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Topic: Hephthalite Empire

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	The Huns - Indian History
		The Gupta dynasty in India reigned in the Ganges basin with the Kushan empire occupied the area along the Indus.
		India knew the Hephthalite as Huna by the Sanskrit name.
		For thirty years the northwestern India was ruled by Hephthalite kings.
	www.gloriousindia.com /history/huns.html (215 words)

	Herat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was captured by Alexander in 330 BC during his war against the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
		It was part of the Seleucid Empire but was captured by others on various occasions and became part of the Parthian Empire in 167 BC.
		In 1040 it was captured by the Seljuk Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hirat (703 words)

	The Hephthalites or Huns (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 484 the Hephthalite chief Akhshunwar led his army attacked the Sassanian King Peroz (459-484) and the king was defeated and killed in Khurasan.
		Under the Hephthalite control, the Bactrian script and language continued to be used and trade and commerce flourished as previously.
		Most scholars believe it is Iranian for the Pei Shih states that the language of the Hephthalites differs from those of the Juan-juan (Mongoloid) and of the "various Hu" (Turkic); however there are some think the Hephthalites spoke Mongol tongues like the Hsien-pi (3rd century) and the Juan-juan (5th century) and the Avars (6th-9th century).
	pakhtun.com /theHephthalites.htm (1848 words)

	History Gupta Empire - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		The collapse of the Gupta Empire in the face of the Huna onslaught was due not directly to the inherent defects of the Gupta army, which after all had initially defeated these barbarians under Skandagupta.
		In the 480's the Hephthalite king Toramana broke through the Gupta defenses in the northwest, and much of the empire was overrun by the Hunas by 500.
		The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor, Mihirakula; the Hunas conquered several provinces of the empire, including Malwa, Gujarat, and Thanesar, broke away under the rule of local dynasties.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/gupta_empire.php (2058 words)

	The White Huns - The Hephthalites
		In 484 the Hephthalite chief Akhshunwar led his army attacked the Sassanian King Peroz (459-484) and the king was defeated and killed in Khurasan.
		During the 5th century, the Gupta dynasty in India reigned in the Ganges basin with the Kushan empire occupied the area along the Indus.
		Most scholars believe it is Iranian for the Pei Shih states that the language of the Hephthalites differs from those of the Juan-juan (Mongoloid) and of the "various Hu" (Turkic); however there are some think the Hephthalites spoke Mongol tongues like the Hsien-pi (3rd century) and the Juan-juan (5th century) and the Avars (6th-9th century).
	www.silk-road.com /artl/heph.shtml (1209 words)

	Iranica.com - HEPHTHALITES
		Procopius claims that the Hephthalites live in a prosperous territory, are the only Huns with fair complexions, do not live as nomads, acknowledge a single king, observe a well-regulated constitution, and behave justly towards neighboring states.
		When Kawa@d (488-96) succeeded in Iran, he was deposed and imprisoned; but he escaped, and, benefiting from his acquaintance with the Hephthalites, amongst whom he had lived as a hostage after the defeat of Pe@ro@z, obtained the help of their ruler and a military contingent, enabling him to recover the Sasanian throne.
		It is also claimed that the tribe of the Gurjaras accompanied the Hephthalite invaders, giving their name to various localities on their route to Gujarat, and that they are ancestral also to the Gujar pastoralists who today frequent the higher elevations of the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v12f2/v12f2036.html (1903 words)

	Hephthalite (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were an Indo-European and quite possibly an Eastern Iranian nomadic people who lived across western China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwest India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD.
		The term Hephthalite derives from Greek, supposedly a rendering of Hayathelite (from the term Haital = "Big/Powerful" in the dialect of Bukhara), the name used by Persian writers to refer to a 6th century empire on the northern and eastern periphery of their land.
		The Hephthalites, or Huna as they were known in India, established themselves in Afghanistan and Pakistan by the first half of the fifth century, with their capital at Bamiyan.
	www.tocatch.info /en/White_Huns.htm (1090 words)

	LOTE13 Starting Nations
		Starting Positions in A Twilight of Empires, LOTE13
		These are historical descriptions of the initial player positions.
		Chris Cornuelle / lote13gm at xmission dot com / last modified Sunday, 08-Jan-2006 14:06:12 MST
	www.xmission.com /~bob/lote13/Nations (120 words)

	Central Asia during the early Middle Ages - Introduction
		The date of the creation of the Hephthalite state on the territory of Central Asia is assigned to the 50’s of the V c.
		It is possible that the leaders of the Hephthalite tribes assumed the authority with the support of the aristocracy of the agricultural oases.
		This was the second steppe empire, after that of the Huns, to spread its authority over a vast territory from the borders of China to the southern Russian steppes.
	www.kroraina.com /ca/ca_intro.html (2681 words)

