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	HARRATIN - LoveToKnow Article on HARRATIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		HARRIER, or HEN-HARRIER, name given to certain birds of prey which were formerly very abundant in parts of the British Islands, from their habit of harrying poultry.
		But harriers are not, like buzzards, arboreal in their habits, and always affect open country, generally, though not invariably, preferring marshy or fenny districts, for snakes and frogs form a great part of their ordinary food.
		Harriers are found almost all over the world,1 and The distribution of the different species is rather curious, while the range of some is exceedingly wideone, C. ?eaillardi, seems to be limited to the island of Reunion (Bourbon).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HA/HARRATIN.htm (734 words)

	hen - definition by dict.die.net
		hen n 1: adult female chicken [syn: biddy] 2: adult female bird 3: flesh of an older chicken suitable for stewing 4: female of certain aquatic animals e.g.
		Hen harrier (Zo["o]l.), a hawk (Circus cyaneus), found in Europe and America; -- called also dove hawk, henharm, henharrow, hen driver, and usually, in America, marsh hawk.
		Hen hawk (Zo["o]l.), one of several species of large hawks which capture hens; esp., the American red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), the red-shouldered hawk (B.
	dict.die.net /hen (198 words)

	Association of Chief Police Officers - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		THE Hen Harrier is under threat throughout the UK and in England is facing extinction as a breeding species.
		The persecution of Hen Harriers is a criminal offence and it is the duty of police officers to prevent and investigate criminal offences in a fair and consistent manner.
		Hen Harriers take small prey items during spring, but red grouse chicks form an important proportion of their diet during summer and this fact brings the birds into conflict with grouse managers seeking to maximise the number of grouse for shooting during the autumn.
	www.acpo.police.uk /news/2004/q1/OPERATION_ARTEMIS.html (849 words)

	Peatlands \| Wildlife \| Birds \| Hen Harrier
		The Hen harrier is a spectacular bird of prey that lives in upland areas up to about 500m in Northern Ireland.
		Hen harriers feed mainly on smaller birds during the breeding season, but will occasionally take mammals up to the size of a hare and are notorious for taking wounded gamebirds.
		The Hen harrier is listed in Annex I, of the Birds Directive, Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Appendix II of the Bonn Convention.
	www.peatlandsni.gov.uk /wildlife/birds/harrier.htm (376 words)

	Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus
		There are indications that a higher proportion of male hen harriers winter in the milder parts of Britain than in the north and east.
		Hen harriers formerly nested in the Fens and Broads, the last occasion in Norfolk being at Horsey in 1861.
		Hen harriers rarely fly in wet weather, but in dry conditions the birds spend much of the day on the wing.
	www.birdsofbritain.co.uk /bird-guide/hen-harrier.htm (517 words)

	Coillte Newsletters June 04, Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) Underway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hen Harrier nests are found in a wide variety of upland habitats but in Ireland, the most frequently used nesting habitat appears to be pre-thicket second rotation conifer plantation.
		The impact on Hen Harrier populations of wind farm development in uplands is unclear, and continues to be the subject of debate.
		The Hen Harrier is one of Ireland and Europe's rarest birds of prey.
	www.coillte.ie /newsletters/www5/issue5-4.htm (1638 words)

	* Hen - (Animals): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The kee-kee run is the voice of a young turkey changing from a whistle to a yelp and is usually heard in the fall...
		The adult female chicken is called a hen, the adult male is called a rooster, and the young are called poults.
		The gland, found only in males, grows to the size of a hen's egg; the secretion is reddish-brown, with a honeylike consistency and a strong odor that may function in the animal as a sexual attractant...
	www.bestknows.com /animals/hen.html (725 words)

	UK Lowland Hen Harrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) is a large raptor which makes seasonal migrations from upland breeding grounds to lowland wintering grounds, where it forms communal roosts at night amongst vegetation.
		Passerine birds form the majority of the hen harrier’s winter prey, themselves feeding mainly on cereal grain and the seeds of arable weeds.
		Hen harrier pellets found at roosts contain not only the remains of their prey, but also of the food of their prey.
	www.geog.nott.ac.uk /~michele/harrier.htm (221 words)

	8/5/2003 -- U.K. Fires Forcing Bird of Prey Extinction?
		Hen harriers in Northumberland were killed in 1999, using a banned pesticide concealed in bait.
		Gamekeepers believe that hen harriers do serious damage to red grouse populations, said Hughes,"[but] it's unfeasible to imagine that half a dozen pairs of hen harriers can be responsible for the demise of grouse in England, that number hundreds of thousands each autumn," he said.
		There is no evidence that hen harriers are responsible for depressing breeding populations of red grouse, though it is plausible that they can depress the "shootable surplus" when grouse are at the low point in their natural cycle, he said.
	forests.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=22435 (1237 words)

