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	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Henry O. Flipper (1856-1940)
		Henry O. Flipper was the first African American to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in New York.
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born to slaves Isabella and Festus Flipper on March 21, 1856, in Thomasville.
		His descendants continued to press his dishonorable discharge case, however, and in 1976, with the recognition of his mistreatment, he was finally granted an honorable discharge by the Department of the Army.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/TheProgressiveEraandWorldWarI/People-6&id=h-1331 (752 words)

	Facts About Lt. Flipper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Flipper was taught to read in 1864 by another slave who taught school at night.
		Flipper was relieved as quartermaster, and some of the officers began to persecute him and lay traps for him.
		Flipper's remains lay in a gray steel coffin draped with a U.S. Flag.
	www.rose.net /flipper.htm (2747 words)

	Through Our Parents' Eyes
		Flipper derived his qualifications from years of surveying in Mexico, where he was charged with determining which lands were under title and which were in public domain.
		Also during this period, Flipper designed and patented an improved tent made from a single piece of material that could be "expeditiously and conveniently erected." It was light enough to be carried by two men and provided shelter for four.
		Flipper accomplished a great deal after his court-martial, perhaps more than he would have had he remained in a military establishment that was not yet ready for a fl officer.
	parentseyes.arizona.edu /flipper_jah.html (6483 words)

	HENRY O. FLIPPER
		Flipper's military career was cut short, however, when he was court-martialed for embezzlement of commissary funds, for falsifying government records, and for lying to his commander.
		Flipper’s efforts only resulted in him being court-martialed, and charged with "embezzlement" and "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." His trial was held in the post chapel at Fort Davis in November and December of 1881.
		While acknowledging that Flipper falsified reports and lied to his commanding officer, the army ruled that regardless of race, the sentence handed down in December of 1881 and upheld by the president in 1882 was too severe for the crime.
	www.nps.gov /foda/Fort_Davis_WEB_PAGE/About_the_Fort/Flipper_Site_Bulletin_WEB_PAGE.htm (986 words)

	Henry Ossian Flipper biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born in Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856, into slavery and spent his formative years in Georgia.
		In 1881 Lieutenant Flipper's commanding officer accused him of "embezzling funds and of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." As a result of these charges, he was court-martialed.
		Throughout the balance of his life, Henry Flipper maintained that he was innocent of the charges that resulted in his court-martial and dismissal from the Army and made numerous attempts to have his conviction reversed.
	www.topblacks.com /government/henry-ossian-flipper.htm (581 words)

	OMTA - Lt. Henry O. Flipper
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave on March 21, 1856, in Thomasville, Georgia.
		Henry Flipper's case was reviewed by several high-ranking officials, one of whom recommended to the Secretary of War that Flipper's sentence be reduced to a lesser punishment.
		Flipper's Ditch, a project designed by Flipper to drain ponds at Fort Sill which caused the spread of malaria from which the soldiers became ill and often died, was declared a National Historic Landmark almost a century later on October 27, 1977.
	www.mobeetie.com /pages/flipper.htm (2649 words)

	HENRY OSSIAN FLIPPER FACTS, INFORMATIONS AND TRADES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Henry Ossian Flipper (March_21, 1856-May_3, 1940) was the first African-American cadet to graduate from West_Point, on June_15, 1877.
		Nevertheless, Ossian persevered and became the first of the group to graduate, with the rank of second lieutenant in the cavalry.
		In 1976, Flipper was finally granted a retroactive honorable discharge from the army and a bust of him was unveiled at West Point.
	furtrade.com /Henry_Ossian_Flipper (715 words)

	Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave in Thomasville, Georgia in 1856.
		Commissioned a second lieutenant, Flipper was assigned to the 10th Cavalry, first in Fort Sill, Indian Territory and then to various posts in Texas at Forts Elliott, Concho, Quitman, and Davis, His military assignments included scouting, engineer surveyor, and construction supervisor, post adjutant, acting assistant and post quartermaster, and commissary officer.
		Flipper lived in El Paso after his army dismissal and from 1883 to 1890 worked as an engineer and surveyor in Texas and Mexico for private American companies.
	www.utexas.edu /world/texasblackhistory/HOFlipper.html (610 words)

	Featured Document: Henry O. Flipper
		Born into slavery in Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856, Henry Ossian Flipper was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1873.
		Flipper was stationed first at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, later served at Forts Elliott, Quitman, and Davis, Texas.
		Still known as "Flipper's Ditch," the ditch is commemorated by a bronze marker at Fort Sill and the fort is listed as a National Historic Landmark.
	www.archives.gov /exhibits/featured_documents/henry_o_flipper (332 words)

	Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave in
		Young Henry and the other slave children were allowed to attend a night school taught by one of the mechanics on the farm and he obtained a basic education in reading, writing and arithmetic from this source.
		Henry Ossian Flipper died of a heart attack on May 3, 1940 and is buried in the Old Magnolia Cemetery in Thomasville, Georgia.
	multirace.org /firstday/first25.htm (1153 words)

	Historical Biography: Henry Ossian Flipper
		Henry was born a slave in 1856, but he learned to read and write and attended college.
		Henry went to the frontier with the 10th Cavalry, a famous, all-fl unit known as the Buffalo Soldiers.
		Henry was frustrated, but he still wanted to serve his country.
	ks.essortment.com /henryossianfli_ricp.htm (485 words)

	Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper: First Colored Graduate of West Point
		Henry Ossian Flipper was one of five sons born to Festus and Isabella Flipper, slaves in Thomasville, Georgia.
		All of them grew up to achieve great things in their fields, but Henry's military vocation was especially difficult for a fl man. The education the boys received was unusual for their time and social status and prepared them all well.
		He went west with the 10th Cavalry, a part of the famed "Buffalo soldiers." It was there that his prowess in another field became evident.
	www.blackhistoryreview.com /biography/HenryFlipper.php (480 words)

	Henry Flipper
		Henry Flipper, the son of slaves, was born in Thomasville, Georgia, on 21st March, 1856.
		Flipper denied the charge and claimed that he had been framed by his fellow officers, who hated him because he was African American.
		Flipper continued to prosper and was appointed assistant to the Secretary of the Interior (1923-1930) and held a senior position at the Pantepec Company in New York until he retired in 1931.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /WWflipper.htm (486 words)

	Henry Flipper
		Flipper claimed that his dismissal was due to prejudice, and spent the rest of his life trying to clear his name.
		Henry died of a heart attack in 1940.
		Although Henry Flipper's fight to clear his name did not succeed during his lifetime, the fight went on.
	bss.sfsu.edu /internment/flipper.html (799 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN
		Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer, the first fl graduate of West Point, the eldest of five sons of Festus and Isabella Flipper, was born a slave at Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856.
		Flipper suspected what he later called a systematic plan of persecution, and is said to have been warned by civilians at the post of a plot by white officers to force him from the army.
		Flipper maintained his innocence until his death and waged a lifelong battle for reinstatement in the army.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/FF/ffl13.html (1413 words)

	USMA Bicentennial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		President Chester A. Arthur declined to overturn the sentence, and in June of 1882, LT Flipper was dishonorably discharged.
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born into slavery on March 21, 1856 in Thomasville, Georgia.
		Flipper steadfastly maintained his innocence and fought unsuccessfully to clear his name until his death in 1940 at age 84.
	www.usma.edu /bicentennial/flipperdinner.asp (2747 words)

	Henry O. FLipper Paved Way
		Born in Thomasville, Georgia, as a slave on March 31, 1856, Flipper was the oldest son of five boys born to Isabella Bucknere and Festus Flipper.
		Flipper received his appointment to West Point while he was a student at Atlanta University.
		Flipper left El Paso in 1919 for Washington, D.C., where he became assistant to the Secretary of the Interior and held various government jobs.
	www.epcc.edu /ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/18_henry_flipper.htm (798 words)

	African American Registry: Military pioneer, Henry O. Flipper!
		Henry Flippers’ intelligence was noticeable while attending schools funded by the American Missionary Association.
		Henry Flipper did not complain, he concentrated on his studies, learned Spanish, majored in civil engineering, and graduating 15th in a class of twenty-six on June 15, 1877.
		Henry Flipper retired to Atlanta and died in 1940.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/1588/Military_pioneer_Henry_O_Flipper (226 words)

	Henry Ossian Flipper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Henry Ossian Flipper (March 21, 1856-May 3, 1940) was the first African-American cadet to graduate from West Point, on June 15, 1877.
		He was soon sent to Texas and later to Fort Sill in then Indian Territory, where he served as an engineer, supervising the drainage of malaria-infested ponds and the construction of roads and telegraph lines.
		Although he was eventually acquitted, he was found guilty of "conduct unbecoming an officer," and in 1882, given a dishonorable discharge.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Henry-Ossian-Flipper.htm (765 words)

