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Topic: Herbert P Bix

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	Faculty Spotlight - Dr. Bix
		Professor Herbert Bix is a Japan historian and student of the political, military, and social history of 19th and 20th century Japan.
		Bix works with students on topics related to Japan and East Asia, and and particularly welcomes applications from students interested in studying modern Japanese political, diplomatic, and military history.
		PBS: Herbert Bix on MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito
	research.binghamton.edu /faculty/bix/bix.htm (367 words)

	Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan.(Review) (book review) - Encyclopedia.com
		Herbert Bix, the author of Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, flatly rejects the contention that Hirohito was merely a figurehead.
		Bix's thesis is not new, even if he claims that some of his sources are original.
		Bix slights the motives of Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka, who hated the United States because he had been badly treated while living in America as a boy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-73000550.html (768 words)

	Inside Binghamton University
		Herbert Bix, professor of sociology and history, won the 2001 Pulitizer Prize in general non-fiction for his study of Japanese Emperor Hirohito’s role in World War II-era war crimes, for which he was never prosecuted.
		Bix, who won the 2001 Pulitzer Prize in non-fiction for his book, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, contends that Hirohito was personally and actively involved in Japan’s aggressive war policies during World War II.
		Bix, professor of history and sociology, said American policymakers gave Hirohito “a virtual political pardon” in the pragmatic belief that he could be helpful in the effort.
	inside.binghamton.edu /January-February/24jan02/bix.html (0 words)

	'Hirohito And The Making of Modern Japan' by Herbert P. Bix
		Bix writes in his introduction that his book incorporates the work of many contemporary Japanese historians.
		As Bix interprets the evidence, Hirohito was not a benign figurehead betrayed by his generals but an active player in murderous aggression.
		Bix shows that Hirohito was consulted on and approved the Japanese military adventures that reached their peak with the attack on Pearl Harbor and the invasion of the Philippines.
	www.post-gazette.com /books/reviews/20001029review614.asp (818 words)

	TIMEasia.com \| Lesser Majesty \| 9/4/2000
		To Bix, the case of Hirohito set a precedent in the 20th century for the manner in which heads of state avoid scrutiny that could determine their culpability.
		Bix offers up a balanced account that neither paints Hirohito as a villain nor a saint, but as a flawed individual who nonetheless played a larger role in the war than has been officially recognized.
		Bix, 61, shows that Hirohito was from an early age steeped in military training and prepared for a much more active role in governing than his father, a sickly and ineffectual Emperor.
	www.time.com /time/asia/magazine/2000/0904/japan.hirohito.html (1854 words)

	Hirohito and Making of Modern Japan
		Bix shows that at virtually every step on the road to total war Hirohito had choices and that he made them so as to directly or indirectly support and reward those who led the military expansion of his empire.
		Bix is not unsympathetic to the difficulties facing an individual he describes variously as nervous, troubled and lonely--someone brought up from childhood to think of himself as responsible to a long line of divine ancestors, to think of his people as mere children and to think of the Japanese as a spiritually superior race.
		Bix's bitterness occasionally gets the better of him--especially his anger at the emperor's unwillingness to acknowledge any responsibility for the millions of lives lost and atrocities committed during the wars over which he presided.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/alperovitz/BIXREVIEW.htm (1387 words)

	Barnes & Noble.com - Books: Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, by Herbert P. Bix, Paperback
		Herbert Bix's biography of Emperor Hirohito of Japan is an outstanding work, but it must be read with caution, a critical eye and an open mind.
		While Bix has unearthed an emperor who definitely had a hand in government and the fatal decisions that propelled Japan into war, and bore unacknowledged responsibility for those decisions, he has not necessarily proven Hirohito to be their animating force.
		Bix would have us see Hirohito as the ultimate master of indirect rule, served by private intelligence systems to feed him the truth and manipulating all from behind the scenes in ways to make governmental decision appear to be the unanimous work of others presented to him only for his purely ceremonial rubber stamp.
	btobsearch.barnesandnoble.com /booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?sourceid=0039599664&btob=Y&pwb=1&ean=9780060931308 (2093 words)

