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Topic: Herbert Kroemer

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	Professor Herbert Kroemer
		Bio: Professor Kroemer received a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot-electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics and technology of semiconductors and semiconductor devices.
		Kroemer has always preferred to work on problems that are one or two generation ahead of established mainstream technology.
		Since the late 1990s, Kroemer has reverted to purely theoretical work, some of which continues earlier work [8,9,12], some is in newer research areas, like electromagnetic wave propagation in photonic crystals, especially negative-refraction effects, as well as the physics of nanostructures.
	www.ece.ucsb.edu /faculty/Kroemer/default.html (616 words)

	Bambooweb: Herbert Kroemer
		Kroemer, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, has always preferred to work on problems that are ahead of mainstream technology.
		In the 1950s, he was the first to point out that advantages could be gained in various semiconductor devices by incorporating heterojunctions into the devices.
		Kroemer became an early pioneer in molecular beam epitaxy, concentrating on applying the technology to untried new materials.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/h/e/Herbert_Kroemer.html (150 words)

	The Information Age's Father: UCSB's Herbert Kroemer - Daily Nexus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Kroemer’s love of physics earned him a Ph.D., sent him to work in a number of German and American laboratories, and led to a job teaching physics at the University of Colorado.
		Kroemer’s heterostructure transistors, the backbone of modern electronics, operated at 100 times the speed of their predecessors.
		In 1963, Kroemer and Russian scientist Zhores Alferov, who was co-recipient of the 2000 physics Nobel Prize, proposed a heterostructure laser, operating on similar principles as the transistors.
	www.ucsbdailynexus.com /news/2001/217.html (1142 words)

	KROEMER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		UCSB professor Herbert Kroemer was at the top of his profession when he found out he shared the Nobel Prize in physics last year.
		Kroemer, 73, said it was a bit of serendipity that led to Mr.
		Kroemer is about four miles across and flies far from Earth in an elliptical orbit around the sun, between Mars and Jupiter.
	www.tls-tautenburg.de /presse/kroemer.html (435 words)

	IEEE Spectrum Careers
		An unusual condition was imposed on Herbert Kroemer at the start of his research career 50 years ago.
		But Kroemer concluded that the process was one of recrystallization--the heated indium dissolves some of the germanium, and then upon cooling the germanium precipitates out and recrystallizes, incorporating some of the indium atoms, which replace some of the germanium atoms in the lattice.
		Kroemer feels he did little significant work at Philips and, since his wife quickly concluded she preferred the United States after all, in 1959 he went to Varian Associates (Palo Alto, Calif.), where he did a little research on tunnel diodes before turning to other problems.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /careers/careerstemplate.jsp?ArticleId=p060302 (3219 words)

	Nobel Physics Prize Awarded to IT Pioneers
		Sharing the award with Kilby are Herbert Kroemer, a physics professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and Zhores I. Alferov, who is the director of the A. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia.
		Kroemer, 72, was cited for developing semiconductor heterostructures consisting of layers of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide while working at RCA Corp. and Varian Associates Inc. in the 1950s and early 1960s.
		Kroemer's work showed that transistors based on heterostructure technology could be superior to conventional ones, especially for amplifying currents and for high-frequency applications.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2000/0,4814,52471,00.html (337 words)

	Professor Herbert Kroemer
		Professor Kroemer received a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot-electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductors and semiconductor devices.
		Following work in a number of research laboratories in Germany and the USA, Kroemer persuaded the ECE Department at UCSB in 1976 to put all resources it had available for expanding their small semiconductor research program, not into mainstream silicon technology, but into the emerging compound semiconductor technology.
		Kroemer can no longer commit himself to beginning graduate students for research in this field, he still welcomes postdoc applicants with an appropriate background that would permit immediate participation in the research.
	www.punjabilok.com /science/herb_kroem.htm (717 words)

	ScienceNow
		For it was with silicon that the three recipients--Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments in Dallas; Herbert Kroemer of the University of California, Santa Barbara; and Zhores Alferov of the A. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia--made their crowning achievements.
		Kroemer realized he could increase the transistor's efficiency and tailor its properties by altering the structures and materials of the two layers.
		Kroemer and Alferov's brainstorm led to the development of radio satellites, base stations for mobile phones, fiber-optic cables, and CD players, notes semiconductor laser researcher Al Cho of Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey.
	bric.postech.ac.kr /science/97now/00_10now/001010b.html (390 words)