	Garcia, J (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		We tested this hypothesis on two sympatric ground-nesting raptors, the Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus and the Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus in Madrid, central Spain, where the Hen Harrier is at the southern edge of its breeding range in the western Palearctic and the Montagu’s Harrier is central in its distribution.
		Additionally, in the Hen Harrier, the proportion of eggs that did not hatch in each clutch increased with higher temperatures during the incubation period.
		Hen Harriers, commonest at northern latitudes, are probably best adapted to the most typical conditions at those latitudes, and have probably not developed thermoregulatory or behavioural mechanisms to cope with drought and high temperatures in mediterranean habitats, in contrast to Montagu’s Harrier.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /eco.24.4.abstracts/Garcia2887.html (355 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Four young Hen Harriers - the most endangered bird of prey in England - have successfully flown from a nest in the North Pennines, the RSPB announced today.
		Illegal killing is the principal reason why Hen Harriers are absent from almost all areas of suitable moorland habitat in the north of England and they are one of the most persecuted birds in the UK.
		Hen Harriers, along with all other birds of prey, are fully protected by UK law and anyone disturbing, killing, injuring or taking birds, their nests or eggs can face a fine of up to £5,000 for each incident or six months in prison.
	www.birdguides.com /birdnews/article.asp?a=289 (629 words)

	Harriers - Birds ProvenceBeyond
		Harriers are medium-sized birds of prey, usually with long, narrow wings and long, narrow tails when soaring.
		The harrier is common in all of the lowland areas of Beyond, and easily seen in the Camargue.
		This is the smallest of the harriers, and closely resembles the Hen Harrier in coloring.
	www.beyond.fr /birds/harriers.html (187 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Hen harrier, northern harrier
		Hen harriers have a body length of 43-52cm, a wingspan of 99-121cm and weigh 0.3-0.53kg.
		Hen harriers feed on small mammals and birds, and occasionally reptiles, amphibians and insects.
		Hen harriers are not considered to be globally threatened, although their numbers do seem to be reducing.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/236.shtml (322 words)

	Hen Harrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hen Harriers are graceful, medium-sized members of the hawk family (Accipiteridae) found in a variety of open habitats right across the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.
		Since 1954 however, Hen Harriers have been afforded special statutory protection in the UK and this has led to a partial recovery in the breeding population which now stands at 600-700 pairs.
		Local experts believe it is possible to increase the Renfrewshire population of Hen Harriers by 25% (3 or 4 pairs) as well as improving their nesting success in the face of persecution and habitat degradation.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /renbap/HARRIER.htm (416 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- May 2002, week 4 (#109)
		The hen harrier is one of England's most spectacular birds of prey and nothing can be more memorable than seeing males 'sky dancing' in front of prospective mates in their annual courtship displays." English Nature has become increasingly concerned about the status of the hen harrier in England.
		The project aims to: Monitor the remaining hen harrier population in England and their breeding success; Identify the factors that are currently restricting hen harrier numbers; Take subsequent measures to increase the hen harrier population in England.
		Please phone Richard Saunders, Hen Harrier Project Officer, English Nature Cumbria Team: telephone: 01539 792800 Ends Notes for editors: The hen harrier was once a fairly common and widespread bird in Britain and there are breeding records from many English counties from the early 19th Century.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0205d&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=11610 (581 words)

	Countryside Alliance - News Releases - Alliance challenges Hen Harrier 'Witch hunt
		However, this campaign targets one species, the Hen Harrier, and one group of people, moorland managers, when there is no evidence to back the claims that are being made.
		Hen Harriers are the subject of a specific English Nature (EN) recovery project, working with landowners to identify factors currently restricting their breeding.
		Figures collated by EN for failed English Hen Harrier nesting attempts in 2003 show that most were due to adverse weather, predation, accidental fires, polygamy and infertility - not persecution.
	www.countryside-alliance.org /news/04/040223hen.html (536 words)

	Hen harrier - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		Moors managed for grouse shooting are particularly attractive to hen harriers because they have vegetation of mixed ages.
		Hen harriers generally avoid grasslands for breeding but they can be popular for foraging, since they support high numbers of birds and mammals that are the harriers' main prey.
		In the breeding season UK birds are to be found on the upland heather moorlands of Wales, Northern England, N Ireland and Scotland (as well as the Isle of Man).
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/h/henharrier/index.asp (389 words)

