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Topic: Herd behaviour

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	Understanding cow behaviour
		The understanding of oestrus behaviour is important because cow-to-cow interactions are the most reliable symptoms of oestrus and need to be fully utilised by herd managers to maintain successful breeding programs.
		If the identification of mounting behaviour is so fundamental to accurate detection of oestrus, then it is important to recognise "environmental" factors that assist or frustrate the interaction between cows.
		The common requirements in every herd are effective cow identification, strategic timing of visual observation of cows to be bred three or four times each day, and complete cow records.
	www.genaust.com.au /cowbehaviour.htm (920 words)

	Herd - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a "herd", the implication is that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or co-ordination.
		Their behaviour may be quite different from that of wild herds of the same or related species, since both their composition (in terms of the distribution of age and sex within the herd) and their history (in terms of when and how the individuals joined the herd) are likely to be very different.
		The term herd is also applied metaphorically to human beings in social psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Herd (798 words)

	Welcome to the Financial Gazette Online! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Herding can also be a powerful tool in influencing market movements.
		An example of how the stock market can be fueled by herd behaviour was the US stock market crash on October 19, 1987.
		But it is an open secret that investors have a tendency for types of behaviour that are not beneficial to the management of their investments.
	www.fingaz.co.zw /fingaz/2003/August/August7/741.shtml (920 words)

	ELSE
		While there is a large anecdotal evidence on herd behavior in financial markets, and the idea that traders herd is diffused among practitioners and market participants, our understanding of why herding can arise in the financial market is still limited.
		Essentially, herd behaviour entails neglecting private information in trading a stock or a group of stocks, because of what previous traders have decided to do.
		While most of this research project on herding and learning focuses on financial markets, part of it is devoted to more general issues of "social learning." Herd behaviour in financial markets is a possible outcome of the traders' learning process.
	else.econ.ucl.ac.uk /newweb/research/blurb1.php (1690 words)

	Equine Supply Direct » Blog Archive » Horse herd behaviour
		At the center of the herd is the alpha or dominant mare.
		The center of the herd is the safest because it is further away from predators than any other part.
		Herds are made up of mares, foals and immature horses of both sexes.
	www.equinesupplydirect.net /horse-related/horse-herd-behaviour (636 words)

	Herd Re-education
		Your language is herd language as you have read about it, his understanding is based on his past experiences.
		Generally within 3-4 weeks the horse will have lost many trained fear and behaviour issues and is ready to start its training programme with its owner to build up trust and respect, talking the same language.
		The “Brumby Wise” Herd Behaviour and Communication Retraining is available for a limited amount of horses.
	www.jabirubushcamp.com.au /herd.php (460 words)

	herds
		When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a "herd", the implication is that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or co-ordination.
		Their behaviour may be quite different from that of wild herds of the same or related species, since both their composition (in terms of the distribution of age and sex within the herd) and their history (in terms of when and how the individuals joined the herd) are likely to be very different.
		The term herd is also applied metaphorically to human beings in social psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour.
	www.sfcrowsnest.com /scifinder/a/Herds.php (835 words)

	RePEc
		The model assumes that there is a central money-centre bank whose behaviour influences that of regional banks by virtue of the fact that the regional bank can observe the money-centre's lending before making a decision itself.
		Given this leader-follower relationship and the fact that neither bank has complete information about the borrower, the regional bank's lending behaviour will be influenced by the observed level of lending by the money-centre bank (since it infers some of the money-centre bank's banks information from this).
		This paper also presents some informed evidence that this herd-like behaviour, excessive lending and insufficient adjustment occurred between 1979 and 1981 in LDC lending.
	www.inomics.com /cgi/repec?handle=RePEc:boe:boeewp:43 (214 words)

	Imitation - a key concept in Economics and Management
		In other cases, it's an average behaviour and not a specific agent to be imitated.
		The reverse of imitation is "snobism": to behave differently from "the inferior mass", often choosing non-practical solution laying on the top of a vertically differentiated choice set.
		Herd behaviour and positive feedback trading and by pension fund investors: an empirical analysis
	www.economicswebinstitute.org /glossary/imitation.htm (813 words)

	The Hindu : A show at Periyar
		As the herd came within 30 metres of the leader, she entered the waters and started swimming powerfully across to the other side, a stretch of about 400 metres We wondered what would happen next as the herd stood quietly near the shore.
		We stared dumbstruck, until the herd crossed over to the leader and deposited the baby on the bank to resume his wobbly, lovable gait.
		As the herd wended its way up into the distant trees, the forester gave the signal for the boat to resume its journey towards the pier.
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/2000/10/22/stories/13221082.htm (867 words)

	Herd Behaviour — an Important Explanation of Movements on the Exchange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Behavioural finance is gaining ground and psychology is often considered to be an important explanation of the behaviour on the market.
		He expects that behavioural finance will make economists start studying the markets from the perspective of how people actually react instead of basing their assumptions on how a rational individual should react in various market situations.
		The dramatic price development during the recent years, clearly shows that studies of herd psychology is required to increase the understanding of the behaviour on the stock markets.
	www.energyforum.net /feature/feat132.shtml (740 words)

