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	Henry VII, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A minor count of the house of Luxembourg, Henry was elected German king on the death of King Albert I after the electors had set aside the two main contenders, Albert’s eldest son, Frederick of Austria, and the French prince Charles of Valois.
		Henry VII’s abortive Italian campaign only served to prove the futility of any attempt to revive the ancient imperial policy at a time when the papacy and S Italy were controlled by France and the N Italian towns were autonomous.
		Henry was succeeded by Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV.
	www.bartleby.com /65/he/Henry7HRE.html (410 words)

	Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Henry IV (November 11, 1050 – August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Emperor from 1084, until his abdication in 1105.
		Henry was the eldest son of the Emperor Henry III, by his second wife Agnes de Poitou, and was probably born at the royal palace at Goslar.
		Henry jeopardized both when, in 1075, his insistence on the right of a secular ruler to invest, i.e., to place in office, members of the clergy, especially bishops, began the conflict known as the Investiture Controversy.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (612 words)

	Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		1275-1313) of the House of Luxembourg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1312 to 1313 and King of the Romans from 1308 -1313.
		Henry VII then travelled to Rome to be crowned as emperor - the first since the death of Frederick II.
		Henry wanted to punish Robert of Naples for his disloyal actions (Robert was technically Henry's vassal), but he died on August 24, 1313 near Siena.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (217 words)

	Encyclopedia: Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806.
		Henry VII then travelled to Rome to be crowned as emperor, the title having been vacant since the death of Frederick II.
		As Emperor he planned to restore the glory of the Holy Roman Empire, and indeed he restored imperial power in parts of northern Italy, fighting against the anti-imperial commune of Florence.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Henry-VII,-Holy-Roman-Emperor (798 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Holy Roman Empire was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
		The pope's crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor in 800 formed the example that later kings would follow: it was the result of Charlemagne having defended the pope against the rebellious inhabitants of Rome, which initiated the notion of the Reich being the protector of the church.
		After him all kings and emperors relied on the lands of their own family (Hausmacht): Louis IV of Wittelsbach (king 1314, emperor 1328–1347) relied on his lands in Bavaria; Charles IV of Luxembourg, the grandson of Henry VII, drew strength from his own lands in Bohemia.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Holy_Roman_Empire (4827 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Henry VIII
		Born at Greenwich Palace in London on June 28, 1491, Henry was the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
		Henry now came decisively under the influence of his father, a stern and greedy man who left his son a healthy treasury and a secure crown upon his death in 1509.
		Henry was declared supreme head of the church in England, and all of the payments normally made to the pope now went to the crown.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761570153__1/Henry_VIII.html (2487 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		Henry VIII, born in 1491, was the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
		Henry married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in 1533; she gave him another daughter, Elizabeth, but was executed for infidelity (a treasonous charge in the king's consort) in May 1536.
		Henry was beloved by his subjects, facing only one major insurrection, the Pilgrimage of Grace, enacted by the northernmost counties in retaliation to the break with Rome and the poor economic state of the region.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon41.html (938 words)

	Articles - Henry (VII) of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Henry (VII) (1211 – February 10, 1242), was King of the Romans, King of Sicily, and Duke of Swabia.
		Henry, the first son of Frederick II and Constance of Aragon, was born in 1211 in Sicily.
		Henry was kept prisoner in various places in Apulia and died on February 12, 1242 in Martirano, possibly from the consequences of an attempted suicide.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Henry_(VII)_of_Germany?mySession=c7b2adafb76d84adadf529225aa7be41 (733 words)

	Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Henry’s first task after assuming control was to restore his authority in the duchies, especially in Saxony, where a revolt (1073) was subdued in 1075.
		Henry disregarded the opposition of Pope Gregory VII to lay investiture and invested a new bishop of Milan.
		During his reign Henry was caught between the rising particularism of the princes and the reformist demands of a revivified papacy, but he managed to salvage enough of his father’s legacy to make possible a restoration of imperial power under the Hohenstaufens.
	www.bartleby.com /65/he/Henry4HRE.html (684 words)

	History of the Monarchy > The Tudors > Henry VIII
		Henry VIII was born at Greenwich on 28 June 1491, the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
		Henry's interest in foreign policy was focused on Western Europe, which was a shifting pattern of alliances centred round the kings of Spain and France, and the Holy Roman Emperor.
		Henry had anyway fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, the sister of one of his many mistresses, and tried to persuade the Pope to grant him an annulment of his marriage on the grounds that it had never been legal.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page19.asp (1526 words)

