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Topic: Hereditary Peer

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	Peerage
		Peers were, historically, title holders entitled to be summoned to the House of Lords.
		In 1963 the law was changed to permit hereditary peers to disclaim their peerages for life.
		Since then, it has been composed of the life peers, the holders of particular hereditary offices of state (the Earl-Marshal[?] and the Lord Chamberlain[?]), and about 100 hereditary peers elected by their colleagues to temporarily continue in office.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Life_peer.html (913 words)

	ipedia.com: Hereditary peer Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		However, Edward IV introduced a procedure known as a writ of acceleration, whereby it is possible for the eldest son of a peer with multiple titles to sit in the House of Lords by virtue of one of his father's subsidiary dignities.
		Several instances may be cited: the Barony of Nelson (to an elder brother and his heirs-male), the Earldom of Roberts (to a daughter and her heirs-male), the Barony of Amherst (to a nephew and his heirs-male) and the Dukedom of Dover (to a younger son and his heirs-male while the eldest son is still alive).
		Several peers were alarmed at the rapid increase in the size of the Peerage, fearing that their individual importance and power would decrease as the number of Peers increased.
	www.ipedia.com /hereditary_peer.html (3681 words)

	House Of Lords Act 1999
		It also removes the existing disqualifications of a hereditary peer, unless he is excepted under section 2 of the Act from the general exclusion from the House of Lords, to vote in elections to the House of Commons and to stand as a candidate for, or be a member of, the House of Commons.
		Hereditary peers excluded by the Act also lose the right to be paid allowances and to use the facilities of the House that are available to members, such as its library, research and restaurant facilities.
		Any hereditary peer excepted from the general exclusion from the House of Lords remains a member of the House of Lords for life, or until such time as a further Act of Parliament is enacted to the contrary to implement further, long-term reform of the House of Lords.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /acts/en1999/1999en34.htm (3010 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		Peers of England, Peers of Great Britain and Peers of the United Kingdom were all members of the House of Lords, but Peers of Scotland and Peers of Ireland merely elected Representative Peers.
		Peers were required to take such oaths and make such declarations before sitting in the House of Lords, voting in elections of representative peers and sitting on juries trying other peers for felonies.
		Elections for peers were resumed by the House of Lords Act 1999, under which ninety hereditary peers are elected by their counterparts to serve in the House of Lords.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Peers_and_Parliament (4177 words)

	Sheriff - LoveToKnow 1911
		He might be a peer or a judge, Bracton being an instance of the latter.
		The hereditary shrievalty of Westmorland was not abolished until 1850 by 13 and 14 Vict.
		The person nominated is usually a magistrate for the county, but anyone is eligible provided that he have land in the county sufficient to answer the king.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sheriff (2019 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		Peers of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords, subject only to age and citizenship qualifications.
		A further important change occurred in 1999, when hereditary peers were stripped of their automatic right to sit in the Lords, with ninety-two peers—the holders of the ceremonial offices of Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl Marshal, along with ninety peers elected by other hereditaries—being retained temporarily until the completion of the reforms.
		Peers of Scotland and Ireland were not all members of the House of Lords; rather, they elected a limited number of representative peers from among their number (although all Scottish peers sat in the House between 1963 and 1999).
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Peerage (1914 words)

	English on the Internet - English Magazine
		A Hereditary peer is similar to a life peer, but when (s)he dies, the successors to his/her title also have the right to sit in the House of Lords.
		If a hereditary peer has an eldest son, then he has the right to sit on the steps of the throne in the House of Lords and listen to, but not take part in, the debates.
		The government is not happy with the concept of Hereditary peers and so has passed a Bill (approved by the House of Lords!!!!) to remove the Hereditary peers because they are the least democratically accountable of the groups in the Lords.
	www.aj.cz /magazine/ma023.htm (593 words)

	Peerage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peers are of five ranks: duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron.
		Hereditary peerage dignities may be created by the Sovereign with writs of summons or by letters patent; the former method is now obsolete.
		The first peer to be created by patent was Lord Beauchamp of Holt in the reign of Richard II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peerage (2608 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| UK Politics \| No fast exit for hereditary peers
		Hereditary peers in the House of Lords could stay on for decades under the next stage of constitutional reform, according to a leaked paper.
		The paper suggests two ways in which the hereditary peers could remain in the Lords after the second chamber is reformed with a large elected element and new powers.
		There could be an end to the system which currently means that on the death of a hereditary peer a successor is chosen in an election from a pool of hereditaries not sitting in the House.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/uk_news/politics/5247076.stm (349 words)

