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Topic: Hendrik Casimir

	Physics Today September 2000
		Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir, a brilliant scientist and leader of industrial research, died on 4 May in Heeze, the Netherlands, after a brief illness.
		Casimir's PhD thesis, which he completed in 1931, dealt with the quantum mechanics of a rigid spinning body and the group theory of the rotations of molecules.
		Casimir's abundant knowledge of science (and arts!) together with his extraordinary capacity for dissecting the most intricate problems, often by the use of amusing metaphors, made conversation with him on the bottlenecks in scientific progress not only entertaining but also effective.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-53/iss-9/p80.html (0 words)

	Efecto Cassimir (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of Casimir's colleagues, Theo Overbeek, realized that the theory that was used at the time to explain van der Waals forces, which had been developed by Fritz London in 1932, did not properly explain the experimental measurements on colloids.
		The Casimir force reduced the rate of oscillation and led to nonlinear phenomena, such as hysteresis and bistability in the frequency response of the oscillator.
		To prevent the Casimir force from being swamped by the electrostatic force, the mirrors had to be kept neutral by first touching them together before each measurement was made.
	www.cefaa.cl /Articulos/Cassimir.htm (3267 words)

	Hendrik Casimir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (July 15, 1909 in The Hague, Netherlands – May 4, 2000 in Heeze) was a Dutch physicist best known for his research on the Casimir effect in 1946.
		Although he spent much of his professional life in industry, Hendrik Casimir was one of the great Dutch theoretical physicists.
		Casimir made many contributions to science during his years in research from 1931 to 1950.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hendrik_Casimir (356 words)

	The Casimir effect: a force from nothing - Physics World - physicsworld.com
		One of Casimir's colleagues, Theo Overbeek, realized that the theory that was used at the time to explain van der Waals forces, which had been developed by Fritz London in 1932, did not properly explain the experimental measurements on colloids.
		The Casimir force reduced the rate of oscillation and led to nonlinear phenomena, such as hysteresis and bistability in the frequency response of the oscillator.
		To prevent the Casimir force from being swamped by the electrostatic force, the mirrors had to be kept neutral by first touching them together before each measurement was made.
	physicsworld.com /cws/article/print/9747 (0 words)

	Casimir effect@Everything2.com
		The Casimir effect is a way to produce a negative curvature of spacetime by creating a negative energy density, and has been successfully done in labratory tests.
		First proposed by the Dutch scientist Hendrick Casimir in 1948, the Casimir force supports the quantum electrodynamics portion of the vacuum fluctuation theory by Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg.
		Casimir theorized that if two perfectly parallel plates could be brought closely enough together, the tiny space created would be free from all long-wavelength particles, as the spontaneously-occurring particles that are constantly being created would appear on the outsides of the plates, and not in the too-small space between them.
	www.everything2.net /index.pl?node_id=731897 (842 words)

	The Casimir effect: a force from nothing - Physics World - physicsworld.com
		The researchers were able to measure the Casimir force to within 1% of the expected theoretical value.
		It turns out that the measured Casimir force between real metallic mirrors that are 0.1 µm apart is only half the theoretical value predicted for perfect mirrors.
		Hendrik Casimir himself thought about this problem as early as 1953 while looking for a stable model for the electron.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/15/9/6 (0 words)

	Sympathetic Vibratory Physics - John W. Keely's Sacred Science.
		Casimir and colloids The fact that an attractive force exists between two conducting metal plates was first predicted in 1948 by Hendrik Casimir of Philips Research Laboratories in the Netherlands.
		Measuring the Casimir effect When the Casimir effect was first predicted in 1948 it was very difficult to measure using the equipment of the time.
		Improved calculations The problem with studying the Casimir effect is that real mirrors are not like the perfectly smooth plane mirrors that Hendrik Casimir originally considered.
	www.svpvril.com /svpnotes/CASIMIR_152812.html (3224 words)

	Casimir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Casimir effect, an attraction between parallel plates best explained by quantum mechanics
		Casimir Zeglen, pastor and inventor of a bullet resistant cloth
		Casimir, Ontario a community in the Canadian province of Ontario
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Casimir (165 words)

	Onofrio Research Group
		Static Casimir apparatus, with microscope in foreground, fiber and electrical feedthroughs on the left side, pump connection and electrical feedthroughs on the right, and coarse approach micrometers on top and bottom.
		One of the open problems in the physics of Casimir effects is the interplay between quantum vacuum fluctuations and thermal contributions.
		A dedicated torsion balance to measure the Casimir force is under development at the Institute Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, in the framework of a Dartmouth-Grenoble-Paris collaboration.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~ongroup/research_casimir.html (481 words)

	Hendrik Casimir at AllExperts
		Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (July 15, 1909 – May 4, 2000) was a Dutch physicist.
		He was born in The Hague, Netherlands and studied at the University of Leiden under Paul Ehrenfest, where he received his Ph.D. in 1931 and subsequently worked as an assistant to Wolfgang Pauli at the ETH ZÃ¼rich.
		Casimir made many contributions to science during his years in research from 1931 to 1950.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/he/hendrik_casimir.htm (381 words)