	Artificial Weaning of Calves: Benefits and Costs
		She produced 9 calves - who were all alowed to stay with the maternal herd beyond the age of natural weaning - during a test period of 7.5 years (Reinhardt, 1983b).
		Not only were the affectionate ties with their still nursing calves permanently broken, but the social relationships with familiar herd members were artificially disrupted on a regular basis and the cows forced to establish new relationships with unfamiliar cattle.
		It is conceivable that the combined distress of losing the young, being removed from the familiar herd and being forced to integrate into an unfamiliar herd triggered many unnoticed abortions in the "managed" cows, leading to a prolongation of their calving intervals.
	www.awionline.org /Lab_animals/biblio/jaaws7.html (1091 words)

	Herd introduction for real 2 2 99
		I shall explore how the macro behaviour of the herd is related to a quite basic micro model of the behaviour of the individual.
		The specification of the micro behaviour is extremely simple: the probability of a trader changing their opinion depends only on the mean opinion of traders (and on the 'mobility' of opinion).
		The herding in society is likely to be particularly strong because opinions which are communicated with certainty and decisiveness are likely to be more strongly weighted than more hesitant opinions...
	iet.open.ac.uk /pp/g.j.burt/rationalhtm.htm (9018 words)

	Animal behaviour - Resources for applied ...
		Dominance and eating behaviour have been observed in beef cattle where only one animal at a time could eat, and it was found that high-ranking cattle had fewer meals but tended to spend more time per day eating.
		The level of sexual behaviour displayed is determined by genetics, environmental factors, physiological factors, health and previous experience, e.g., bulls of dairy breeds are generally more sexually active than those of the beef breeds.
		Atypical sexual behaviour, such as nymphomania, homosexuality, hypersexuality, masturbatory behaviour, may be caused by genetic flaws, endocrine imbalances, management problems, and in many cases may be reversed (Hafez, 2000).
	animalbehaviour.net /JudithKBlackshaw/Chapter3c.htm (4057 words)

	CEPR Discussion Paper Abstracts
		The herd behaviour which ensues gives rise to geographical concentration in host countries of immigrants from the one location.
		Herd effects can also be the source of social tensions when the host country’s resident population is xenophobic.
		In general, herd effects can lead to incorrect personal location decisions, since people are led to discount their private information.
	www.cepr.org /pubs/new-dps/dplist.asp?dpno=1811 (262 words)

	Herding/Crowd
		[herd behaviour] "The behavior, although individually rational, produces group behavior that is, in a well-defined sense, irrational.
		MAUG, E., N.Y. NAIK and T. Herding and delegated portfolio management: the impact of relative performance evaluation on asset ….
		WERNER, G.M. and M.G. Evolution of herding behavior in artificial animals.
	herding-crowd.behaviouralfinance.net (1106 words)

	Thomas Gold - The Inertia of Scientific Thought
		It is not just the herd instinct in the individuals that you have to worry about, but you have to worry about how it is augmented by the way in which science is handled.
		It is this tendency for herd behaviour that is greatly aggravated by the support structure of science in which we believe nowadays.
		So then when you have a herd then all the money that you spent on it may be wasted, or worse than that, it may actually serve to cement further the bad situation.
	www.suppressedscience.net /inertiaofscientificthought.html (4905 words)

	The Lipizzan Horses
		After about a week, mother and foal are relocated back to the stall and to the herd, both of which now become the most important aspects in the process of raising the young horses.
		This "playful" grappling for the leadership of the herd naturally solidifies the horses' typical characteristics, courage and intelligence, willingness to learn and achieve, and shapes the horses' social behaviour.
		A balanced family history in the mare herds and the knowledge gleaned from the breeding results in the horse families both play a key role.
	www.piber.com /index.php?id=283 (1091 words)

	Comfortable Quarters for Cattle in Research Institutions
		In the course of a 24-month study of a free-ranging cattle herd consisting of 29 cows, one bull and their offspring, several thousand agonistic interactions were witnessed, but an animal was never injured during such encounters (Reinhardt, 1980).
		The enhanced well-being of cattle on pasture is reflected by a high degree of herd synchrony and the absence of restlessness that typically occurs indoors as a result of spatial restriction (cf., O'Connell et al., 1989; Miller and Wood-Gush, 1991).
		Observations of the behaviour of the Mithan (Bibos frontalis Lambert 1837) in captivity.
	www.awionline.org /pubs/cq02/Cq-cow.html (3410 words)