	House of Lords - WikiGadugi
		Of the remaining 90 hereditary peers in the House of Lords, 15 are elected by the whole House.
		When an elected hereditary peer dies, a by-election is held, with a variant of the Alternative Vote system being used.
		If the recently deceased hereditary peer was elected by the whole House, then so is his or her replacement; a hereditary peer elected by a specific party is replaced by a vote of elected hereditary peers belonging to that party (whether elected as part of that party group or by the whole house).
	en.wikigadugi.org /wiki/House_of_Lords (7453 words)

	Limerick.com - Maritime Influence on Limerick History in the Eighteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		That act provided that the peers of Ireland should elect 28 of their number (to be called Irish representative peers) to sit for life on the part of Ireland in the House of Lords of the new United Kingdom.
		It was possible that another group of Irish peers who had not been party to the earlier petition would have presented a further petition and resisted the application of the precedent in the earlier case on the basis that a relevant argument had not been considered.
		He pointed out that the Irish representative peers were elected to sit for life on the part of Ireland and argued that the right of those already elected to sit for life was not affected just because there had been an implied repeal of the right to elect further representative peers.
	www.limerick.com /history/theirishpeers.html (2586 words)

	The British Lord Who Is Taking On History
		A problem was that in this version each hereditary peer was given the option of either continuing in the present tradition or of choosing whether to be succeeded by an eldest child, female or male.
		While some peers with daughters whose titles would pass on to a distant and perhaps unknown relation favored the bill, Diamond realized he was wrong to have suggested a choice.
		In England a woman can succeed to the throne but not to an hereditary title except in rare cases: of 774 hereditary peers, 17, or just over 2 percent, are women and they have only been allowed to take their seats since 1963.
	www.iht.com /articles/1994/03/05/diamond.php (1114 words)

	THE IRISH PEERS AND THE HOUSE OF LORDS - THE FINAL CHAPTER
		The existing Irish representative peers continued to be summoned to sit in the House of Lords until the last survivor, the Earl of Kilmorey, died in 1961.
		In 1965 a number of Irish peers led by the Earl of Antrim petitioned the House of Lords for the recognition of their right to elect 28 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords.
		He was supported by the Earl of Cork and Orrery, a British as well as as an Irish peer, and Lord Moyne, a United Kingdom peer and a member of the Guinness family with a residence in Ireland.
	www.burkes-peerage.net /sites/ireland/sitepages/page93.asp (2629 words)

	Hereditary peer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peers are called to the House of Lords with a writ of summons.
		Many peers hold more than one hereditary title; for example, the same individual may be a duke, an earl, a viscount and a baron by virtue of different peerages.
		In this case, the peer's eldest son may use one of the father's subsidiary titles as a "courtesy title", but the son is not considered a peer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hereditary_peer (3866 words)

	House of Lords (Exclusion of...: 8 Jul 2003: House of Commons debates (TheyWorkForYou.com)
		Several were conferred in the 19th century: some peers sit in the House of Lords because their ancestors were given a title in 1801, 1815, 1821, 1869, 1828 and 1841.
		I found that one peer sits in the House of Lords on the basis of a title created in the 16th century; six on the basis of titles created in the 15th century; and two on the basis of titles created in the 14th century.
		In summary, I believe in a thoroughgoing reform of the House of Lords, and that the hereditaries are an anomaly.
	www.theyworkforyou.com /debates/?id=2003-07-08.898.0 (1306 words)

	UK peerage creations from 1801: home page
		Hereditary peerage conferred on a holder of a peerage of Ireland
		Hereditary peerage conferred on a holder of a peerage of Scotland
		Where a hereditary peerage has become extinct, the date of extinction is noted in the form "extinct(#)" where "#" represents the number of the last holder of the peerage.
	website.lineone.net /~david.beamish/index.htm (558 words)