	Bix Review
		Bix writes that Hirohito was in on the planning of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
		Too inhibited and slow in producing ideas, he was never able to surmount rivalries between the military services and thereby maintain their unity of purpose and effort.Ó What Hirohito did hammer into his chiefs of staffsÕ heads was Òresponsibility for the empire, and, ultimately, the interests of the imperial house.
		Bix notes that the question of HirohitoÕs war criminality was a hot topic in the immediate postwar period.
	www.zmag.org /japanwatch/0101-hirohito.html (1462 words)

	Herbert P. Bix - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Herbert P. Bix is the author of Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, an acclaimed account of the Japanese Emperor and the events which shaped modern Japanese imperialism.
		Bix earned his Ph.D. in history and Far Eastern language from Harvard University.
		For several decades, he has written about modern and contemporary Japanese history in the United States and Japan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Herbert_P._Bix (147 words)

	The Chrysanthemum Throne - New York Times
		In his important and provocative new book, ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan,'' Herbert P. Bix presents one of the first complete biographies of the emperor in English based on this new Japanese scholarship, as well as on extensive research of his own.
		Bix's Hirohito is neither a Hitler nor a pacifist but a deeply flawed statesman.
		Bix, a professor at Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo, argues that the emperor was fully informed about the military's aggressive moves in Manchuria and China, and approved them.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E4DC1738F93AA25752C1A9669C8B63 (687 words)

	Amazon.com: Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan: Books: Herbert P. Bix
		Bix penetrates decades of "public opacity" to offer a stunning portrait of the controversial Japanese emperor, "one of the most disingenuous persons ever to occupy the modern throne." Hirohito ascended to the Japanese throne in 1926 (at the age of 25) and ruled until his death in 1989.
		Bix makes Hirohito's later career intelligible by a careful exposition of the conflicting influences imposed on the emperor as a child: a passion for hard science coexisted with the myths of his own divine origin and destiny; he was taught benevolence along with belief in military supremacy.
		Bix gives a meticulous account of his subject, delivers measured judgements about his accomplishments and failures, and reveals the subtlety of the emperor's character as a man who, while seemingly detached and remote, is in fact controlling events from behind the imperial screen.
	www.amazon.com /Hirohito-Making-Modern-Japan-Herbert/dp/0060931302 (0 words)

	EMPEROR HIROHITO: THE GOD WHO FEL TO EARTH.(Review) - Encyclopedia.com
		At a time when several of Japan's historians and politicians still publicly deny Japan's World War II atrocities and peddle the old line that 'Japan was not the aggressor nation in World War II', Herbert P. Bix's volume is timely.
		Mr Bix's volume, based on a welter of reference sources previously unknown to or disregarded by scholars, deserves a definitive status on the subject.
		Bix has proved the case that Hirohito took an on-going, determined part in the unfolding Japanese militarism, xenophobic genocide and expansionism.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-77712797.html (861 words)

	Barnes & Noble.com - Books: Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, by Herbert P. Bix, Hardcover, 1 ED
		Herbert Bix's biography of Emperor Hirohito of Japan is an outstanding work, but it must be read with caution, a critical eye and an open mind.
		While Bix has unearthed an emperor who definitely had a hand in government and the fatal decisions that propelled Japan into war, and bore unacknowledged responsibility for those decisions, he has not necessarily proven Hirohito to be their animating force.
		Bix would have us see Hirohito as the ultimate master of indirect rule, served by private intelligence systems to feed him the truth and manipulating all from behind the scenes in ways to make governmental decision appear to be the unanimous work of others presented to him only for his purely ceremonial rubber stamp.
	search.barnesandnoble.com /booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?r=1&EAN=006019314X (2206 words)

