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Topic: Hepburn romanization

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	Hepburn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hepburn is a Scottish family name that is also associated with a variety of famous personages, eponyms, places, and things.
		James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (son of Patrick, 3rd Earl of Bothwell) - lover and third husband of Queen Mary I of Scotland.
		Hepburn is a village in Victoria in Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hepburn (276 words)

	Romanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		Such romanizations follow the principle of phonological transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds (phonemes) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language.
		Romanization of Chinese, in particular, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanization (1923 words)

	Hepburn romanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hepburn romanization system (Japanese: ヘボン式, Hebon-shiki) was devised by the Reverend James Curtis Hepburn to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet for his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1867.
		Hepburn is based on English phonology, not Japanese, and as such has faced some opposition in Japan.
		In particular, a September 21, 1937 cabinet ordinance proclaimed an alternative system now commonly known as Kunrei to be Japan's official romanization for all purposes, but this was overturned by the SCAP during the Occupation of Japan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hepburn_romanization (1183 words)

	Romanization
		Romanization, also known as transliteration, is the process of using the Roman alphabet to spell foreign words as close to their actual pronunciation as possible.
		The generally accepted standard for transliterating Japanese is the Hepburn Romanization System, first published by Reverend James Curtis Hepburn in his "A Japanese and English Dictionary" (1867).
		The variety of romanization techniques used to transliterate Mongolian caused such confusion that a loose standard was adopted in 1987.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/Romanization.htm (749 words)

	Romanization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system.
		Romanization (or, more strictly, Roman letters) in Japanese is called "romaji".
		Revised Romanization of Korean (2000): As of 2005, South Korea officially uses this system, that was approved in 2000.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Romanization (1822 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hepburn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hepburn had previously married and divorced Ludlow Ogden Smith (who changed his name to Smith Ogden Ludlow, so that his bride would not have to be known as Kate Smith) and had long-term relationships with Leland Hayward and Howard Hughes.
		Hepburn biographer Anne Edwards, however, believes that both Tracy and Hepburn were bisexual and told journalist Kevin Howell in PW Daily (July 11, 2003) that Hepburn "was not honest about her life.
		Hepburn, as Violet Venable was so obsessed with her dead son, Sebastian, that she wants to have her niece (Taylor) lobotomized rather than have it revealed that he was homosexual.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hepburn (785 words)

	Wikitravel:Romanization - Wikitravel
		Hebrew romanization is highly nonstandard and complicated by the existence of numerous dialects with varying pronunciations.
		The closest to an official standard is the United Nations romanization, which is particularly useful for the traveller as it is widely used in maps.
		For Japanese, Hepburn (written by an American for foreigners) has been the de facto standard of romanization for the past 100 years esp. in publications geared to foreigners, while official standard Kunrei (written by Japanese for Japanese) is used very little.
	www.wikitravel.org /en/article/Wikitravel:Romanization (896 words)

	Encyclopedia: James Curtis Hepburn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He is best remembered for the invention of the Hepburn romanization system.
		Katharine Hepburn Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 â€“ June 29, 2003) was an iconic star of American film, television and stage, widely recognized for her sharp wit, New England gentility and fierce independence.
		The Hepburn romanization system (Japanese : Ã£ÂÂÃ£ÂÂÃ£ÂÂ³Ã¥Â¼Â, Hebon-shiki) was devised by the Revd James Curtis Hepburn to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet for his JapaneseÃ¢ÂÂ“English dictionary, published in 1867.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/James-Curtis-Hepburn (788 words)

	Romanization - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script,the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis onhow the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		Such romanizations follow the principle of phonological transcriptionand attempt to render the significant sounds (phonemes) of the original asfaithfully as possible in the target language.
		Romanization of Chinese, in particular, has proved a verydifficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations.
	www.aaez.biz /?t=Romanization (1438 words)