	The White Huns - The Hephthalites
		At the time when the Hephthalites gained power, Kushan and Gandhara were ruled by the Kidarites, a local dynisty of Hun or Chionites tribe.
		With the stabilization at the western border, the Hephthalites extended their influence to the northwest into the Tarim Basin.
		During the 5th century, the Gupta dynasty in India reigned in the Ganges basin with the Kushan empire occupied the area along the Indus.
	www.silkroadfoundation.org /artl/heph.shtml (1209 words)

	Wikipedia: Herat
		It was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BC during his war against the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
		In this period Herat became an important center for the production of metal goods, especially in bronze, often decorated with elaborate inlays in precious metals.
		In the late 1400s the Musalla complex (with many minarets) was built under the rule of Queen Gawharshad.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/h/he/herat.html (525 words)

	Frye.History of Ancient Iran
		The division of the empire into four parts, after the points of the compass, by Chosroes I was more for military or defense purposes than for civil administration, although it must be admitted that we are not informed about the civil organization which was formed beside the military governor (spahbad) and his assistant (?) (padgospan).
		Thus the Sasanian Empire went on the same road as the Achaemenid, and to the outside observer, removed from both by many centuries, the similarities in their final years strike one more than the differences.
		The organization of minority religions in the Sasanian Empire served to protect Zoroastrianism after the Arab conquest, when the change from dominant, state religion to one of minority status was made, and this enabled Zoroastrianism to survive to the present.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryehst.html (6053 words)

	Home > Morgan Hill, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kushan Empire was the crucible of trade among the Indians, Persians, Chinese, and Roman and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road.
		After the collapse of the Sassanid Empire to the Caliphate the Gandharan Satrapy became an independent Kingdom based from Afghanistan and vied with the Tang dynasty, Tibet, the Caliphate and other Turkic tribes for domination in the region.
		Contemporaries of the Gupta Empire and the successor state of the Satavahanas they formed the southern boundaries of the north and ruled over todays modern day states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra during the 3rd and 5th centuries.
	www.morganhillcaus.com /info/Middle_kingdoms_of_India (2830 words)

	de Herat Herat is a city in western Afghanistan Afghanistan in...
		It was captured by Alexander in 330 BC 330 BC during his war against the Persian Achaemenid Empire Achaemenid Empire.
		It was part of the Seleucid Empire Seleucid Empire but was captured by others on various occasions and became part of the Parthian Empire Parthian Empire in 167 BC 167 BC.
		In 1040 1040 it was captured by the Seljuk Empire Seljuk Empire.
	www.biodatabase.de /Herat (637 words)

	N311
		The Hephthalites were known as 'White Huns' due to a quotation in Procopius's History of the Wars, written in the mid 6th century.
		In 484 the Hephthalite chief, Akhshunwar, attacked the Sassanian King Peroz (459-484), who was defeated and killed in Khurasan.
		The Hephthalite empire now extended to Merv and Herat, which had been the regions of the Sassanid Empire.
	www.aoti76.dsl.pipex.com /coins/in/n401.htm (472 words)

	History of Iran: Emperor Ardeshir and the cycle of history
		It is difficult to determine the ethnic composition of Chionites or Hephthalites, but there is no evidence that the Chionites were different from the Hephthalites; rather the meagre evidence indicates that the Hephthalites may have stood in the same relation to the Chionites as the older Kushans did to the Yueh-chih.
		The land tax of the later Roman empire was based on the land unit the iugum, but the amount of taxation was already determined by the indictio and divided among the various plots of land.
		This lower nobility really possessed and ruled the land at the end of the Sasanian empire and it would seem that they owed their positions to the ruler and were an effective counter-weight to the few great families who became progressively less important.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/emperor_ardeshir_history3.php (3407 words)

	nomadik players
		Hephthalites moved west to the Russian steppe to form the Avar Khanate late 6th cent after its Hephthalite Empire was destroyed by the Turks and Sassanians in today's Iran in AD 553-568.
		Though they were defeated by the Hindus and had to seek refuge in Kashmir in AD 528, their damages to the Gupta empire and Buddhism were irremediable.
		There is a striking resemblance in the deformed heads of the early Yüeh-chih and Hephthalite kings on their coinage." But according to http://www.best.com/~heli/wargame/variant/maharaja/eph.txt, "Iranian customs also are common in the Ephthalite world.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/Nomadic_players.htm (3625 words)