	Online NewsHour: Nobel Prize Winners- October 10, 2000
		Professor Herbert Kroemer, the University of California at Santa Barbara, was one of three men sharing the physics prize for improving the information technology that makes calculators, CD players and cell phones possible.
		HERBERT KROEMER: Well, the news came as a telephone call at 2:30 in the morning, and the first reaction is, who on earth is calling at this God-awful hour.
		HERBERT KROEMER: There is certainly a great deal of commonality, particularly in the conducting materials field between physics and chemistry.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/science/july-dec00/nobel-sci_10-10.html (1353 words)

	EDS Members Named Winners of 2002 IEEE Medals
		Herbert Kroemer won the IEEE Medal of Honor and Dr. Yoshio Nishi won the IEEE Robert N. Noyce Medal.
		Herbert Kroemer is a true pioneer in the field of physics and in the technology of semiconductor and semiconductor devices.
		Kroemer originated the concept of the heterostructure bipolar transistor in the mid-1950s while with RCA Laboratories in Princeton, N.J. From 1959 to 1966, his work with Varian Associates, Palo Alto, Calif., yielded the invention of the double heterostructure laser and his seminal paper on the topic.
	ieee.com /organizations/pubs/newsletters/eds/oct02/medals.html (590 words)

	Nobel Laureate Herbert Kroemer To Give Public Lecture At CU-Boulder \| News Center \| University of Colorado at Boulder
		Kroemer, who shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics with Jack Kilby and Zhores Alferov, was recognized by the Royal Swedish Academy for developing the semiconductor heterostructures that are used in high-speed and opto-electronics.
		Kroemer's conceptual work on heterostructures began in the early 1950s as he was looking for a way to improve transistor speed and performance.
		Kroemer received his doctorate in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Gottingen, Germany, before working in the telecommunications research laboratory of the German Postal Service.
	www.colorado.edu /news/releases/2001/328.html (531 words)

	Science Academy Picks Kroemer
		Herbert Kroemer, winner of a Nobel Prize in 2000 for his pioneering work in physics, has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the nation's most prestigious scientific organization.
		Kroemer holds the Donald W. Whittier Chair in Electrical Engineering and is a professor of materials.
		Kroemer received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Goettingen in 1952.
	www.ia.ucsb.edu /93106/2003/May12/science.html (367 words)

	Library Nobel Laureate handout
		Herbert Kroemer, of electrical and computer engineering, shares the Nobel Prize in physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics," according to the Swedish Academy.
		Professor Kroemer received a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot-electron effects in the then-new transistor.
		Kroemer's research is part of a team effort at UCSB and is directed towards developing the in-depth theoretical understanding of the problems that must be overcome to convert the Bloch oscillator from a theoretical speculation to technological reality.
	www.library.ucsb.edu /libwaves/feb01/nobelhandout.html (907 words)

	Faculty Profile: Herbert Kroemer
		Kroemer’s theoretical interests were clear in his first job with the German Postal Service in 1952.
		Always ahead of his time, in 1976 Kroemer persuaded the Department of Electrical Engineering at UCSB to put all of the resources it had available for expanding a small semiconductor research program into the emerging compound semiconductor technology instead of into mainstream silicon technology.
		He became the first member of the new research section, founding what has grown into a large group that is second to none in the physics and technology of compound semiconductors.
	www.catalog.ucsb.edu /2002cat/profiles/kroemer.htm (157 words)

	Nobel Committee Honors Fathers Of Digital Age - Technology News by TechWeb
		Kroemer -- at 72 still a feisty researcher at UCSB -- said his work disproves contemporary notions that research needs to have commercial applications for it to be funded.
		Kroemer, who received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Gottingen, Germany, in 1952 and worked for RCA and Varian before entering academia, said it's not the private sector's job to handle basic research, nor is it that of the national labs.
		As early as 1957, Kroemer proposed a heterostructure transistor superior to a conventional transistor for current amplification and high-frequency applications.
	www.techweb.com /wire/29115662 (1169 words)