	Herd - Information at Halfvalue.com
		As noted above, the term "herd" is most commonly used of grazing animals such as ungulates, and in these cases it is believed that the strongest selective pressure leading to herding rather than a solitary existence is protection against predators.
		In the case of predators, it is often unclear whether the term "herd" is appropriate, since there may be some degree of co-ordination or role differentiation in group hunting.
		Predator groups are commonly smaller than grazing groups, since although a pack may be more effective at pulling down prey than a single animal, the prey then has to be shared between all members, so that the weaker animals will often be better off hunting smaller prey on their own.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Herd (867 words)

	Herd - the hidden truth about who we are
		Apparently, as this makes PH a target for them Iraqi snipers, a number of his peers in the Blues and Royals are supposed to have russled up this t-shirt to confuse the enemy.
		The drive to copy is so powerful, when children are shown behaviours they know are pointless to achieve the required goals, they imitate them anyway.
		Young males are perhaps the single target audience most prone to adopting learned behaviours - observe the instances of fist bump in any playground, or indeed pub or office for that matter.
	herd.typepad.com (1310 words)

	Herd Behaviour - Alclair Alpacas
		Many behaviours are a combination of communications via neck, tail, ears and sounds.
		The following are some of the most common behaviours we have observed between members of the herd.
		If one of the herd (usually an animal higher ranking) thinks the danger is real she/he will make a loud screeching sound to warn the others of the impending danger.You will soon know the sounds which are friendly and the ones that convey a warning.
	www.alclairalpacas.com /herd_behaviour.html (434 words)

	Two Experiments to Test a Model of Herd Behaviour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We carry out two experiments to test a model of herd behaviour based on the work of Banerjee (1992).
		He shows that herding occurs as a result of people observing the actions of others and using this information in their own decision rule.
		Contrary to his results, the subjects' behaviour appears to depend on the probabilities of receiving a signal and of this signal being correct.
	ideas.repec.org /p/yor/yorken/99-24.html (308 words)

	Herd behavior - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The following examples illustrate the range of phenomena to which the label "herd behaviour" has been attached at one time or another.
		Herding behavior is frequent, and often relatively benign, in everyday decision making.
		Not knowing which of several options is best, a person may use others' choices as clues as to how to behave.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Herd_behaviour (1041 words)

	Animal behaviour - Resources for applied ...
		The herd sire can be selected by the deer farmer on the basis of bodyweight and head (i.e., antlers).
		Care must be taken not to alarm groups of deer as they may take flight, but this depends on the level of familiarity with the immediate environment and their habituation to human presence (Recarte et al., 1998).
		Both confinement in the truck and the vehicular motion are stressful for deer, which is shown by increases in heart rate, alert behaviour, plasma cortisol levels, plasma creatine levels and a decrease in rumination (Grigor et al., 1998b).
	www.animalbehaviour.net /JudithKBlackshaw/Chapter3g.htm (3557 words)

	Transcript - Program 12 - The Asian Financial Crisis
		Economists call these panics 'herd behaviour'; where the creditors in a market all rush, or stampede, for the exit, trying to get out first.
		Usually, their behaviour is not based on the real underlying economic conditions in the market (the fundamentals), but rather on the behaviour and expected behaviour of other creditors.
		Foreign creditors had a superficial understanding of the long-term prospects of the region, which meant that their behaviour was subject to wild swings.
	www.abc.net.au /money/vault/programs/prog12.htm (3239 words)

	Understanding horse intelligence - Horsetalk - equestrian features on training, horse care, equine breeding and more
		It escaped no-one's attention that the head of a herd is an older mare, not a stallion.
		The lead mare is unambiguous in her communication, has the trust of other members of the herd, and, while her behaviour may not always win her friends, she is always respected by her underlings.
		These can be difficult to measure, with some assessments of intelligence relying upon alertness, a horse's reaction to stimuli, their behaviour around people, and their interaction with other horses.
	www.horsetalk.co.nz /features/horseintelligence-119.shtml (2340 words)

	CUBA
		In an asset pricing context, the belief that herd behaviour reflects the psychological response of investors rather than outcome of rational decision making is of particular concern since it implies that prices may be driven away from their equilibrium values and investors may be forced to transact at inefficient prices.
		The present study is expected to provide evidence concerning the existence of herd activities in the Pacific Rim countries.
		If herd behaviour is present, we will further analyse whether such practice is rational with respect to existing asset pricing models.
	www.baf.cuhk.edu.hk /services/ShowResrh.asp?ResrhID=93&level=3&DID=4 (260 words)

	GLOBALIZATION AND FINANCIAL REGULATION
		Fund management firms are also prone to herd because primary investors switch funds across firms on the basis of their short-term relative performance, recognizing that their management teams are inherently unstable.
		Financial markets are vulnerable to herd behaviour, in which traders respond in lockstep to a small set of signals with only a tenuous relationship to fundamentals.
		In summary, herd behaviour by fund managers is inherent in the use of market incentives to motivate them to process fundamental information which is costly to acquire and use.
	www.auckland.ac.nz /apec/papers/Young.html (7815 words)

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