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Topic: Hemicellulose

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	Cereal Chem 1997 \| Isolation of Hemicellulose from Corn Fiber by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Extraction.
		Isolation of Hemicellulose from Corn Fiber by Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Extraction.
		Yields of the water-soluble hemicellulose B ranged from 35% (24 hr extraction at 25ºC) to 42% (2 hr extraction at 60ºC).
		The optimum hemicellulose yield (51.3%; dry, starch-free basis) was obtained when the pH was increased to 12.5 for the final one-half of the extraction period.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/1997/0215-03R.asp (390 words)

	Ethanol Production in Hawaii Report, 1994 - Chapter 2 - Biomass Described (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The biomass is principally composed of the compounds cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
		The hemicellulose is primarily composed of the 5-carbon sugar, xylose.
		Hemicellulose is made up of the 5 carbon sugar xylose arranged in chains with other minor 5 carbon sugars interspersed as side chains.
	www.state.hi.us /dbedt/ert/ethanol/ch2.html (874 words)

	Wood and Wood-Based Materials, Danish Environmental Protection Agency
		In the wood used as material in buildings and interior furnishings, the water of the celllumen and the main part of the water in the cell walls is dried away.
		The cell walls of wood is primary composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
		Hemicellulose is mainly composed of pentosans and hexosans in chains (with a degree of polymerization of 50-250).
	www.mst.dk /udgiv/publications/2000/87-7909-504-6/html/kap02.htm (1476 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Because of the high hemicellulose content in corn hulls and the ready availability of com hulls, corn hulls are the preferred source for hemicellulose used in conjunction with the invention.
		Hemicellulose is present in the animal feed in any amount effective to improve intraparticle cohesion as compared to a similar particle made without the hemicellulose.
		hemicellulose binder, said animal feed being in the form of discrete plural particles of a size suitable for feeding to an animal, said hemicellulose binder being present in each of said particles in at least an amount effective to improve intraparticle cohesion.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/05834.030123&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4336 words)

	Technical Program Paper Detail - AIChE
		Hemicellulose makes up 20-30% of lignocellulosic plant biomass and is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature.
		As such hemicellulose represents a large potential renewable reservoir of sugars that could be converted into useful fuels and chemicals.
		Since the primary component of hemicelluloses in hardwoods and agricultural residues is xylan, we began our initial screening activities by examining the ability of a number of thermoacidophilic microorganisms to utilize xylan.
	www.aiche.org /conferences/techprogram/paperdetail.asp?PaperID=1930&DSN=annual04 (257 words)

	CHEMSTONE THEORITICAL BASIS FOR PROCESS IMPROVEMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The primary solid components of wood are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
		Hemicelluloses are amorphous polysaccharides such as xylans, galactoglucomannans, arabinogalactans, glucans, and galactans.
		These acids will further accelerate the decomposition polysaccharides, particularly hemicelluloses, causing a reduction in yield (in fact, this acid pre-hydrolysis can be intentionally used to reduce non-cellulosic "contaminants" in dissolving pulps).
	www.chemstone.com /technology/theoritical.html (3264 words)

	[No title]
		Another advantage is converting hemicellulose to a sugar solution with immediate use for feeding cattle and more valuable future prospects as a feedstock for bioconversion to several possible products such as calcium-magnesium acetate (CMA) for deicing of roads and for treating polluted air.
		Hemicellulose is a polymer of several sugars, predominantly pentoses, and the sugar in greatest concentration is xylose.
		Hemicellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars during the steaming and explosion, but the reactions continue on to resinous and polymeric compounds.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Biomass/oldbrochure.doc (2795 words)

	Biomass Program: Understanding Biomass as a Source of Sugars and Energy
		Ranges of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents in biomass are presented in Table 1.
		The combination of hemicellulose and lignin provide a protective sheath around the cellulose, which must be modified or removed before efficient hydrolysis of cellulose can occur.
		Lignin is often referred to as "clean" (i.e., sulfur-free) coal because it is the lignin portion of plants that is the ancestor of coal (which is, after all, fossilized biomass).
	www.eere.energy.gov /biomass/understanding_biomass.html (1141 words)

	research-cwb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A major biosynthetic difference between cellulose and hemicelluloses is that cellulose is biosynthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells, whereas hemicelluloses are biosynthesized in the Golgi apparatus.
		We are using genomics and biochemical approaches to study the biosynthesis of hemicelluloses in representative dicots (Arabidopsis, nasturtium, and cotton) and cereals (rice and maize).
		The major hemicellulosic component of the primary walls of grass seedlings is glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX), composed of a beta-1,4-D-xylan backbone substituted with terminal alpha-L-arabinofuranose (mainly at the O-3 position) and, to a lesser extent, alpha-D-glucuronose (mainly at the O-2 position).
	www.prl.msu.edu /walton/research-cwb.htm (1293 words)