	What is the Casimir Effect?
		This force was predicted in 1948 by Hendrik Casimir, a Dutch theoretical physicist.
		The recognized cause of the Casimir effect is the quantum vacuum fluctuations (zero-point fluctuations) of the electromagnetic field between the plates.
		It seems that the Casimir force is too small to be applied usefully to any of our present-day technology, though knowledge of its existence may be essential for those designing micromechanical or nanomechanical robotic devices in the present and in the decades to come.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-casmir-effect.htm (415 words)

	PhysicsWeb - The Casimir effect: a force from nothing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This startling phenomenon was first predicted in 1948 by the Dutch theoretical physicist Hendrik Casimir while he was working at Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven on - of all things - colloidal solutions (see box).
		The Casimir force is the most famous mechanical effect of vacuum fluctuations.
		Umar Mohideen and co-workers at the University of California at Riverside, for example, attached a polystyrene sphere 200 µm in diameter to the tip of atomic force microscope (figure 3).
	www-zeuthen.desy.de /~astahl/Vorlesung04/Teilchen-09/CasimirEffect.html (3305 words)

	Hendrik Casimir and John Ward - Physics World - physicsworld.com
		Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir was born in the Hague in the Netherlands in 1909 and received his PhD from the University of Leiden in 1931.
		Casimir is best known for his prediction of the Casimir effect in 1948.
		Casimir received many honours in his life including an honorary fellowship of the Institute of Physics, fellowship of the Royal Society, and the George E Pake Prize of the American Physical Society.
	physicsworld.com /cws/article/news/2835 (0 words)

	Geschiedenis volgens Eekhoff
		1499 (1) Albert komt met zijn zoon Hendrik in Friesland, wordt gehuldigd en stelt een Provincialen Raad in.
		1685 (1) Dapperheid van Prins Hendrik Casimir, van Aylva en van Coehoorn in den veldslagen van Fleurus enz.
		1696 (1) Prins Hendrik Casimir II en zijne moeder Prinses Albertina Agnes overlijden.
	www.liwwadders.nl /data/nieuws/items/EEZZVlVkEVTkfyOrIB.php (0 words)

	The Casimir Effect (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Casimir effect is a small attractive forcewhich acts between two close parallel unchargedconducting plates.
		The effect was predicted by the Dutch physicistHendrick Casimir in 1948.
		Casimir realised that between two plates,only those virtual photons whose wavelengths fita whole number of times into the gap should be counted whencalculating the vacuum energy.
	johnoleary.net /cones/casimir_effect.html (319 words)

	Casimir Effect Bibliography by James F. Babb
		Casimir force between a dielectric sphere and a wall: A model for amplification of vacuum fluctuations, L. Ford, Phys.
		A workshop Casimir effects: Recent developments in theory and experiment was held at ITAMP on November 14, 15, and 16, 2002.
		The Casimir Effect - A Symposium, March 18, 2005, to honor the retirement of Professor Igor Dzyaloshinskii, University of California, Irvine.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /~babb/casimir-bib.html (2940 words)

	Calphysics Institute: Introduction to Zero-Point Energy
		In 1947 Hendrik Casimir, once an assistant of Pauli, was working in applied industrial research at the Philips Laboratory in the Netherlands along with physicist J. Overbeek.
		The Casimir force was not measured to high precision until the mid 1990s, when measurements by S. Lamoreux at the University of Washington verified Casimir's predictions to within five percent in the size range of a few microns.
		Moreover the Casimir force (also called Casimir effect) has become relevant to micro-electro-mechanical structures in which it is both a problem (termed ''stiction'') and a possible mechanism for control.
	www.calphysics.org /zpe.html (3519 words)

	Quantum effect moves machine TRN 021401
		The phenomenon, predicted in 1948 by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, observed in 1958 and measured in 1996, is called the Casimir effect.
		The Casimir effect is already a problem for fabricating MEMS devices because at very short distances free surfaces tend to stick together, said Mohideen.
		The Casimir effect could be a factor for MEMS designers in five years, he said.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/021401/Quantum_effect_moves_machine_021401.html (847 words)

	CERN Courier - Bookshelf - IOP Publishing - article
		For example, Casimir forces can be repulsive; they tend to expand a spherical shell, which is by no means intuitively obvious and in fact is a bit of a pity.
		Anticipating a force of the opposite sign, Casimir had hoped that they might supply the Poincaré stresses needed to stabilize a model of an electron as a tiny spherical shell of charge, and even lead to a calculation of the numerical value of the fine structure constant.
		The Casimir effect is about a lot more than a force between two metal plates, and Milton's book offers a great opportunity to read about it and learn the techniques by which it can be calculated.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/42/3/20/1 (1327 words)