	The Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Holy Roman Empire was the medieval state that embraced most of central Europe and Italy under the rule of the German kings from 962 to 1806.
		During the reigns of Henry IV and Henry V in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the papacy was influenced by a powerful reform movement that demanded an end to lay domination.
		The emperors were unable to restrain the German nobles or to resist French encroachments on the western frontiers of the empire, and the Slavic rulers in the east rejected all imperial overlordship.
	www.serendipity.li /twz/hre.html (1519 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Henry IV
		German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry III and Agnes of Poitou, b.
		We know that Henry IV had a good literary education, but that his literary and artistic interests were not profound and were not, as in the case of his father, submerged in unpractical idealism.
		Here the final decision in Henry's case was left to the pope, and a resolution was passed that if Henry were not freed from excommunication within a year he should forfeit the empire.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07230a.htm (2123 words)

	Tudor Chronology
		Henry VII and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I ally to assist the Bretons in the Treaty of Dordrecht.
		Coronation of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon
		Emperor Charles V dies at the monastery of Yuste in Estremadura.
	tudors.crispen.org /chronology (4386 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		Henry I ruled from 918 to 935 and was the first of a line of Saxon kings that governed till1024.
		Since he was crowned emperor in Rome by the pope, the name Holy Roman Empire was applied to the realms which he ruled.
		Critics have pointed out that this kingdom certainly was not holy, was not Roman (it was essentially a German kingdom), and was not an empire (it was a collection of tribal duchies barely held together by the king and, now, emperor).
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/holy_roman_empire.htm (984 words)

	ipedia.com: Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Henry VII, of House Luxembourg, was Holy Roman Emperor, 1312-1313 and German King, 1308 - 1313.
		In the same year, Henry VII traveled south to be crowned as emperor - the first emperor since the death of Frederick II.
		Henry wanted to punish Robert of Naples for his illoyal actions (Robert was vasal of Henry), but he died at the 24.8.1313 near Siena.
	www.ipedia.com /henry_vii__holy_roman_emperor.html (236 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Henry V
		Henry V ascended the throne under a compact with the papacy and the territorial princes, that is, with his father's bitterest opponents.
		The emperor perceived that the conflict was to begin anew with fresh violence, and in order the better to protect himself, determined to put an end to internal dissensions in his empire by a treaty of peace.
		Henry, nevertheless, secured all that was possible under the circumstances, and he saved for the royal power the possibility of future recovery.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07232a.htm (1460 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The (second) medieval revival of the Western Roman Empire was referred to as The Holy Roman Empire which lasted from 962 AD to 1806.
		Usually, the king of Germany became emperor -considered by Europeans the title of most prestige- as soon as he was crowned by the pope.
		Henry V's nephews, The Hohenstaufen of Swabia were not always supported by the Church who favored candidates of the "Guelph" i.e.
	www.arcaini.com /ITALY/ItalyHistory/HolyRomanEmpire.htm (387 words)

	Timeline: 1300-1400 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV invades Italy and declares Pope John XXII deposed.
		Declaration of Rense: Electors of the Holy Roman Empire declare the empire to be a separate entity from the papacy.
		Holy Roman Emperor Wenceslas IV is deposed for drunkenness.
	guweb2.gonzaga.edu /faculty/wheeler/timeline1300.html (1605 words)

	Henry VIII
		Henry grants pardons to anyone who challenged Wolsey's tax, and Wolsey secretly tells the secretary to word the document so that it seems as if he interceded on behalf of the people.
		Henry is ill-at-ease about the divorce and resents the power of the Church, but is gladdened by the return of Cranmer as advisor.
		Henry's divorce from Katherine has gone through and she is ill. The coronation parade passes and Anne is universally admired for her beauty.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~delahoyd/shakespeare/henry8.html (1633 words)

	Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Holy Roman Empire was a successor state to the empire founded in 800 by Charlemagne, who revived the title of Roman emperor in the West.
		Henry the proud, the head of the Guelphs, had resisted Conrad III, and his son, Henry the Lion, was a crucial figure in Barbarossa's reign.
		The age of the emperors lasted from 962 to 1250 and was dominated by the strong emperors of the Saxon.
	www.shadesmtw.com /5.htm (885 words)