	Harrier (bird) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Harrier is any of several species of diurnal birds of prey which fly low over meadows and marshes and hunt or harry small animals or birds (hence their common name).
		The American Northern Harrier is also known as the Marsh Hawk.
		It is usually classed as conspecific with the Hen Harrier, but is sometimes considered a separate species.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Harrier_(bird) (146 words)

	5/1/2005 -- UK: Rare bird on verge of extinction
		Hen harriers breed on upland heather moorlands and during the winter move to lowland farmland, heathland, coastal marshes and fenland.
		A major cause for concern is that the hen harrier is disliked by many estate owners because it eats red grouse chicks, affecting the number of grouse available to shoot during the autumn.
		The RSPB claims the hen harrier is the "most intensively persecuted" bird of prey in the UK.
	forests.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=37899 (748 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Police protection for rare birds
		Hen Harriers are among Britain's rarest bird of prey
		Hen harriers prey on grouse chicks, and many are shot or poisoned and their eggs destroyed on shooting estates.
		RSPB regional director Andy Bunten said: "The absence of hen harriers from wide swathes of upland England is a national disgrace.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/3514415.stm (341 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Sci-Tech - Grouse moors may be death of hen harrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Despite the results of a major survey showing a significant increase in numbers of the threatened Scottish hen harrier, particularly in Orkney, the Western Isles and the North and West Highlands, there is an evident fall-off in areas where there is a concentration of grouse moors.
		It shows the hen harrier population had increased by 45 per cent from 436 pairs in 1998 to 633 in 2004.
		Stuart Housden, the director of RSPB Scotland, said: "The recovery of the hen harrier population in the north and west of Scotland is to be warmly welcomed.
	news.scotsman.com /scitech.cfm?id=384012005 (525 words)

	The Scotsman - Scotland - Scotland's hen harrier's being forced to take flight, says survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		ONE of Scotland’s rarest birds of prey, the hen harrier, is being forced out of many of its upland haunts because of illegal persecution by gamekeepers, according to new research by government scientists.
		Early results from a national survey of hen harriers show that, over the past six years, populations on the Scottish mainland have fallen - from 430 pairs to around 400.
		It has been illegal to kill hen harriers since 1954 but studies have confirmed that they can kill large numbers of grouse chicks, so greatly reducing the profitability of commercial grouse shoots.
	thescotsman.scotsman.com /scotland.cfm?id=883682004 (602 words)

	Environmental Concern Orkney (ECO) - News
		Orkney and especially the West mainland is renowned for its hen harriers with, in the past a strong and healthy breeding population.
		Orkney hen harriers were so prolific that they contributed to the re-establishment of the Scottish mainland populations after their near extinction in the 1930's.
		The hen harrier scheme will over the next five years try to re-establish some of these habitats in order to encourage the natural prey for the harriers.
	www.burness.force9.co.uk /news.html (708 words)

	Hen Harriers
		As a result, the profile of the Hen Harrier is being raised in the public eye at present.
		We do not know all the answers to the problems concerning Hen Harriers, wind power stations and afforestation, but we do submit that research, discussions and integrated planning are the only way to resolve the problem.
		Even without a SPA designation, the Hen Harrier population must be considered by County Council planners, as happened in the Knockastunna Hill wind farm application in County Limerick.
	www.birdweb.net /henharrier.html (4949 words)

	U.K. Fires Forcing Bird of Prey Extinction? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hen harriers have been heavily persecuted by gamekeepers, due to their perceived effect on red grouse populations.
		One uncontrollable wildfire in heather moorlands at Bowlands Fell in the county of Lancashire, has burned out 750 acres (250 hectares) of high quality moorland habitat in the most important hen harrier nesting area in the country.
		The hen harrier (top) is a bird of prey, belonging to the same family as hawks, vultures, and eagles.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/05/0508_030508_henharriers.html (865 words)

	Wildlife - Hen Harrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Scarce, but the most likely harrier species to be seen in Britain.
		Male has pale blue-grey plumage except for white belly, white rump and fl wingtips.
		Winters mostly S of breeding range, numbers swollen by continental birds.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/wildlife/birds_hen_harrier.html (85 words)

	Britain's oldest bird reaches 50 years of age
		Since moving to Orkney, his interests in raptors have continued (with papers on Merlin and Hen Harrier) and extended to include Pintail, skuas, Mute Swan and the affects of aero-generators on birds.
		English Nature launched its Hen Harrier project in the uplands this week (April 26th 2002) with the encouraging news that 35 Hen Harriers - the most endangered bird of prey in England - have been seen across the moors of northern England in the past fortnight.
		The Hen Harrier was once a fairly common and widespread bird in Britain and there are breeding records from many English counties from the early 19th Century.
	www.surfbirds.com /mb/news/manx-record.html (779 words)

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