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Topic: Hepatic failure

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	s000913a - Acute Liver Failure, Unexplained Origin
		Fulminant hepatic failure in these cases could be characterized by: (1) rapid decrease in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) level after discontinuation of ecarazine, (2) prolonged jaundice despite discontinuation of ecarazine, (3) high incidence of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) (57%), and (4) histological findings of extensive hepatocellular necrosis ranging from bridging necrosis to massive necrosis.
		Hepatitis C is rarely responsible for acute liver failure in Europe and North America but accounts for a higher proportion of cases in Japan, and hepatitis E may lead to ALF, particularly in pregnant women.
		Abstract: Clinical descriptions of fulminant hepatic failure as originally reported, along with the subgroups of subfulminant and late onset hepatic failure identified later, are considered in relation to the proposed new classification of hyperacute, acute, and subacute liver failure.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch00/s000913a.html (6207 words)

	hepatic failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Liver failure may occur as a result of a single episode of massive destruction, or a patient who has had chronic liver problems with minimal marginal reserve function may be thrown into hepatic failure by stress from sudden blood loss or infection.
		Although hepatic failure may arise as a complication of many diseases, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis are frequent causes and in both of these disorders the liver is diffusely involved, in one with disturbance of cellular function, and in the other with disruption of the architectural pattern and presumed consequent disturbances of cellular function.
		Hepatic failure is potentially reversible because of the remarkable regenerative capacity of the liver.
	cats.med.uvm.edu /cats_teachingmod/pathology/path302/liver/lvel/lifailure.htm (492 words)

	Hepatic Toxicity Possibly Associated with Kava-Containing Products --- United States, Germany, and Switzerland, ...
		Initial liver biopsy revealed active fulminant hepatitis with extensive centrilobular necrosis, approximately 25% hepatocellular viability, and mixed inflammatory infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes, histiocytes, scattered eosinophils, and occasional neutrophils.
		Pathological examination of the native liver revealed active fulminant hepatitis with total hepatocyte necrosis and extensive parenchymal infiltration by lymphocytes, histocytes, and occasional eosinophils (5).
		Hepatitis associated with kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5147a1.htm (1343 words)

	All-Net \| fulminant hepatic failure: hepatic encephalopathy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Effects of posture on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic and renal failure after acetaminophen self- poisoning.
		Thiopental infusion in the treatment of intracranial hypertension complicating fulminant hepatic failure.
		It occurs in 75% of patients with stage 4 hepatic encephalopathy.
	pedsccm.wustl.edu /All-Net/english/gipage/liver/fhf-15.htm (1059 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Hepatic encephalopathy
		With progressive hepatic encephalopathy, there is a gradual decrease in the level of consciousness (from lethargy to somnolence to stupor and, eventually, coma), impairment of intellectual capacity (eg, reasoning, orientation), and progressive neurologic deficits (eg, asterixis).
		When hepatic encephalopathy is developing in a patient, therapy should be instituted immediately when there is blood in the stool, a history of sedative or opiate use, azotemia, infection, dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities (eg, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemic alkalosis), or constipation.
		Hepatic encephalopathy is a well-recognized clinical complication of chronic liver disease.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2001/02_01/assi.htm (3841 words)

	eMedicine - Acute Liver Failure : Article by Gagan K Sood, MD
		Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is associated with a high incidence of FHF in women who are pregnant and is of concern in pregnant patients living in or traveling through endemic areas.
		Hepatitis A and B are the typical viruses causing viral hepatitis and may lead to hepatic failure.
		Hepatic encephalopathy is not truly a complication because it is required for the diagnosis of FHF, but evolution to higher stages of hepatic encephalopathy may result in patients losing their abilities to maintain their airways.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic990.htm (6480 words)

	Hepatic Disease in Large Animals: Introduction - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Vitamin E or selenium deficiency (hepatosis dietetica), aflatoxicosis, ascarid migration, bacterial hepatitis, and ingestion of toxic substances (eg, coal tar, cyanamide, blue-green algae, plants, gossypol) are associated with hepatic injury in swine.
		Serum PT may be rapidly prolonged with hepatic failure and is one of the first function tests to return to normal with recovery from acute hepatic disease.
		Hyperlipemia and Hepatic Lipidosis in Horses, Donkeys, and Camelids
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/22800.htm (5601 words)

	Hepatic Encephalopathy - Dr Hicham Mansour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome seen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
		The development of hepatic encephalopathy is explained to some extent by the effect of neurotoxic substances, which occurs in the setting of cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
		Hepatic encephalopathy, accompanied with severe dysfunction of the hepatic synthetic activity is also the hallmark of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).
	www.geocities.com /twisted_artist/Medecine/hepatic_encephalopathy.htm (2786 words)