	Henry, Edward - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Henry, Edward
		He also contributed greatly to the efficiency of the modern CID (Criminal Investigation Department), did much to improve the status and conditions of the police, and inaugurated the Peel Training School.
		Henry, O. Henry, O. Henry, O. Henry, Patrick
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Henry,+Edward (154 words)

	AH 330 (Hutchison): Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
		1355- Coronation with the Crown of the Lombards in Milan; coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
		Holy Cross Chapel, Karlstein: located in the top of the tallest tower at Karlstein, it served as the treasury for the Imperial crown, sceptre, orb and other coronation regalia, as well as for the Emperor's most precious holy relics, including a piece of the True Cross.
		Particularly useful is the substantial catalogue of the exhibition held on the 500th anniversary of the Emperor's death in 1978 (Nuremberg).
	www.wisc.edu /arth/ah330/charles.html (1926 words)

	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He was the son of the emperor Henry VI who had died in 1197, when Frederick was three years old.
		Otto of Brunswick had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope Innocent III in 1209; Frederick had been elected king of Germany by a rebellious faction who had the backing of Innocent III in 1211 at the Diet of Nuremberg after Otto had fallen into disfavor with the pope who excommunicated him.
		Said to be literate in nine languages, Frederick was a very modern ruler for his times, being a patron of science and learning, and having fairly advanced views on economics.
	usapedia.com /f/frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor.html (603 words)

	Louis IV on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After the death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII the Luxemburg party among the electors set aside Henry's son, John of Luxemburg, because of his youth and chose Louis as rival king to Frederick the Fair.
		The popes Clement V and his successor John XXII refused to approve Louis's election and, claiming that the imperial throne was vacant, declared the Holy Roman Empire to be under papal rule.
		In 1327-30 Louis was in Italy, where he was crowned emperor by the representatives of the Roman people, and set up Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V. Rainalducci was soon reconciled with the pope, however, and Louis unsuccessfully attempted to reach a settlement.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/Louis4H1R1E1.asp (722 words)

	Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
		Excommunicated twice (1076 and 1080), Henry deposed Gregory VII and set up the antipope Clement III (died 1191) by whom he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1084.
		Late in his reign, Henry's sons Conrad and Henry (the future emperor Henry V) rebelled.
		Henry was forced to abdicate and took refuge in Liège, where he died.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0020015.html (160 words)

	AllRefer.com - Albert I, Holy Roman Emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Albert I c.1250–1308, Holy Roman Emperor (1298–1308), son of Rudolf I.
		Albert was invested with Austria and Styria in 1282 by his father, who also hoped to secure the succession as king of the Germans for Albert.
		Henry of Luxemburg (Henry VII) was elected to succeed him.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Albert1HRE.html (339 words)

	Ancestors of Eugene Ashton ANDREW & Anna Louise HANISH Emperor Otto I Germany HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE ANDREW ANGERMUELLER ...
		He is often regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.Boldly developing the policies that his father had begun, Otto brought the Middle Kingdom of the Carolingian Lothair I, including Italy, Burgundy, and Lotharingia, under German influence and broke the independence of the duchies.
		Nominated by Henry as his successor, Otto was elected king by the German dukes at Aachen on 7 Aug 936 a month after Henry's death, and crowned by the archbishops of Mainz and Cologne...
		Aspir-ing to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, he welcomed the invitation of Ade- laide, the pretty widow of King Lothaire of Italy, to rescue her from the indignities to which she had been subjected by the new King Berengar II.
	www.geneal.net /2118.htm (2091 words)

	ChurchRodent: Henry IV, Emperor
		He was accused by Pope Gregory VII of simony and lay investiture in appointing his own choice to be the archbishop of Milan.
		Henry's answer was to convene in 1076 a synod of German bishops that declared Pope Gregory a usurper and unfit to occupy the Roman See.
		Henry appeared before Gregory in January 1077 at Canossa, a castle in the mountains of Italy.
	tatumweb.com /churchrodent/terms/henryiv.htm (156 words)

	World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Holy Roman emperors tried to control the Church's affairs in their lands.
		It was also important to the Holy Roman Empire as Milan controlled the mountain passes between Germany and Italy.
		This meant Henry was no longer a member of the Church and would go to Hell after he died.
	www.softlab.ntua.gr /~sivann/pub/quick-world-history/02popegregory.html (220 words)

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