	Henry Ossian Flipper, first black graduate of West Point
		Henry Ossian Flipper joined the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1873.
		Flipper was the first fl graduate of West Point in 1877, but his four years there were not easy.
		Despite his maltreatment, Flipper graduated near the head of the class and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 10th Cavalry.
	www.recordonline.com /archive/2001/02/04/bhflip.htm (377 words)

	Lee Warren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Henry Ossian Flipper was born in the depths of slavery, March 21, 1856, Thomasville, Georgia.
		His Father, Festus Flipper, was not happy until the day he influenced his slave owner to assist him with the purchase of his wife, Isabel, and dearly beloved son, Henry.
		Attired in authentic Buffalo Soldier dress and using actual military field rations, weapons, and other 1880's artifacts, Lee speaks from the memoirs of Lt Henry Flipper, depicting daily life at West Point as will as portraying the challenges encountered on our western frontier.
	www.smvcc.net /lee_warren.html (291 words)

	Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940. The Colored Cadet at West Point ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		CHAPTER I. HENRY OSSIAN FLIPPER, the eldest of five brothers, and the subject of this narrative, was born in Thomasville, Thomas County, Georgia, on the 21st day of March, 1856.
		This is a very fair standing, and Flipper's friends declare that he is getting along finely in his studies, and that he is quite up to the standard of the average West Point student.
		It says: 'It is freely asserted that Flipper will never be allowed to graduate; that the prejudice of the regular army instructors against the colored race is insurmountable, and that they will drive away from the Academy by persecution of some petty sort any colored boy who may obtain admittance there.
	docsouth.unc.edu /flipper/flipper.html (15577 words)

	Colored Cadet At West Point, The; autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, first graduate of color from the U. S. ...
		After an uneventful stay—other than this incident just related—of nine months in Macon, the office of custodian was resigned, and although yet a slave, as far as he knew, and without permission from any one, Flipper returned to Atlanta with his wife and two sons, Henry, the elder, and Joseph, the younger.
		In the early spring of 1865, the family of an ex-rebel captain became neighbors of the Flippers, now well to do, and were soon on the most, friendly terms with them.
		At the time of receiving his appointment Henry was a member of the freshman class of the collegiate department.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/2448/5.html (594 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Colored Cadet at West Point: Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S.A. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Henry Ossian Flipper was one of the 19th-century West's most remarkable individuals and the first African American graduate of West Point.
		Although Flipper's record of accomplishment was significant, he was court-martialed and dismissed from the service in 1882.
		This is Flipper's own account of his career, along with a biographical essay by Quintard Taylor Jr.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0803268904 (245 words)

	ScienceDaily -- Browse Topics: Society/Ethnicity/African/African-American/History/Military/Flipper,_Henry_Ossian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Handbook of Texas: Flipper, Henry Ossian - The University of Texas details Lt Flipper's military service and civilian work after his discharge from the Army.
		Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940 - Autobiography of the first graduate of color from West Point, the U. Military Academy.
		Henry O. Flipper - Murphy's Law - USMA - Captain Patrick Murphy of the US Military Academy tells the story of the Henry Ossian Flipper Memorial, an annual award that West Point presents.
	www.sciencedaily.com /directory/Society/Ethnicity/African/African-American/History/Military/Flipper,_Henry_Ossian (597 words)

	Amazon.com: Black Frontiersman: The Memoirs of Henry O. Flipper : First Black Graduate of West Point: Books: Henry ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		YA?Henry Flipper, the first fl West Point graduate, was a prolific writer who left detailed accounts of his life as an army officer, mining engineer, surveyor, and Senate aide.
		The selections are easy to read and are enhanced with annotations by the editor about the people Flipper mentioned, the places he visited, and the events in which he played a key role.
		Henry Flipper's narrative was originally a manuscript written in 1916 at El Paso, Texas.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0875651712?v=glance (748 words)

	Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online: Texas Day By Day - June 30, 1882
		On this day in 1882, Henry Ossian Flipper, the first African-American graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, was dismissed from the service for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." Flipper, born a slave in Georgia in 1856, was the fifth fl accepted to West Point but the first to graduate, in 1877.
		He was eventually made quartermaster at Fort Davis, but Col. William Rufus Shafter relieved him in 1881; Flipper believed he was the victim of persecution and is said to have been warned by civilians at the post of a plot by white officers to force him from the army.
		In 1976, when a bust of him was unveiled at West Point, the Department of the Army granted Flipper an honorable discharge, dated June 30, 1882.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /daybyday/06-30-003.html (255 words)

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