	Talk:Hepburn romanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I personally don't care what happens to the "alternate romanization" information on the romanization variants on the Hepburn page as the same info is more or less at the Romaji page.
		Shouldn't the hepburn romanizations for ゐ and ゑ reflect the pronunciation of those characters during the 11-20 centuries period, which were i and e/ye?
		From the point of view of someone who doesn't know much about Japan, it should be obvious that "Newspapers and TV use Hepburn" is extremely misleading, because it is totally unqualified, and thus implies to a naive reader that Japanese newspapers are written in romaji.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Hepburn (1404 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hepburn
		The Hepburn romanization system (Japanese: ヘボン式 Hebon-shiki) was devised by the Revd James Curtis Hepburn to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet for his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1867.
		Native Japanese speakers familiar with the Roman alphabet through the study of English tend to find Hepburn more comfortable than the official Monbushō system.
		In Japan, almost all official signs (street signs, warnings, notices, etc) are romanized in Hepburn.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Hepburn (1014 words)

	Romanization - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Antiquity, Romanization describes the spread of Roman culture and language.
		In linguistics, romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system.
		As an example, consider the Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyūzyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ, but most people would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Romanisation (1707 words)

	Encyclopedia: Romanization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ROMAN MYTHOLOGY, various beliefs, rituals, and other observances concerning the supernatural held or practiced by the ancient Romans from the legendary period until Christianity finally completely supplanted the native religions of the Roman Empire at the start of the Middle Ages.
		The original religion of the early Romans was so modified by the addition of numerous and conflicting beliefs in later times, and by the assimilation of a vast amount of Greek mythology, that it cannot be reconstructed precisely.
		The important Roman deities were eventually identified with the more anthropomorphic Greek gods and goddesses, whose attributes and myths were also taken over.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Romanization (739 words)

	Wikipedia: Hepburn
		The Hepburn romanization system (ヘボン式, Hebon-shiki) was devised by an American missionary doctor in the 1860s to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet (in Japanese, "Romaji").
		It is widely used today both in the English-speaking world and in Japan, where many younger people are most familiar with the Roman alphabet through the study of English and thus find its spelling conventions more comfortable than the official Monbusho romanization standard.
		Two other romanization systems for Japanese are Nippon-shiki and JSL.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/h/he/hepburn.html (340 words)

	Kunrei-shiki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Despite this, it is much less widespread in use than Hepburn romanization, and is mostly used within Japanese primary schools.
		The system is a compromise between Hepburn, which stresses conformity with English phonology, and Nihon-shiki, which stresses one-to-one correspondence with the kana system, but it is much closer to the latter.
		In Hepburn these would be represented as pāti and firumu, giving a good indication of the pronunciation, but Kunrei already has a "ti" reserved for the Hepburn sound chi and does not allow for a separate "f" sounds.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Kunrei-shiki.php (318 words)

	Romanization - China-related Topics RM-RP - China-Related Topics
		A romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Latin alphabetRoman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system.
		If the romanization attempts to transliterationtransliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		Romanization of Chinese languageChinese, in particular, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Romanization (1684 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Hepburn
		The Hepburn romanization system (Japanese: and#12504;and#12508;and#12531;and#24335; Hebon-shiki) was devised by the Revd James Curtis Hepburn to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet for his Japaneseandndash;English dictionary, published in 1867.
		Native Japanese speakers familiar with the Roman alphabet through the study of English tend to find Hepburn more comfortable than the official Monbushand#333; system.
		More technically, where syllables constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain the "unstable" consonant for the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that, as an English speaker would pronounce it, better matches the real sound, for example and#12375; is written shi not *si.
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=hepburn (988 words)

	4.3.5. sci.lang.japan FAQ: What are the systems of romanization of Japanese? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Hepburn romanization system is also called the hyoujun or "standard" system, even though it is not a standard system: the Japanese government wants everyone to use the kunrei system.
		Nihon-shiki (日本式) romanization, which has the advantage of a one-to-one correspondance between kana and roomaji, whereas the kunrei and Hepburn systems sometimes have the same romanization for two different kana.
		For example, the Nihon-shiki and the Kunrei systems romanize as ta ti tu te to what the Hepburn system romanizes as ta chi tsu te to: the Hepburn system is less regular but is closer to the usual English spelling of the sounds.
	www.csse.monash.edu /~jwb/afaq/kana-roman.html (597 words)

