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Topic: Henry Billings Brown

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	Henry Billings Brown
		Henry Billings Brown was born in Massachusetts in March 1836.
		Brown may be best known for an opinion that is now reviled: he wrote the majority's opinion in Plessy v.
		Brown, like his fellow Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes and a number of other social elites of that time, was a social Darwinist, and his views of women and minorities were at best, crabbed and at worst, racist.
	www.michaelariens.com /ConLaw/justices/brown.htm (311 words)

	Brown v. Board of Education Profiles
		Brown was born in New England in 1836 where a majority of Puritans lived.
		Brown wrote that his puritan family was "neither bigoted nor intolerant," according to a profile at www.pbs.org.
		Oliver Brown was one of the plaintiff's in Brown v.
	web.ku.edu /~ojclass/brown/profiles/profile_hbbrown.html (348 words)

	Henry Billings Brown biography
		Justice Henry Billings Brown of Michigan wrote the majority opinion, and Justice John Marshall Harlan of Kentucky, the dissent.
		Henry Billings Brown, son of Billings and Mary Amy (Tyler) Brown, was born in South Lee, Massachusetts, March 2, 1836.
		In Brown's view, the liberty to make contracts was such a fundamental right that it could be abridged by the government only for a good reason and he did not see the regulation of baker's hours as a true health and safety hazard, as he had for miners.
	www.ca6.uscourts.gov /lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/hbb-bio.html (1375 words)

	Brown, Henry Billings: West's Encyclopedia of American Law
		Henry Billings Brown was an associate justice of the Supreme Court from 1890 to 1906.
		Born to a wealthy family on March 2, 1836, at South Lee, Massachusetts, Brown attended private schools as a child.
		Brown was appointed deputy U.S. marshal in 1861.
	law.enotes.com /wests-law-encyclopedia/brown-henry-billings (205 words)

	Henry Billings Brown
		Brown was admitted to the bar in Detroit in 1860 and three years later became assistant U.S. attorney for the eastern district of Michigan (1863-68).
		Brown was a hardworking justice and helped to reduce the court's backlog of cases.
		Henry Billings Brown, who retired from the court when he reached the age of seventy, died at Bronxville, New York, on 4th September, 1913.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAbrownHB.htm (803 words)

	The Supreme Court Historical Society
		Brown became District Judge, he kept yearly diaries which I have, in which almost every day he made a memorandum of any incident of special interest.
		As Justice Brown's autobiography touches on almost all periods of his life, I see no way but to add such facts as appear interesting, or instructive, and then give such judgment of him as a man and a judge as appears just.
		Judith Brown, and their granddaughter subsequently married my father, Billings Brown, who after a time removed to South Lee, Massachusetts, where I was born March 2, 1836.
	www.supremecourthistory.org /04_library/subs_volumes/04_c04_a.html (4808 words)

	Henry Billings Brown Information
		Henry Billings Brown (born South Lee, Massachusetts, March 2, 1836; died Bronxville, New York, September 4, 1913) was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from January 5, 1891 to May 28, 1906.
		Brown left diaries written from his college days until his appointment as a federal judge in 1875.
		Brown is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown (331 words)

	Henry Billings Brown Gravesite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mike's Notes: Henry Billings Brown was nominated to the US Supreme Court by his friend President Benjamin Harrison, one of four justices nominated by Harrison during his single term of office.
		Brown was generally regarded as a solid and capable justice, though modern historians give him a frown for his most famous opinion, Plessy v.
		This is your seventieth birthday, and I have come to comply with the instructions you gave me then." (New York Times, March 9, 1906; quoted in Leaving the Bench: Supreme Court Justices at the End by David N.
	www.thecemeteryproject.com /Graves/brown-henry-billings.htm (109 words)

	Old Gold & Black > School district going back in time
		In 1896, Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote the majority opinion in a rather well-known Supreme Court case examining the possible injustice of fl and Creole segregation laws in Louisiana at the time.
		Brown stated that day in court that “separate but equal” laws did not imply the inferiority of one race to another.
		The fact that a group of politicians in 2006, persons elected to act in the best interest of the times, have decided to approve a law dividing the Omaha, Neb. school district into three racially divided sections is as absolute slap in the face of progress.
	ogb.wfu.edu /?id=3397_0_8_0_M (648 words)

	Henry Billings Brown - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		President Benjamin Harrison appointed Brown to the U.S. Supreme Court on December 23, 1890.
		Brown is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit.
		In 1864 Brown married Caroline Pitts, the daughter of a wealthy Detroit lumberman; they had no children.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Henry_B._Brown (429 words)

