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Topic: Hemiptera

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	Hemiptera & Homoptera
		Many people refer to anything small that crawls on the ground as a “bug,” and indeed many insects have the word “bug”in their name, such as ladybug and lightningbug (both are actually beetles).
		The hemiptera, however, are the “true” bugs of the insect world, having distinct features that set them apart from other insect orders.
		Hemiptera means “halfwing,” in reference to the unique front pair of wings, which are leathery near their base and membranous towards the tips.
	www.desertmuseum.org /books/nhsd_hemiptera.html?print=y (1496 words)

	Flickr: Animal Taxonomy - Hemiptera
		Hemiptera is a large, cosmopolitan order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in three suborders.
		Members of the Hemiptera are distinguished from all other insects by both adults and nymphs having a proboscis usually specialized to suck the nectar from plant juices, including seeds, although some species are predatory (on arthropods and sometimes small animals), and a few are adapted to suck blood from mammals.
		Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other members of the classical "Homoptera" by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped third segment that bears a fine filamentous arista.
	www.flickr.com /groups/91467505@N00 (592 words)

	Stink Bug
		Many Hemiptera suck plant juices although some have evolved to suck blood and body fluids.
		Hemiptera groups include water scorpions, water boatman, backswimmers, water striders, plant bugs, bed bugs, assassin bugs, flat bugs, seed bugs, red bugs and stink bugs.
		Stink bugs are predacious on other insects, good fliers and are recognized by a large triangular scutellum on their back.
	www.insects.org /entophiles/hemiptera/hemi_008.html (125 words)

	Order Hemiptera
		Only about 10% of all species of Hemiptera are associated with water, and these are representatives of 15 families of the suborder Heteroptera, 14 of which occur in northeastern North America.
		Apart from a few aphids living on the aerial parts of water plants, the Hemiptera associated with water belong to two series of Heteroptera: the Nepomorpha, which when truly aquatic spend most of their time under water, and the Gerromorpha, which are primarily adapted to live on water surfaces.
		The ecology of the aquatic Hemiptera is much better known, and it is probable that they are limnologically more significant than the beetles.
	lakes.chebucto.org /ZOOBENTH/BENTHOS/vi.html (1344 words)

	O. Orkin Insect Zoo: Student Resources Component--Hemiptera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The order Hemiptera is pronounced "he-MIP-ter-a." This scientific name stems from the Greek words "hemi," which means half, and "ptera," which means wings.
		The mouthparts of Hemiptera include an elongated beak that is used for piercing and sucking.
		Life cycles of most Hemiptera are relatively long, and many species require a year to pass a single generation.
	insectzoo.msstate.edu /Students/hemiptera.html (1250 words)

	Gordon's Hemiptera Page
		The Hemiptera is the largest and by far the most sucessful of the Hemimetabolic insects (having young that look like wingless adults and a sort of metamorphosis that does not involve a pupa).
		Traditionally they are divided into two groups the Heteroptera and the Homoptera (Sternorrhyncha, and Auchenorrhyncha) based basically on wing stucture but now they are the order is divided into three suborders, Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera with the Auchenorrhyncha now belived to be more closely related to the Heteroptera than the Sternorrhyncha.
		The hemiptera range from 1 mm to 11 cm in length, their antennae usually only have 4 or 5 segments.
	www.earthlife.net /insects/hemipter.html (798 words)

	Hemiptera Insect Fossils - True Bugs
		Hemiptera, the true bugs, appeared in Upper Pennsylvannian-time.
		Hemiptera means "half wing" owing to the first pair of wings being toughened and hard, while the remainder of the first pair and a second pair are membranous.
		Hemiptera The true bugs possess a stylet by which they secure their food by piercing the skin of other insects or plants to suck fluids.
	www.fossilmuseum.net /Fossil_Galleries/Insect_Galleries_by_Order/Hemiptera/hemiptera_fossil_insect_gallery.htm (530 words)

	Very Cool Bugs
		The front wings of these insects have a uniform textured appearance in contrast to their Hemiptera relatives.
		Hemiptera means half wings; hemi = half, ptera = wings.
		The front wings of these insects are divided between a thickened basal region and a membranous tip.
	www.insects.org /entophiles/index.html (433 words)