	Cell Wall Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hemicellulose is a polysaccharide composed of a variety of sugars including xylose, arabinose, mannose.
		Hemicellulose that is primarily xylose or arabinose are referred to as xyloglucans or arabinoglucans, respectively.
		Hemicellulose is abundant in primary walls but is also found in secondary walls.
	sunflower.bio.indiana.edu /~rhangart/courses/b373/lecturenotes/cellwall/cellwall.html (889 words)

	wood
		Cellulose molecules are long linear (unbranched) polysaccharide polymers, hemicellulose molecules are shorter branched mixed polysaccharide and polyuronide polymers, and lignin molecules are phenolic polymers.
		Hemicellulose and lignin are not crystalline, with hemicellulose being rather unstable and lignin very stable.
		Since hemicellulose is the component of wood that adsorbs water, and its capacity to adsorb water depend on how much hemicellulose remains in the wood, the hemicellulose content is directly related to the amount of sound absorption.
	www.nrinstruments.demon.co.uk /wood.html (2892 words)

	Redigering
		The digestibility of OM, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of NDF among all three genotypes.
		Hemicellulose was determined as the difference between ADF and NDF contents.
		There was a decrease (P<0.05) in the digestibilities of OM, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose with increase in the level of maize cobs in all the three genotypes.
	www.aitvm.kvl.dk /B_environment/B9Kanengoni.htm (1806 words)

	BioMatNet Item: FAIR-CT96-1624 - The Strength of Wood Fibres: Association Between Hemicellulose and Cellulose at the ...
		In this multi-disciplinary project the association between hemicellulose and cellulose fibres was studied at several levels of molecular detail, both experimentally and theoretically.
		Energetic aspects of the association between hemicellulose and cellulose was studied by binding assays of radioactive labelled oligomers.
		The unspecific binding of hemicelluloses is very important for the pulp and paper properties as the amount of non-specifically bound oligosaccharides with higher dissociation constant was orders of magnitude higher than the amount of specifically bound oligosaccharides.
	www.biomatnet.org /secure/Fair/F489.htm (954 words)

	Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
		Cellulose is hydrogen-bonded to hemicellulose (3) whereas ester and ether bonds connect hemicellulose to non-core lignin in secondary CWs (28).
		The hemicellulosic xylans and arabinoxylans, represented by the actual molecules or as long, triangular rods, are hydrogen-bonded to cellulose and ester- or ether-bonded to non-core lignin.
		Ester bonds between hemicellulose and non-core lignin shown in Figure 1 include: linkage between the 0-5 position of arabinose in arabinoxylan and p-coumaric, ferulic, and diferulic acids (32,33), as well as a hypothetical linkage between the 0-3 position of xylose and cinnamic acid.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /OAS/oas_htm_files/v72/p51_56.html (2227 words)

	Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hemicellulose is a term used to refer to a wide variety of heteropolysaccharides found in association with cellulose and lignin in both woody and herbaceous plant species.
		Unlike cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin cannot be depolymerized by hydrolysis.
		It consists principally of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and extractives.
	calvin.biotech.wisc.edu /jeffries/definitions.html (285 words)

	Neurospora and Hemicellulose
		The remedy for making meaningful analyses, and also probably for bioengineering an organism to convert hemicelluloses efficiently to ethanol, is to greatly accelerate Reaction 2 with the enzyme mutarotase rather than relying on spontaneous conversion.
		For removing hemicellulose without also attacking cellulose, one would want to knock out the gene for cellulase, and obviously this would require knowledge of the gene and its flanking sequence.
		One of the many problems with current technology for removal and degradation of hemicelluloses to ethanol is that furfural, a by-product of the acid extraction of hemicelluloses, is toxic and inhibits the bioprocessing of these wastes (Jeffries, 1983).
	biology.unm.edu /Biology/ngp/hemicellulose.html (1417 words)

	Energy Report
		In contrast to cellulose, which is a polymer of only glucose, a hemicellulose is a polymer of five different sugars.
		The branched nature of hemicellulose renders it amorphous and relatively easy to hydrolyze to its constituent sugars compared to cellulose.
		identify hemicellulose crops which could be used as substitutes for petroleum derived polymers and the estimated amounts that should be collected and processed annually.
	www.mississippi.org /energycd/Report/ENERGYREPORT.htm (2958 words)

	hemicellulose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Functional Genomics of Hemicellulose Biosynthesis in Rice and Maize...
		Cereal Chem 1997 Isolation of Hemicellulose from Corn Fiber by Alkaline Hydrog...
		Determination of insoluble dietary fiber compounds: cellulose, hemicellulose and...
	www.scienceoxygen.com /food/19.html (324 words)