	[No title]
		One of Casimir's colleagues -- Theo Overbeek -- realized that the theory that was used at the time to explain van der Waals forces (which had been developed by Fritz London in 1932) did not properly explain the experimental measurements on colloids.
		It was the Dutch theoretical physicist Hendrik Casimir (1909-2000) who first realized that when two mirrors face each other in a vacuum, fluctuations in the vacuum exert "radiation pressure" on them.
		When the two cylinders are close together, the Casimir force causes the lower cylinder to be attracted to the upper one, thereby deflecting the spring in the process.
	www.stealthskater.com /Documents/Casimir_1.doc (4557 words)

	The Casimir Effect: Theory and Practice (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Over half a century ago, Hendrik Casimir predicted the existence of a force between grounded conducting plates due to their effect on the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field.
		Casimir's force depends only on Planck's constant, the speed of light, and the distance between the plates.
		The "Casimir Effect" has been interpreted as direct evidence for quantum effects in the vacuum and applied to everything from micromachinery to the cosmological constant.
	www.phys.uconn.edu /Seminars/2006Fall/20061027pcl.html (159 words)

	dekoperentuin.nl - Geschiedenis
		Hendrik Casimir Ð†Ð† (7 jaar) wordt benoemd tot Stadhouder van Friesland, Groningen en Drenthe.
		Hendrik Casimir Ð†Ð† trouwt met Henriëtte Amalia van Anhaltdessau.
		Willem Carel Hendrik Friso wordt tot stadhouder van de zeven provinciën uitgeroepen en vertrekt naar Den Haag.
	www.dekoperentuin.nl /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=31 (0 words)

	Vox of Dartmouth - The force is with them - 12/05/05
		Onofrio and his co-investigators, Michael Brown-Hayes and W.J. "Andy" Kim (both graduate students), D.A.R. Dalvit of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and F.D. Mazzitelli of the Universidad de Buenos Aires, propose an experiment that may show that the energy causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate comes from the properties of quantum vacuum.
		The Casimir effect holds that two surfaces in a vacuum will be mutually attracted to each other due to minor fluctuations that occur.
		By measuring the Casimir force with greater precision than ever before, Onofrio hopes to show that quantum fluctuations within a vacuum account for the apparent introduction of the energy that seems to propel the expanding universe.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~vox/0506/1205/physics.html (459 words)

	Hendrik Casimir
		In the literature of physics Hendrik Casimir features amongst a multitude of names associated with Laws and Effects, each name a convenient label for a precise physical relationship of one kind or another.
		The experimental verification of the results Casimir obtained has been widely interpreted as vindicating some of the most important but least intuitive principles of quantum electrodynamics, the progeny of quantum mechanics and special relativity.
		Casimir was a man highly interested in the communication of science at all levels, from conferences to magazines for the general public, and with a genuine interest in science-related philosophical issues.
	stacks.iop.org /0143-0807/22/i=4/a=001 (672 words)

	News Extra - "Holy Grail" of Universe Still a Mystery
		It was named after Hendrik Casimir, a Dutch physicist, who in 1948 predicted that two uncharged parallel metal plates would be subject to a force pressing them together.
		The Casimir force can only be measured when the distance between the two plates is extremely small; the order of several atomic diameters.
		Anyone creating a nanodevice will have to consider the Casimir force, just as a car manufacturer has to consider tyre friction and air resistance." This is an important discovery, but Fischbach and his team have much grander plans.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/casimir.shtml (770 words)

	The Hindu : Setting micro gears in motion
		While the force is attractive in nature for two parallel plates, for two hemispherical shells, whose circular rims can be placed against each other to form one sphere, the force is repulsive and tends to break the sphere apart.
		The lateral Casimir force, which Mohideen's laboratory has demonstrated and which MIT physicist Meharan Kardar predicted in 1997, is another such shape-dependent Casimir force.
		The normal Casimir force would move the membrane up and down in the vertical plane, while the lateral Casimir force would slide it back and forth.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/seta/2002/03/14/stories/2002031400090300.htm (434 words)

	James A. Slinkman's Colloquium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Presented by Dr. James A. Slinkman, IBM Microelectronics, Essex Junction, VT In 1948, Hendrik Casimir made the remarkable prediction that there should be an attractive force between two uncharged, planar conductors which are in close proximity to each other.
		Experimental verification of the Casimir force has been a holy grail of sorts in the physics community for over 50 years.
		made the claim that the Casimir energy in a Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET), such as used in production-level VLSI chips of that era, ought to be 10% of the stored Coulomb energy when the MOSFET is a state of charge inversion.
	www.nhn.ou.edu /~leighly/colloquium/abs/slinkman.html (257 words)

	The Casimir Force - Casimir's Biography
		Hendrik B. Casimir was born in The Hague on 15 July 1909 and died on 4 May 2000 in Heeze, the Netherlands.
		Casimir studied physics at Leiden beginning in 1928 and received his Ph.D. at Leiden University in 1931.
		His PhD thesis, dealt with the quantum mechanics of a rigid spinning body and the group theory of the rotations of molecules.
	www.casimir.rl.ac.uk /casimirs_biography.htm (241 words)

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