	Insects in the Classroom - educational resources for teachers
		Key Characteristics: Hemiptera have a beak arising from front of the head, long antennae, and two pairs of wings (in most adults).
		Hemiptera usually have four wings held flat over the body.
		The front pair are thickened and leathery at the base with membranous tips or ends and called hemelytra.
	iitc.tamu.edu /IITC2002-2003/IITC2002/Order_of_the_Month_Hemiptera.htm (1229 words)

	Virtual collection of primary types of New Zealand Hemiptera (excluding Sternorrhyncha)
		The development and maintenance of this website are part of the research activities carried out at Landcare Research (Auckland, New Zealand) that aim to inventory and document New Zealand's Hemiptera, and to deliver the resulting biodiversity information to the widest range of end-users in the most effective way.
		The website will be updated on a regular basis and will cover all non-sternorrhynchous Hemiptera described from New Zealand for which types have been deposited in New Zealand as well as in overseas institutions.
		The Curators of New Zealand museums and collections are to be commended for their efforts to fulfil this important recommendation as they have themselves written or otherwise encouraged such publications (see Papers on types from New Zealand).
	www.landcareresearch.co.nz /research/biodiversity/invertebratesprog/hemiptera/index.asp (489 words)

	Kemper Center Problem Categories
		Barrel-shaped eggs of plant bugs (Hemiptera) have hinged lids which are thrown back when nymphs are ready to emerge; some have already emerged
		Stunted and deformed leaflets on thornless honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) are characteristic of the feeding of certain plant bugs (Hemiptera) and leafhoppers (Homoptera)
		Stippling on silver maple leaves due to feeding by true bugs (Hemiptera) or leafhoppers; galls, possibly maple bladder galls caused by an eriophyid mite, are also present
	www.mobot.org /gardeninghelp/plantfinder/IPM.asp?code=201&group=54&level=c (1268 words)

	Hemiptera
		A revision of Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Pentatomomorpha: Pentatomoidea) from Indo-Pakistan area with a cladistic analysis of the genera.
		Andersen, N. The Semiaquatic Bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) Phylogeny, Adaptations, Biogeography and Classification.
		Szelegiewicz, H. Autapomophous wing characters in the recent subgroups of Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) and their significance in the interpretation of the paleozoic members of the group.
	www.tolweb.org /tree?group=Hemiptera&contgroup=Hemipteroid_Assemblage (811 words)

	God of Insects - Museum: Hemiptera
		The Hemiptera, for some reason, get the distinction of being dubbed "bugs".
		While the word "bug" is generally used to describe any or all arthropods, in binomial nomenclature it refers specifically to the Hemiptera.
		Hemiptera appear in the fossil record during the Permian (280-225 million years ago).
	godofinsects.com /museum/order.php?oid=20 (122 words)

	Hemiptera
		The Hemiptera collection has over 850,000 bug specimens housed in over 4500 drawers and slide boxes, plus 8 alcohol cabinets and 17 slide cabinets, making it one of the largest Hemiptera collections in North America.
		Approximately 30% of the slide and alcohol collection is sorted to species group, 80% of the pinned collection is curated to the level of species or species group, and over 90% of the collection is curated to the genus level.
		The Hemiptera collection stresses the northern half of North America, with many series in both the alcohol and pinned material having been collected from identified plant hosts.
	www.canacoll.org /Hemip/Main/hemipter.htm (315 words)

	Entomology and Plant Pathology - OSU
		However, when checking the most recent Hemiptera Catalog, one quickly finds this is not the case.
		It includes all species listed in the Hemiptera Catalog (Henry and Froeschner, 1988), species in the OSU Collection, and other literature records.
		The bibliography is limited to locally produced papers, most of which are not in the literature cited section of the Hemiptera Catalog.
	entoplp.okstate.edu /museum/hemiptera.htm (228 words)

	Introduction to the Hemiptera and Homoptera
		Hemiptera means "half wing" and refers to the fact that part of the first pair of wings is toughened and hard, while the rest of the first pair and the second pair are membranous.
		Some entomologists group both Hemiptera and Homoptera within the group Heteroptera; others use the name Heteroptera for what we have called the Hemiptera and use Hemiptera for the Heteroptera.
		For more detailed information on the phylogeny of the Hemiptera, we suggest the Hemiptera page from the Tree of Life project at the University of Arizona.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /arthropoda/uniramia/hemiptera.html (285 words)