	Frye. Heritage of Persia
		The Sasanian empire was now more occupied with internal affairs than with external, and presumably a modus vivendi between the great feudal lords and the king of kings had been forged in such a way that a new allegiance to the house of Sasan was accepted by all.
		The development of the church during the early Sasanian empire is tied to the name of Kartir who was unknown to history before the discovery of his monolingual inscriptions in the Middle Persian language.
		In the reign of Varahran II he received the rank of nobility, the headship of the religion, and was made chief judge of the empire, and chief of the royal fire at Istakhr at the imperial shrine of Anahita.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryeheri.html (10494 words)

	Hephthalite
		Some sources indicate that one branch of the Juan Juan was called Uar or Var(?), and they were placed at the head of the Uyghurs after Juan Juan subjugation in 460.
		After Toramana II, the Hephthalite seat of power was relocated to Pakistan.
		It was apparently during the reign of Yedaiyiliduo that there was a split resulting in the western portions of Huer and Alchoni relocating their interests in the Volga region of Europe as the Avars.
	articles.gourt.com /?article=Hephthalite (1124 words)

	Turfan_Mummies
		Some people claimed that the remaining Hephthalites (White Huns) moved west to the Russian steppe to form the Avar Khanate late 6th cent, and some people also claimed that the earlier Ruruans had fled westward to form the Avars.
		The Khazar empire fell when Sviatoslav, duke of Kiev, defeated its army in AD 965." The Khazars (or Chazars) are believed by some to have been the ancestors of many East European Jews.
		After final downfall of the Seljuk empire in 1157, all the Seljuk states were overrun in the 13th cent by Jenghiz Khan and his successors, whose hordes comprised both Mongols and Turks and became generally known as Tatars.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/Turfan_Mummies.htm (5636 words)

	UNESCO Collection of History of Civilizations of Central Asia : Volume III (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This was a period which witnessed not only complex political events due to the arrival of warring dynasties and to ethnic movements, but also far-reaching social, economic and cultural upheaval.
		An epoch of rich and powerful empires such as the Sasanians in Iran and the T'ang in China.
		There were also waves of nomadic migrations and the constitution of steppe empires which swept over these sedentary populations and not only left their imprint on political and social life but frequently added a new ethnic component to the population.
	www.unesco.org /culture/asia/html_eng/volume3.htm (238 words)

	The Definitive Guide to Hunas XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hunas, (or Alchon but inaccurately Indo-Hephthalites), as they were known in South Asia, seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group, who established themselves in Afghanistan by the first half of the fifth century, with their capital at Bamiyan.
		The Alchon ruler Toramana established his rule over Pakistan and northern India, and was succeeded by his son Mihirakula in 520 whose capital was Sakala or modern day Sialkot in the Pakistani Punjab.
		Gurjara origins and their relationship to the Hephthalites are not well documented, and subject to considerable debate.
	www.xxxx.com /s/Hunas (757 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: )
		6th century empire on the northern and eastern periphery of their land.
		From this time on they came to be called Hephthalites, but meanwhile the rest of the Huer and Alchoni under Sarosios's father strengthened their position in Khwarezmia to conquer the dregs of
		The Eastern Huer or Hephthalite control of Uighuristan was achieved between 541 and 545, during the reign of Ye-Tai-Yi-Li-Tuo's successor Toramana II, which is why some scholars say Avar rule began in the area from this time.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/White_Huns.html (906 words)

	Articles - Hephthalite (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD.
		Procopius called them "White Huns" while Simokattes calls them Uar (reminiscent of their own self-designation) and identifies them as the "real" Avars of the east and the true political force behind what he calls the "pseudo" Avars who eventually settled down in Transylvania.
		Enoki believed them to be an Iranian group, like the Tajiks today, while some of their practices remind us of Khwarezmia, in which case they may have belonged to another branch of Indo-Europeans, perhaps Tocharians.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/Hephthalite (952 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Chronology of Central Asian History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kujula Kadphises unites the Yüeh-chih to establish the Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to the Upper Indus.
		The Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia.
		The Turks and Sassanians ally to destroy the Hephthalite Empire.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=6054&PN=1 (5017 words)

	Turk & Uygur (UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, and WEIWUER) -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- ...
		The Turks are a group of group no secondary to the Huns, and their influence would be felt in Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Byzantium and the Balkans as well as waves of raids into the Indus Valley.
		After the collapse of the Kushan empire, Bactrian language continued in use till the ninth-century, as evidenced by inscriptions from the Tochi valley in Pakistan and the remnants of Buddhist and Manichean manuscripts found in the Turfan oasis.
		The Hephthalites, as everybody knows, were bloodthirsty gangs of cone-headed, polyandric, Buddhist-hating, sun-worshiping..." Groups of Iranian and/or Altaic-speaking nomads (somewhat or maybe not at all related to the Mongolian Huns) have been slowly moving into Sogdiana, Bactria and Iran since the beginning of the 2nd century AD.
	www.uglychinese.org /uygur.htm (13641 words)

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