	Roberts, Plessy, and Brown: The Long, Hard Struggle Against Segregation \| James Oliver Horton and Michele Gates Moresi ...
		It was reprinted in the Spring 1999 issue of the Brown Quarterly, published by the Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence, and Research.
		Like the Brown case, Roberts had been a school desegregation case, and like both Brown and Plessy, the arguments in Roberts had implications far beyond the specifics of the case.
		The Plessy decision, the Brown decision, and all those who struggle for racial justice stand on the shoulders of Benjamin Roberts, a man who simply wanted a good education for his five-year-old daughter.
	www.oah.org /pubs/magazine/deseg/horton.html (1996 words)

	INTERRACIAL VOICE - Guest Editorial
		Brown vs. Board of Education seemed to overturn Plessy.
		Thus, Lofgren continues, when affirmative action programs began in the 1970s "their advocates had to show that Brown did not mean that all racial classifications were per se unconstitutional." These advocates were, in large part, highly successful.
		And perhaps the number is significant, for a new voice is crying out to the federal government to take a fresh stance regarding racial classification.
	www.webcom.com /intvoice/maria.html (1722 words)

	Plessy v. Ferguson - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The case arose from resentment among fl and Creole residents of New Orleans and was supported by the railroad companies, who felt it unnecessary to pay the cost of separate cars.
		Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote the majority opinion, stating that "separate but equal" laws did not imply the inferiority of one race to another.
		The decision provided constitutional sanction for the adoption throughout the South of a comprehensive series of Jim Crow laws, which were maintained until overruled in 1954 by Brown v.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-plessyvf1.html (390 words)

	92.01.09: The Brown Decision. Fact or Myth in Connecticut?
		Brown did not believe that Louisiana railway segregation act implied that the Louisiana Negro was inferior to his white counterpart.
		Justice Brown also held to the principle that generally it was an accepted belief that state legislatures had the power to legally separate the races in places they would be brought into contact.
		Brown neglected to mention in citing the Robert’s case that six years later the Massachusetts legislature prohibited school segregation.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1992/1/92.01.09.x.html (14331 words)

	The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Brown, G to I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Brown, Garry — of Austin, Travis County, Tex. Democrat.
		Brown, Gavin — of Clermont, Lake County, Fla. Democrat.
		Brown, Herman — of Austin, Travis County, Tex. Democrat.
	politicalgraveyard.com /bio/brown4.html (1004 words)

	The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Brown, G to I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Brown, Garry — of Austin, Travis County, Tex. Democrat.
		Delegate to Texas Convention of 1832 from District of Gonzales, 1832.
		Brown, Herman — of Austin, Travis County, Tex. Democrat.
	www.politicalgraveyard.com /bio/brown4.html (1004 words)

	Separate But Equal: The Plessy v. Ferguson Case
		Brown argued that as long as racially separate facilities were equal they did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection of the law.
		The Plessy ruling provided legal justification for segregation in transportation, public accommodations, and schools until the Supreme Court effectively overruled it in the 1954 Brown v.
		This case turns upon the constitutionality of an act of the General Assembly of the state of Louisiana, passed in 1890, providing for separate railway carriages for the white and colored races.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5485 (1319 words)

	Brown v. Board of Education Profiles
		Although not everyone involved in the Brown v.
		Board of Education case had a positive impact on desegregation, there were many important people who put their heart and soul into their work with determination to make this country equal for all citizens.
		Rev. Oliver Brown was the lead plaintiff and father of Linda, who was forced to walk with her sister through a railroad switchyard, across a busy street and then take a bus 20 blocks to a school designated for African Americans.
	www.ku.edu /~ojclass/brown/profiles.html (167 words)

	Title
		According to Brown, “since a white man was as forbidden from sitting in a fl car as a fl man was from sitting in a white car and facilities in both were supposed to be equal, whites and fls were…treated equally under the law” (Thomas, Plessy v.
		As Brown wrote: “The argument…assumes that social prejudices may be overcome by legislation, and that equal rights cannot be secured to the negro except by an enforced commingling of the two races.
		Brown wrote, “Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts…If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the
	polaris.gseis.ucla.edu /psevilla/myagrepaper.htm (5229 words)

	Justice Henry Billings Brown John Davis Autograph Collection -- Washburn University School of Law
		Justice Henry Billings Brown John Davis Autograph Collection -- Washburn University School of Law
		Home > Library > Collections > > Henry Billings Brown
		David Fetrow, Intern, Washburn Law Library, July 2004, compiled data and prepared photographs for this exhibit.
	www.washburnlaw.edu /library/collections/autographs/showjustice.php?who=brown-henry (89 words)

