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| | 1539. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |
 | | Calais, the last English possession in France, was captured by the duke of Guise. |
 | | The Guises, at first rivals of the queen-mother and then in alliance with her, conducted the affairs of state and surpassed in influence their opponents, the Catholic constable, Montmorency, and his nephews, the three Châtillon brothers: Gaspard, Admiral de Coligny; François d'Andelot, and Cardinal Châtillon, later leaders of the Huguenots. |
 | | Murder of Coligny and general massacre of Protestants in Paris and in the provinces, on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre, and the sister of Charles IX, Margaret of Valois. |
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