	New Processes for Generating Valuable Co-Products From Corn Fiber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		DONER, L.W. and HICKS, K.B. Novel hemicellulose and cellulose fractions isolated from corn fiber and bran.
		DONER, L.W. and HICKS, K.B. The isolation of hemicellulose from corn fiber by alkaline peroxide extraction.
		A new process was developed to extract and purify hemicellulose from corn fiber, yielding a creamy-white product which is much lighter in color than that prepared by previous methods.
	www.nal.usda.gov /ttic/biofuels/hicks.htm (752 words)

	Wood Rot
		The soft-rots are particularly prevalent at the early stages of wood decay and in conditions of high moisture and increased nitrogen content.
		Brown-Rot Fungi: The brown-rot fungi are also capable of degrading cellulose and hemicellulose but are unable to digest the lignin component of wood.
		White-Rot Fungi: The white-rots are capable of degrading all the major components of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin).
	www.ieqcorp.com /rot.htm (751 words)

	Western Research Institute-BioRefining Utilization
		The heart of this biorefining process is a fractionation process that sequentially removes hemicellulose and lignin from lignocellulose, leaving a relatively high-purity cellulose fraction.
		(Lignocellulose is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.) The lignin fraction generated from this process may be used for its high fuel value, since it can be co-fired to economically produce electricity.
		The produced sugar can be processed by fermentation to produce fuel-grade ethanol, which can be used as an extender for current petroleum-derived transportation fuels, as an oxygenate for improved fuel combustion, and to enhance the octane value of gasoline.
	wri.uwyo.edu /content/technology_areas/waste_management/biorefining.shtml (301 words)

	Multiple Genes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We have evaluated the roles of enzymes that hydrolyze the cellulose, the pectin and the hemicellulose components of the cell wall.
		To determine the biochemical role of PG in the ripening process we cloned its gene and characterized the molecular basis of its regulation in normal and ripening-impaired tomato mutants.
		Expansins are proteins with no apparent hydrolytic enzymatic activity but are thought to influence the hydrogen bonding between the cellulose and hemicellulose components of the cell wall.
	veghome.ucdavis.edu /faculty/bennett/lab/areas_research/multiple_genes.htm (973 words)

	Poster021 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These hemicellulose fractions, which are rich in xylose, can be used for the fermentative production of xylitol.
		The objective of the process development is to optimize the yield and fermentability of the hemicellulose fraction, while meeting the yield and quality criteria for the dietary fiber.
		Candida tropicalis ATCC 9968 is being used to ferment the hemicellulose fraction to xylitol.
	www.ct.ornl.gov /symposium/20th/Abstracts/Poster056.htm (231 words)

	New Page 0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Structural polysaccharides are pectic substances, hemicellulose and cellulose.
		- Hemicellulose A: Air dried food is extracted with dilute alkali, hemicellulose A precipitates upon neutralization of the extract, which is dried and weighed.
		- Hemicellulose B: Air dried food is extracted with dilute alkali, hemicellulose B precipitates upon neutralization and addition of alcohol to the extract, which is dried and weighed.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~skaur/3200/Notes/analysis.htm (277 words)

	Natural genetic variation to find candidate hemicellulose genes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We believe that the analysis of natural variation is a feasible approach to the identification of the genes underlying the complex process of hemicellulose biosynthesis.
		Genetic analysis of natural variation is particularly well-suited to the study of processes that are so central to the life of the organism that only subtle variations are tolerated.
		Since hemicelluloses are present in all plant cells at all stages of development, null mutations or ‘strong’ alleles in genes affecting hemicellulose biosynthetic enzymes are likely to be lethal.
	www.prl.msu.edu /walton/QTLwebpage.htm (1616 words)

	CIPO - Canadian Patent Database - Claims - 1334920
		The process of claim 10 wherein a major proportion of substances other than said cellulose and hemicellulose have been removed from said plant material prior to said suspending step.
		The process of claim 25 wherein a major proportion of substances other than said cellulose and hemicellulose have been removed from said plant material prior to said suspending step.
		The process of claim 49 wherein a major proportion of substances other than said cellulose and hemicellulose have been removed from said plant material prior to said suspending step.
	patents1.ic.gc.ca /claims?patent_number=1334920&language=EN_CA (1600 words)

	Pyrean's Domain
		In plant cell walls, lignin is intimately interspersed with hemicellulose and a variety of lignin-hemicellulose linkages have been identified in both wood and pulp.
		It is thought that the difficulty in removal of the residual lignin during pulping is due to bonds between lignin and hemicelluloses.
		In the plant cell walls, lignin is intimately interspered with hemicellulose and variety of lignin-hemicellulose linkages have been identified in both wood and kraft pulps.
	users.iafrica.com /s/sw/swebber/Steven/Jacques.html (1489 words)

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