	William Henry Moody - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William Henry Moody (23 December 1853-July 2, 1917) was an American politician and jurist, who held positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States.
		Born a son of farmers in Newbury, Massachusetts, Moody graduated from Phillips Academy in 1872 and from Harvard in 1876, where he was a classmate and friend of future President Theodore Roosevelt.
		USS Moody (DD-277) was named for him, as is one of the major streets in Waltham, Massachusetts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Henry_Moody (635 words)

	How to Brief a Case
		Majority (Justice Henry Billings Brown): Segregation is a reasonable exercise of the state's police power in that it is conducive to the maintenance of public order and peace.
		The compulsory segregation of the races is permissibile under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment as long as equal accomodations are provided.
		Justice Brown asserted that “in the nature of things, [the Fourteenth Amendment] could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either.”
	web.utk.edu /~scheb/casebrief.html (576 words)

	History of Brown v. Board of Education - U.S. Courts Educational Outreach
		In an opinion delivered on the same day as the decision in Sweat, the Court stated that the University’s actions concerning McLaurin were adversely affecting his ability to learn and ordered that they cease immediately.
		The case that came to be known as Brown v.
		Board of Education was actually the name given to five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the issue of segregation in public schools.
	www.uscourts.gov /outreach/resources/brown_journey.htm (1832 words)

	Calitics: Soapblox California :: Vote No on McGuiness.
		Plessy v, Ferguson, authored by Justice Brown, upheld as constitutional a Louisiana law that required that fls and whites be segregated on different railway cars.
		This decision laid the bedrock for “separate but equal” treatment, holding that it is permissible to discriminate against people as long as each group is provided similar accommodations.
		Justice Brown held that “We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority.
	www.calitics.com /showDiary.do?diaryId=1196 (502 words)

	ABA Talking Points: Equality/Equal Protection: How Law Protects Equality
		The Bill of Rights establishes a number of prohibitions against action by the federal government.
		Individuals are guaranteed free speech, freedom of religion, and such due process protections as the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury, with the assistance of counsel.
		The Court held that "separate but equal" did not indicate that one of the races was to be considered inferior.
	www.abanet.org /publiced/lawday/talking/equal_law.html (926 words)

	Billings Family Photo : Henry Billings Family and cousins - AncientFaces.com
		Free Research > Surnames > B > Billings
		Henry and Della Brown Billings with son Hobart and baby daughter Leah.
		Behind are cousins Hazel and Iola Patterson, children of Henry's sister Margaret.
	www.ancientfaces.com /research/photo/372152 (120 words)

	A Dream Deferred - Gilbert Martinez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The separate schools for the fl children were not equal to the segregated schools of their white counterparts.
		In Brown v Board ofEducation, Thurgood Marshall and other gifted African-American lawyers won a landmark decision in the struggle for equality.
		The Brown ruling was a glimmer of hope for African-Americans and their supporters for equality.
	www.stanford.edu /~ragilb/blackink/issues/v1i2/v1i2martinez.html (1738 words)

	The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Billings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Billings, Arthur Goodwin — also known as Arthur G. Billings — of Kansas.
		Billings, B. — also known as Nig Billings — of Stanton,
		Judge of U.S. District Court for Vermont, 1984-94; took senior status 1994.
	politicalgraveyard.com /bio/billings.html (450 words)

	Plessy as "Passing": Judicial Responses to Ambiguously Raced Bodies in Plessy v. Ferguson Law & Society ...
		"Judicial Responses to Indeterminately Raced Bodies" examines Justice Henry Billings Brown's majority opinion as a response to the racially destabilizing potential of Plessy's ambiguous racial status.
		Justice Brown was compelled to respond to this challenge in his acknowledgement of each state's right to set the legal definitions of racial group membership.
		A close examination of the state court cases that he cited as precedent for such an authority vividly illustrates the discrepancy between lived experiences of race, in all their infinite complexity, and the legal requirement for clear rules defining racial identity.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3757/is_200509/ai_n15353162 (625 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 86016264 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Set against a backdrop of social flux wherein scientists and social scientists were proclaiming fl racial inferiority and lower courts were embracing separate-but-equal in ordinary law suits, the ruling readily became law of
		Lasting over half a century, the Plessy decision was overturned in the 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v.
		Topeka School Board--a case whose reasoning was based on the eloquent dissent by Justices Brown and Harlan.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/enhancements/fy0636/86016264-d.html (321 words)

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