers Determine Reason for Deadly Spread of 1918 Influenza
		In their study, the researchers sought to understand the structure of the hemagglutinin protein, which covers the surface of the influenza virus and is known to initiate the first stages of viral infection.
		He said that the hemagglutinin in the 1918 virus was designated H1, and the influenza viruses that caused later pandemics had distinctively different hemagglutinin structures—designated H2 for the Asian influenza that began in 1957 and H3 for the Hong Kong strain, which began in 1968.
		According to Skehel, the hemagglutinin of the current strain of avian flu that has killed people in Asia exposed to infected birds is closer to that of the Hong Kong flu.
	www.hhmi.org /news/1918flu.html (763 words)

	Researchers Determine Reason For Deadly Spread Of 1918 Influenza
		In their study, the researchers sought to understand the structure of the hemagglutinin protein, which covers the surface of the influenza virus and is known to initiate the first stages of viral infection.
		He said that the hemagglutinin in the 1918 virus was designated H1, and the influenza viruses that caused later pandemics had distinctively different hemagglutinin structures — designated H2 for the Asian influenza that began in 1957 and H3 for the Hong Kong strain, which began in 1968.
		According to Skehel, the hemagglutinin of the current strain of avian flu that has killed people in Asia exposed to infected birds is closer to that of the Hong Kong flu.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/life-04h.html (773 words)

	Antigenic Shift & Drift
		The envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are encoded for by separate RNA molecules.
		There are 13 subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H13), and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase (N1-N9); a number of these subtypes have been recognized in the equine influenza virus.
		Nucleotide sequencing of A/equi/HongKong/2/92(H3N8) demonstrated that the hemagglutinin gene of the virus shared common properties with the 1989 influenza A virus of Suffolk and the 1992 influenza A virus of Lambourn.
	www.vetmed.ufl.edu /courses/vem5141/fall2003/students/groups_topics/10/Antigenic_Shift_Drift.htm (452 words)

	Untitled Document
		The proteins neuraminidase and hemagglutinin are important to viral replication.
		Hemagglutinin is the viral surface protein responsible for binding the virus to susceptible cells.
		Once hemagglutinin binds to the sialic acid terminal of the receptor, the virus is brought into the cell for replication.
	www.rnceus.com /flu/flua.html (707 words)

	Scientists Reveal Key Protein in H5N1 Bird Flu Virus - Health - RedOrbit
		Hemagglutinin protein, which allows the virus to enter host cells, is the principal antigen on the flu viral surface.
		The hemagglutinin protein latches on to different cell receptors in avian and human-type flu, which may explain why most bird flu viruses do not spread between humans, according to the researchers.
		Although hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus looked very similar to the H1N1 virus, these mutations do not cause the bird flu virus to prefer human receptor, the researchers found.
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/432792/scientists_reveal_key_protein_in_h5n1_bird_flu_virus/index.html?source=r_health (500 words)

	ScienceDaily: Changes In Amino Acids In 1918 Influenza Virus Cut Transmission
		Science Daily — Modest changes in the 1918 flu virus's hemagglutinin receptor binding site--a molecular structure critical for the spread of infection--stopped viral transmission in ferrets, according to a new study conducted by researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
		To do this, Dr. García-Sastre and his team studied two key molecular structures: hemagglutinin, a protein located in of the surface of the influenza virus, and sialic acid, a cellular molecule that is recognized by hemaglutinins of both human and avian strains of influenza virus.
		Hemagglutinins from avian influenza virus prefer binding to alpha 2-3 sialic acids, while hemagglutinins from human influenza viruses prefer binding to alpha 2-6 sialic acids, which are highly abundant in the upper respiratory tract of humans.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/02/070206100411.htm (868 words)

	Viruses: From Structure to Biology - The Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The flu pandemic of 1918-1919 led to an estimated 20 million deaths around the world - more than the number killed in the battles of World War I. The virus, itself, was first isolated in the 1930's and the first glimpse of its structure came in 1943 when it was seen in the electron microscope.
		In 1981 Wilson, Wiley and Skehel published the atomic structure of the hemagglutinin to a resolution of 3 angstroms –; this was the first look at the structure of a viral membrane protein.
		Don Wiley recalls that the critical experiment, the experiment that demonstrated that the hemagglutinin underwent a conformational change at low pH, was by John Skehel in 1982.
	medicine.wustl.edu /~virology/influenza.htm (1004 words)

	Viruses: From Structure to Biology - The Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin
		The flu pandemic of 1918-1919 led to an estimated 20 million deaths around the world - more than the number killed in the battles of World War I. The virus, itself, was first isolated in the 1930's and the first glimpse of its structure came in 1943 when it was seen in the electron microscope.
		The hemagglutinin or HA was so named because it is the protein responsible for the ability of flu virus to agglutinate red blood cells and for the binding of the virus to cells via its attachment to sialic acid.
		In 1981 Wilson, Wiley and Skehel published the atomic structure of the hemagglutinin to a resolution of 3 angstroms –; this was the first look at the structure of a viral membrane protein.
	virologyhistory.wustl.edu /influenza.htm (1004 words)

	Rediscovering Biology - Unit 13 Genetically Modified Organisms: Expert Interview Transcripts
		Then in 1968 or the next one and that was last major pandemic and that is an H3 strain for H for hemagglutinin which is the major surface glycoprotein of these viruses.
		I think at least with birds it's believed that the bird is contaminated on the surface and then somebody on the market handles it and doesn't wash their hands, and so on, and that's how it happens and I could imagine that similar things happens with pigs or pig handlers.
		That would be put onto the hemagglutinin in it's biogenesis, when the fresh hemagglutinin is made in the cell for the progeny virus, it goes through a stage where it would have it's own receptor packaged onto it.
	www.learner.org /channel/courses/biology/units/infect/experts/tamm.html (4419 words)

	IFPMA IVS Influenza Vaccines - The Influenza Virus
		There are approximately 500 surface spike glycoproteins per particle (usually in the ratio of four hemagglutinins to one neuraminidase) that are embedded in a host-derived lipid bilayer membrane.
		The hemagglutinin enables the virus to bind to host cell receptors and facilitates the entry of the virus into the cell where it will replicate.
		The neuraminidase protein enzymatically cleaves terminal sialic acid residues, and is believed to assist in the transport of the virus through the mucin layer of the respiratory tract as well as facilitating the budding of the progeny virus away from the host cell.
	www.ifpma.org /Influenza (640 words)

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