	Cirrhosis and Chronic Liver Failure: Part II. Complications and Treatment - September 1, 2006 -- American Family ...
		Hepatic (portosystemic) encephalopathy represents a potentially reversible decrease in neuropsychiatric function caused by acute and chronic liver disease, occurring predominantly in patients with portal hypertension.
		Hepatic encephalopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion; therefore, all other etiologies of altered mental status must be effectively ruled out.
		Hepatic encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndromes, hepatorenal syndrome, coagulopathy, and endocrine complications of liver disease.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20060901/767.html (4735 words)

	Liver Dialysis
		Acute liver failure is caused by sudden, massive destruction of liver cells or by insults that severely inhibit the ability of hepatocytes to accomplish their normal function.
		Chronic liver failure, which is a progressive decline of multiple liver functions in patients with established chronic liver disease, is frequently associated with intermittent episodes of hepatic encephalopathy.
		Liver dialysis is a treatment for patients in acute hepatic failure with encephalopathy designed, through a process called hemodiabsorption, to selectively remove certain organic substances by binding them and decreasing their concentration on the dialysate side of the membrane.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/medicine/med81.html (1365 words)

	eMedicine - Hepatic Failure : Article Excerpt by: Blake A Jones, MD
		Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) is a broad term that refers to both fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and subfulminant hepatic failure (or late-onset hepatic failure).
		FHF is a term used to describe the development of coagulopathy and encephalopathy as a result of acute hepatic decompensation within 8 weeks from the onset of illness.
		Another consequence of FHF is multisystem organ failure, which often is observed in the context of a hyperdynamic circulatory state that mimics sepsis (low systemic vascular resistance); therefore, circulatory insufficiency and poor organ perfusion possibly either initiate or promote complications of FHF.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/hepatic-failure.htm (605 words)

	Fulninant Liver Failure
		Fulminant hepatic failure is characterized by encephalopathy occurring within a short duration after the first symptoms of liver disease.
		The condition is most often caused by infection with hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses.
		Hepatitis G and hepatitis B virus RNA and IgM antibodies against hepatitis A virus were also not detected in serum samples.
	www.hcvets.com /data/hcv_liver/fulninant.htm (257 words)

	CHEST: Critical mitral stenosis causing ischemic hepatic failure: successful treatment by percutaneous balloon mitral ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ischemic hepatic failure and coagulopathy due to critical mitral stenosis and low output cardiac failure are uncommon[1] and an attempt at surgical correction of the underlying mitral stenosis in this situation may carry a prohibitive surgical risk.
		A 52-year-old white man was transferred to this institution for the evaluation of severe mitral stenosis, heart failure, and hepatic failure.
		Hepatic congestions alone is associated with normal or minimal elevation of transaminases.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n3_v101/ai_12357313 (1045 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : />
		Fulminant hepatic failure refers to the presence of acute liver failure with superimposed hepatic encephalopathy developing within 2 to 8 weeks of the onset of illness in a patient without preexisting liver disease.
		Subfulminant hepatic failure (or late-onset hepatic failure) is applied to a syndrome developing more slowly after 2 to 8 weeks up to 3 to 6 months.
		Patients with fulminant hepatic failure should be treated in an intensive care unit, with the patient's head elevated at 20 to 30 degrees.
	merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/157_005.htm (532 words)

	Hepatic Encephalopathy
		Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), also known as portosystemic encephalopathy or PSE, is defined as mental or neuromotor dysfunction in a patient with acute or chronic liver disease.
		The acute form of HE is often associated with fulminant hepatic failure and may rapidly progress to seizures, coma, decerebrate posturing and death.
		Fitz JG (2002) Hepatic encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndromes, hepatorenal syndrome, coagulopathy and endocrine complications of liver disease.
	www.clevelandclinicmeded.com /diseasemanagement/gastro/henceph/henceph.htm (2482 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Acute hepatic failure and multi-system organ failure secondary to replacement of the liver ...
		Although acute liver failure has been reported subsequent to infiltration of the liver by lymphoma [6], breast [7], gastric [8], and lung cancer [9], there are only rare patients with melanoma associated with fulminant hepatic failure.
		Whether the rapid deterioration of the patient was completely attributable to fulminant hepatic failure or a component of tumor lysis syndrome was involved, this case highlights the potential aggressiveness of malignant melanoma.
		Hepatic ischemia has been proposed as the mechanism by which lymphoma may cause fulminant hepatic failure [16,17] and is supported by the marked rise in aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase seen in our patient.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2407/5/67 (1559 words)