	Herbert Kroemer - Autobiography
		Kroemer, one of the purposes of a higher education is that you learn to be bored gracefully." I will never forget that outburst - nor have I ever really learned to be bored gracefully.
		Kroemer, you ought to be able to formulate this mathematically!
		Kroemer, that is just math, what is the physics?" After a few encounters of this kind, you got the idea: You had to be able to go back and forth with ease.
	www.nobel.se /physics/laureates/2000/kroemer-autobio.html (3053 words)

	Herbert Kroemer - Wikipedia
		Herbert Kroemer begann nach dem Abitur 1947 mit dem Physikstudium an der Universität Jena und besuchte unter anderem Vorlesungen bei Friedrich Hund.
		Herbert Kroemer arbeitete nie in Bereichen, die gerade "aktuell" waren, sondern bevorzugte Bereiche, deren Bedeutung erst Jahre später deutlich wurden.
		Informationen der Nobelstiftung zur Preisverleihung 2000 für Herbert Kroemer (englisch)
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Herbert_Kroemer (347 words)

	Physics Today December 2000
		In 1957, Kroemer, then at RCA in Princeton, New Jersey, returned to an idea he had had a few years earlier: varying the energy gap in semiconductors.
		Kroemer realized that this effect should make it possible to create devices that are fundamentally impossible to achieve in homostructures.
		A native of Weimar, Germany, Kroemer got his start in semiconductor physics at age 24 with a PhD dissertation on the then-new transistor from the University of Göttingen in Germany in 1952.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-53/iss-12/p17.html (2173 words)

	German Government Honors UCSB Professor - Daily Nexus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Electrical and computer engineering Professor Herbert Kroemer, one of UCSB’s three Nobel laureates, was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, the highest honor awarded by the German government, on Oct. 20.
		Kroemer is best known for his invention of heterostructured semiconductors, which are used in all computers.
		When Kroemer and his colleagues started work on semiconductors, many people were skeptical of their efforts.
	www.dailynexus.com /news/2001/1640.html (378 words)

	ITworld.com - TI's Kilby receives Nobel Prize
		Kilby shares this year's prize with Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, who were cited by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for their contribution to satellite and wireless telecommunications.
		Alferov, of the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia, and Kroemer, of the University of California at Santa Barbara, gained their share of the prize for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics.
		Kroemer, born in 1928, first worked on the heterostructure transistor in 1957 while at RCA Corp., according to the academy.
	www.itworld.com /Tech/3494/ITW2936/pfindex.html (397 words)

	IEEE - Herbert Kroemer, 1928 -
		Herbert Kroemer is a true pioneer in the field of physics and in the technology of semiconductors and semiconductor devices.
		Dr. Kroemer originated the concept of the heterostructure bipolar transistor in the mid-1950s while with RCA Laboratories in Princeton, NJ.
		Dr. Kroemer won the 2002 IEEE Medal of Honor "For contributions to high-frequency transistors and hot-electron devices, especially heterostructure devices from heterostructure bipolar transistors to lasers, and their molecular beam epitaxy technology."
	www.ieee.org /web/aboutus/history_center/biography/kroemer.html (393 words)

	Asteroid Bears Nobelist's Name into Solar System
		Kroemer, who holds the Donald W. Whittier Chair in Electrical Engineering and is a professor of materials, shared the year 2000 Nobel Prize in physics for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics.
		A native of Germany, Kroemer received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Gttingen, with a dissertation on hot-electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductors and semiconductor devices.
		He became the first member of the group, founding what has grown into a large group that is second to none in the physics and technology of compound semiconductors and devices based on them.
	www.ia.ucsb.edu /93106/2001/sept24/asteroid/asteroid.html (477 words)

	Michigan Engineering \| Nobel physicist will receive Engineering’s top honor
		Nobel Prize winner Herbert Kroemer will receive the Goff Smith Prize from the University of Michigan College of Engineering and give a lecture in the Johnson Rooms of the Robert H. Lurie Engineering Center on North Campus, Wednesday, March 20, 2002, at 4 p.m.
		Kroemer is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the 2001-2002 recipient of the Goff Smith Prize.
		Kroemer won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000 for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in fast opto- and microelectronics components.
	www.engin.umich.edu /news/goffsmithkroemer/kroemer (248 words)

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