	H-Net Review: Thomas J. Mayock on Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
		Bix observes that had he acted earlier, he would have avoided the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the expenditure of thousands of lives.
		Dr. Bix, an American who teaches at Tokyo's Hitosubashi University, published his conclusions about the myth of the powerless Emperor in professional journals a half dozen years ago,[2] and in the seventies the myth had already begun to fray at the hands of Japanese historians.
		Bix explains that this may make people in Japan more comfortable with the work, and a Japanese version is apparently planned.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=27992983564996 (1553 words)

	Herbert Bix: Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
		Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Nonfiction, 2001, Bix puts the Showa emperor back at the center of World War II in the Pacific.
		Now Herbert Bix has turned the tide and given Hirohito his due.
		Unlike the Seagraves (and, I think, Behr) he not only reads Japanese but teaches at a Japanese university and is married to a Japanese woman.
	www.warbirdforum.com /hirohito.htm (0 words)

	Vroman's Bookstore
		Bix shows what it was like to be trained from birth for a lone position at the apex of the nation's political hierarchy and as a revered symbol of divine status.
		And while conventional wisdom has had it that the nation's increasing foreign aggression was driven and maintained not by the emperor but by an elite group of Japanese militarists, the reality, as witnessed here, is quite different.
		Bix documents in detail the strong, decisive role Hirohitoplayed in wartime operations, from the takeover of Manchuria in 1931 through the attack on Pearl Harbor and ultimately the fateful decision in 1945 to accede to an unconditional surrender.
	www.vromansbookstore.com /NASApp/store/Product?s=showproduct&isbn=006019314X (487 words)

	The militarist state of Hirohito
		THIS, the year's Pulitzer Prize winning book by Professor Herbert P. Bix, is a scathing indictment of the late Emperor of Japan, Michinomiya Hirohita (1901-89).
		Bix, and it cannot be complete without narrating the deplorable behaviour of the Indian judge on the war crime tribunal, Radha Binod Pal, who was appointed by the then Government of India.
		He did not attend more than one-third of the meetings of the tribunal, and all the while held that the Japanese leaders in general and Hirohito in particular were not guilty of war crimes.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1814/18140750.htm (1403 words)

	Shattering the Myth of Hirohito
		Bix is in part a vandal--of just the sort both Americans and Japanese need.
		Bix, a Harvard University-trained scholar now teaching in Tokyo, cuts through all the mythology at last, aided by documents available only since the Emperor's death.
		But Bix is careful to explain Hirohito's progress, if that is the word, from young heir-apparent to supreme commander and extraconstitutional monarch.
	businessweek.com /2000/00_42/b3703032.htm (899 words)

	Untitled Document
		Bix argues that this joint whitewash--which protected the political interests of each nation--fundamentally distorted the development of Japanese democracy.
		Bix, as well as other scholars, argues that what Japanese liberals call "the emperor problem" is the root cause.
		Bix details a host of other documents, in Japan and the U.S., that cannot be viewed, including some of the late emperor's correspondence, the Hirohito file in the U.S. National Archives and whatever records might exist of the 11 meetings between Hirohito and MacArthur.
	home1.gte.net /eskandar/hirohito.html (1632 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 92
		Yasumaru adds: “Bix emphasizes that when the war grew intense, the emperor exercised positive leadership, issuing orders that the upper echelons of the military thought were impossible to implement.
		When Bix questions the responsibility for the consequences of the Showa emperor’s political leadership, he clearly illuminates the emperor’s silence as a political technique.
		HERBERT P. BIX is a professor of history and sociology at the State University of New York at Binghamton.
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp92.html (5957 words)

	biographies
		The image I have of Bix, from what people who knew him tell us, is that he was a relatively easy going individual whose life was devoted to his music, not “a rebel” with an agenda to abandon society’s and his family’s beliefs and principles.
		Bix was a poor reader and there was little room in the Goldkette band for an individual who could not sight read.
		Bix : the definitive biography of a jazz legend : Leon "Bix" Beiderbecke (1903-1931) / Jean Pierre Lion ; translated from the French by Gabriella Page-Fort with the assistance of Michael B. Heckman and Norman Field.
	ms.cc.sunysb.edu /~alhaim/biographies.htm (4748 words)