	Fulminant hepatic failure
		Hepatitis E often benign and self-limiting, however, FHF has been reported in up to 2.85% of men and 22% of pregnant women, in whom it is usually fatal.
		Fulminant viral hepatitis probably due to host immune factors: in fulminant hepatitis B humoral Ab response may be enhanced - significantly faster rate of clearance of HBsAg in patients with fulminant hepatitis compared with patients with severe uncomplicated hepatitis.
		In the case of the latter circulatory failure may be secondary to severe relative hypovolaemia and in these patients aggressive fluid replacement may lead to dramatic improvement in acid-base status.
	www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk /web8/fulminant_hepatic_failure.htm (2410 words)

	Hepatic Failure in Cats
		Hepatic failure is a condition that occurs when the liver is affected by poor blood flow, decreased oxygen delivery, hepatotoxic drugs or chemicals, heat excess or infectious agents.
		Hepatic failure is seen in all ages and breeds and affects both dogs and cats.
		Feline hepatic lipidosis is a syndrome seen in cats where there is a mobilization of fat into the liver causing a decreased flow of bile and liver dysfunction.
	www.petplace.com /cats/hepatic-failure-in-cats/page2.aspx (756 words)

	Acute hepatic failure (Treatment Guide)
		Severe cases progress to fulminant hepatic failure which is characterized by development of encephalopathy.
		Administration of intravenous n-acetyl cysteine is indicated in acute hepatic failure from acetaminophen poisoning.
		Development of fulminant hepatic failure is associated with extremely high acute mortality, even with aggressive intensive medical care.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/treat/treate/trt02_e.htm (347 words)

	Acute liver failure secondary to hepatic infiltration: a single centre experience of 18 cases -- Rowbotham et al. 42 ...
		Myszor MF, Record CO. Primary and secondary malignant disease of the liver and fulminant hepatic failure.
		Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to diffuse liver infiltration by melanoma.
		Hepatic involvement in Hodgkin's disease: clues to histologic diagnosis.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/42/4/576 (3197 words)

	Fulminant Hepatic Failure
		Fulminant hepatic failure is more common in infants and children with certain diseases and metabolic defects that damage and destroy liver tissue.
		Fulminant hepatic failure in infants under four weeks old can be caused by viruses such as herpes simplex; adenovirus, which causes conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract infections; or enteroviruses, which affect the gastrointestinal tract.
		Symptoms of fulminant hepatic failure include a build up of fluid in the abdomen, which causes swelling called ascites; a yellowish tone to the skin, called jaundice; light-colored bowel movements; a tendency to bruise or bleed easily; fever; abdominal pain; itchy skin; dark urine; nausea; loss of appetite; fatigue; and weakness.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /childrens/healthinfo/f/fulminanthepaticfailure.htm (667 words)

	ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
		Hepatic encephalopathy of ALF must be differentiated from hepatic encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver disease, the so-called portosystemic encephalopathy (Table 2).
		Hepatitis A is a relatively uncommon cause of ALF.
		Viral hepatitis is nearly the sole agent of ALF in the Indian subcontinent, the most important cause in Europe and the United States, and comes next to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity as a cause of ALF in the United Kingdom.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/184/97-347.html (4723 words)

	p000310a - Congestive Heart Failure - Hepatic Complications
		Two patients with similar symptoms referred for diagnosis and treatment of hepatic failure subsequently proved to have cardiomyopathy as the cause of their hepatic decompensation.
		Treatment for heart failure led to a prompt response in both patients with rapid return of all hepatic parameters toward normal.
		It is concluded that ischemic hepatitis is caused by poor hepatic perfusion associated with an acute fall in cardiac output; is usually a subclinical illness with little influence on prognosis, and may be accurately differentiated from viral hepatitis on clinical and biochemical criteria alone.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch99/p000310a.html (463 words)

	NEJM -- Elevated brain concentrations of 1,4-benzodiazepines in fulminant hepatic failure
		The mechanism by which GABA-ergic activity is increased in hepatic failure is unclear, but recent studies in animals with encephalopathy due to fulminant hepatic failure suggest that GABA-ergic neurotransmission may be increased by the presence of elevated concentrations of benzodiazepine agonists such as diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam.
		Samples of frontal cortex were obtained at autopsy from 11 patients with hepatic encephalopathy who died of acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure and 8 patients who died of cardiovascular disease or trauma.
		The patients who died of fulminant hepatic failure could be divided into two groups: six who had had significantly elevated brain concentrations (2-fold to 10-fold higher than normal) of substances inhibiting the binding of [3H]flumazenil and five who had normal concentrations.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/325/7/473 (474 words)

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