	When In Rômaji... - An Examination of Romanization. Article on TM!AU
		However, romanized text using either of these systems can be confusing to native English speakers because some of the characters do not appear to correspond to the sounds they represent.
		Although the three romanization systems mentioned have their differences, the way each one handles the majority of individual kana is the same.
		However, in more recent editions of documents using the Hepburn system (1983 revision) this distinction is no longer made, and unless the romanized name of a company, product, person, etc. chooses to keep or adopt the older system, the modern "n" romanization should be used.
	tmau.fateback.com /articles/wir/wir02.html (1149 words)

	Sensei's Library: Japanese Go Pronunciations
		And Japanese is pronounced almost exactly as written (either in kana, or transliterated Roman characters) according to the Hepburn romanization system and its variants, which are used almost universally in the English language.
		Sensei's Library uses a modified version of the Hepburn Romanization which does not indicate long vowels (this standard is used in many Go-related books) and which does not include any apostrophes.
		In the Library of Congress' Revised Hepburn as well as in several other systems, such as Kunrei-shiki and Nihon-shiki, "n" is used even when written before other labial consonants while it is still written as "n'" before vowels and y.
	senseis.xmp.net /?JapaneseGoPronunciations (2095 words)

	When In Rômaji... - An Examination of Romanization. Article on TM!AU
		These particles may be romanized using either of their spellings, but "wa", "e" and "o" are generally only used in the Hepburn system.
		These examples show that "official" romanized names and titles, whilst often left unaltered when the series is released outside Japan, may not conform to any particular romanization system and may be rendered one way due to preference.
		Given that the issue of romanization is a complex one, it is tempting to simply write it off and accept a slapdash approach to writing Japanese in the Roman alphabet.
	tmau.fateback.com /articles/wir/wir03.html (1010 words)

	Kanaroma Sounds
		In the tables below, the Hepburn romanization of each syllable is given in red, followed by hiragana and katakana immediately below.
		The romanization used in this dictionary is the widely used Hepburn system, with the slight modifications adopted in Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary.
		Syllables not appearing in these tables are romanized in the same way in all three systems.
	www.kanji.org /kanji/japanese/kanaroma/kanaroma.htm (730 words)

	biology - Kunrei-shiki
		For example, the word かなづかい, romanized kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced kanazukai in modern Japanese, and Kunrei-shiki uses the latter spelling.
		The government generally uses Hepburn for romanizing Japanese names and terms in English contexts, as well as some less language-specific contexts such as passports and road signs.
		The most serious problem of Hepburn in this context is that it changes the stem of verbs, which is not reflected in the underlying morphology of the language.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Kunrei-shiki (569 words)

	Romanization (Hepburn vs Kunrei) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hepburn uses roman letters as they are commonly used in the languages that use them.
		Roman letters, I would predict, are becoming more important because it is the currently predominant method of input for Japanese on computers.
		Hepburn is easier mostly for English speakers, and perhaps for some Western Europeans because they have already learned English.
	forum.japantoday.com /m_555586/mpage_1/key_/tm.htm#555614 (5660 words)

	Audry Hepburn Movies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Hepburn romanization system (Japanese : ヘボン式 Hebon-shiki) wasdevised by Reverend James Curtis Hepbrn to transcribe thesounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet for his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1867.This system is sometimes referred to as Hyōjun-shiki (標準式) (standard style).
		In Japan, many younger people arefamiliar with the Roman alphabet through the study of English andthus find Hepburm more comfortable than the alternative Monbushō system.
		In particular, a September 21, 1937 cabinet ordinanceproclaimed an alternative system now commonly known as Kunrei to be Japan's officialromanization for all purposes, but this was overturned by the SCAP during the Occupation of Japan.
	www.bodawg.com /point/44803-audry-hepburn-movies.html (584 words)

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