	NSDL Metadata Record -- Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
		This insightful biography reveals new information about the powerful leader, Hirohito, and shows how he was influenced by both the modern scientific worldview and imperialistic tradition in the 60 years he reigned over Japan.
		Herbert Bix tells of Hirohito?s role in the invasion of China in 1937 and in World War II.
		Several chapters describe the emperor`s agonizing decsion to surrender to the Allies in 1945 and the sucessful partnership with General MacArthur during the post?World War II period.
	nsdl.org /mr/440771 (109 words)

	From Nanjing 1937 to Fallujah 2004
		Bix is the author of HIROHITO AND THE MAKING OF MODERN JAPAN which received the Pulitzer Prize.
		Today, in a time of perpetual American global wars and colossal American policy failures, it is incumbent on historians to condemn governments that turn their soldiers into terrorists, and work politically to punish arch war criminals.
		Herbert P. Bix, War Crimes Law and American Wars in 20th Century Asia," Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies, Vol.
	hnn.us /articles/5121.html (5315 words)

	Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, by Herbert P. Bix
		Then, amid Japan's war against China, he took sides, supporting, not surprisingly, the nation that he was believed to be leading.
		Bix is an established scholar, currently a professor in the Graduate School of Social Sciences at Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo.
		His book is endorsed by able people such as Andrew Gordon of the Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies and Chalmers Johnson.
	www.fsmitha.com /review/r-hirohito.html (321 words)

	Far Outliers
		In most cases, Bix is reduced to accusing the emperor not of acting wrongly, but of failing to act--more specifically, of failing to rein in a military that was out of control by calling for the punishment of criminal behavior by its officers.
		Despite Bix's repeated, often tendentious, explications of the silent emperor's thought processes and intentions at each indirectly documented event, Hirohito never seems to be the initiator of any military action.
		And Bix's narrative also recaps clearly the step-by-step road to war between Japan and the U.S., countering two prevalent myths along the way: (1) That the U.S. pushed Japan into war while Japan was willing to compromise.
	faroutliers.blogspot.com /2005_09_01_faroutliers_archive.html (13801 words)

	Booknotes Transcript
		BIX: Chalmers Johnson is professor emeritus at University of
		BIX: An emperor is a monarch, a king.
		BIX: It was an arranged marriage from--she was selected--this
	www.booknotes.org /Transcript/index_print.asp?ProgramID=1629 (0 words)

	Why Japan Remains a Threat to Peace and Democracy in Asia by Kenichi Asano Censored 2004
		Herbert P. Bix's recent Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan shows in painstaking detail the many ways that the former Emperor led Japan's military wartime regime, and how he was later protected by Occupation forces after the war.
		Japanese publishers had been reluctant to publish Bix's book in fear that they will become targets of right-wing violence.
		What makes Bix's book so threatening is the high quality of his scholarship, revealing the truth of the matter with indisputable facts.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Asia/Japan_Threat_Democracy.html (2607 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		The myth of the passive emperor was an unholy creation of Hirohito himself and the U.S. occupation authorities, Herbert P. Bix says in "Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan," just published by HarperCollins.
		The Americans, meanwhile, began portraying Hirohito and the Japanese people as pawns of their brutal military even before the end of the war, hoping to drive a wedge that would bring the nation to surrender and then use the emperor to help them govern and ultimately reshape Japan.
		While Hirohito often found it necessary to exert his influence indirectly, Bix examined both the formal and informal chains of command and found Hirohito was without question the commander in chief of Japan's military.
	starbulletin.com /2000/08/31/news/story6.html (688 words)

	Japan Focus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		[9] Herbert P. Bix, "War Crimes Law and American Wars in 20th Century Asia," Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies, Vol.
		[11] Cited from Introduction to Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (National Defense University, ACT 1996), n.p.
		Herbert P. Bix, author of Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, writes on problems of war and empire.
	www.japanfocus.org /products/details/2201 (2721 words)

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