	Chironomidae Research Group
		Most aquatic Hemiptera do not rely heavily on dissolved oxygen in the water, but instead obtain oxygen from the atmosphere.
		Due to their ability ot utilize atmospheric oxygen, Hemiptera are often able to exist in water bodies with low levels of dissolved oxygen.
		After grasping a prey item, these predatory hemipterans inject enzymes into the prey with their beaks, first to poison and then to digest the insides of their prey.
	www.entomology.umn.edu /midge/Hemiptera.htm (181 words)

	Zootaxa; Hemiptera
		A new Buchananiella Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) from Indochina and the Malay Peninsula, with a note on B.
		A new genus of Neocoelidiinae Oman (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae)
		Revision of the leafhopper tribe Krisnini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) of the Indian subcontinent
	www.mapress.com /zootaxa/taxa/Hemiptera.html (3069 words)

	Hemiptera...it's a bug's life - Natural History Museum
		There is a great variety of Hemiptera, more commonly known as bugs, in existence.
		They have evolved an extraordinary range of body forms and lifestyles--some live on land, some live in water, some feed on plants while others are voracious carnivores or scavengers.
		Until 1938 whale carcasses were buried in the Museum grounds so that their flesh would decay leaving only the skeletons.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /nature-online/life/insects-spiders/fathom-bugslife/hemipteraits-a-bugs-life.html (108 words)

	Hemiptera - bugs, aphids, cicadas
		There are about 6000 described species in Australia, ranging in size from 1 to 110 millimetres in length.
		Most species of Hemiptera are plant feeders, sucking sap with many causing considerable damage to crops, ornamental garden plants such as roses, shrubs and trees.
		Some species are bloodsuckers of mammals and birds while others are predators that feed on other invertebrates, including some pest species and are therefore beneficial to man.
	www.ento.csiro.au /education/insects/hemiptera.html (441 words)

	[No title]
		James, D.G.; C.J. Moore; J.R. Aldrich (1994) Identification, synthesis, and bioactivity of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).
		Descriptors: attractants, environmental factors, temperature, pheromones, aggregation pheromones, behavior, Triatoma mazzottii, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae, Hemiptera, parasites, vectors, pathogens and biogenic diseases of humans, repellents and attractants.
		Descriptors: Hemiptera, reproduction, oranges, fruit crops, agricultural entomology, Orthezia praelonga, Citrus, Acalypha, Brazil, Rutaceae, Sapindales, Euphorbiaceae, South America, pests of plants.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/Labinsects/Hemiptera.htm (2437 words)

	Bugs, Aphids and Cicadas - Order Hemiptera
		In all Hemiptera, the mouthparts arise from the front of the head, and the labium folds out of the way during feeding.
		The major different of Hemiptera to other insects is their piercing-sucking mouthparts.
		Their sucking mouths are so success that their offspring became one of the dominant group in insect class.
	www.geocities.com /brisbane_bugs (730 words)

	Lab Notes for the Aquatic Hemiptera
		Nymphs of aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera have 1-segmented tarsi, while adults have 2 tarsal segments on at least some legs.
		Hussey, R. The waterbugs (Hemiptera) of the Douglas Lake region, Michigan.
		Menke, A. The semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mjwiley/www516/lab_notes_for_heteroptera.htm (410 words)

	hemiptera - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Hemiptera : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Hemiptera : Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary, 27th Edition [home, info]
		Hemiptera : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=hemiptera&loc=wotd (184 words)

	True Bugs: Index of the Order Hemiptera
		Although the name bug has become loosly applied to most small insect-like creatures, Hemipterans are the only insects correctly identified as bugs.
		Members of the Order Hemiptera are characterized by sucking mouthparts that originate from the tips of their head.
		Their forewings are also differentiated with a thickened base and membranous tip.
	www.insects.org /entophiles/hemiptera/index.html (83 words)

	Hemiptera at the Museum of Entomology (FSCA)
		Greg Hodges, Curator of Hemiptera (Coccoidea and Aleyrodidae)
		The Hemiptera collections of the Museum of Entomology (FSCA) in drawers and storage have been inventoried as described for the Diptera.
		The collection is mostly of Florida species; however, many samples from the circum-Caribbean area have been added in the past 24 years.
	www.fsca-dpi.org /Homoptera_Hemiptera/HomopteraHemipteraText.htm (240 words)

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