	Hereditary breast cancer can be treated safely with conserving therapy - The Doctors Lounge(TM) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Investigators found no increase in the risk of cancer recurrence in young women with mutations that were treated with conservative surgery.
		Women with hereditary breast cancer treated with breast conserving therapy appear to have no increased risk for recurrence in the treated breast, according to results from a prospective study published in the January 1, 2005 issue of CANCER, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society.
		However, for hereditary breast cancers — i.e., mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes — the use of BCT is controversial due to conflicting data about increased risk of recurrence in the treated breast and development of new tumors in the untreated breast.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /oncology/articles/hereditary_breast (464 words)

	The Standing Orders of the House of Lords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A peer may not stand for election nor vote if he has not taken the Oath or is on Leave of Absence.
		(2) In the event of the death of a hereditary peer excepted under Standing Order 9(2)(i) only the excepted hereditary peers in the group in which the vacancy has occurred shall be entitled to vote.
		(3) In the event of the death of a hereditary peer excepted under Standing Order 9(2)(ii) the whole House shall be entitled to vote.
	www.publications.parliament.uk /pa/ld/ldstords/ldso--c.htm (877 words)

	Untitled Document
		Hundreds of peers crowded into the gilded chamber for the third and final reading of the House of Lords Bill, which in effect marked the end of parliamentary life for those who sit in the upper house solely because they were born into the upper crust.
		Most hereditary peers are expected to have shed their ermine robes and exited the House of Lords by the time Queen Elizabeth II opens the next session of Parliament in mid-November.
		Acknowledging on Sky News that some of the hereditary peers are "nutters" and that the House of Lords was a "weird place," he added: "We need a few daredevils.
	home1.gte.net /eskandar/lords.html (1036 words)

	Affection and Judgement
		The current hereditary peers, in general, owing to a better education than that enjoyed by the average ticket peer, owing to a wider experience of foreign travel, owing to, for almost all, a more cultured homelife, have had their birth IQ (averaging, presumably, close to 100) massaged upwards.
		The Sovereign is an hereditary monarch, and the majority of the members of the House of Lords are hereditary peers.
		The present blend of hereditary peers and life peers curb the excesses and abuses and silliness of the present Labour Government, as they did with the previous Conservative Government.
	www.baronage.co.uk /bphtm-01/const-07.html (2149 words)

	Asia Times: Kashmir: Musharraf's many dilemmas
		Although the military regime did not directly respond to the Peer's statement, several pro-Musharraf politicians, mainly belonging to the Pakistan Muslim League party aspiring to form the bulwark of the "real democracy" Musharraf is planning to introduce in Pakistan after the upcoming October elections, condemned the statement as "unpatriotic".
		The Peer Pagaro heads his own faction of the Muslim League, which is divided into half a dozen or more factions, and the military is trying desparately to unite them in order to pick a prime ministerial candidate from among them, by helping it to win the elections.
		As for the unpredictable and sometimes jocular Peer of Pagaro, his favorite could be anybody from the half a dozen politicians who go and touch his feet, as is the custom for the holy men of Sindh.
	www.atimes.com /ind-pak/DB09Df01.html (766 words)

	The World Today - British Government to abolish last hereditary peers
		Tony Blair came to Government in 1997 promising to abolish hereditary peers, and in 1999 he did get rid of most of them, leaving just 92 in place as a sort of down payment of law reform to come.
		It does end hereditary peers and it does hand the power to appoint new peers to a new independent commission.
		The hereditary peers were in there as a reminder of how unreformed the House was.
	www.abc.net.au /worldtoday/content/2003/s949764.htm (804 words)

	House of Lords: Reform [UK]: Debatabase - Debate Topics and Debate Motions
		The controversy centres on its composition; it has a large number of hereditary peers (recently reduced to ninety by New Labourâs first stage of reform), who are there purely because of their ânobleâ birth.
		For the members of a democratic countryâs second chamber to be decided by the accident of birth which makes one a hereditary peer; or by simple appointment of ex-politicians and makers of large donations to oneâs party, is scandalous.
		This shows that the hereditary and appointed peers can be in touch with public opinion, and being indebted to no one for their position, they are able to speak their mind freely.
	www.idebate.org /debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=36 (1070 words)

	The Peerage - Life Barons
		A life peerage offers all of the privileges of a hereditary degree to the recipient, including a seat in the House of Lords; the most significant differences being that hereditary Lords are now denied an automatic seat in the House of Lords and a Life Peer's title is not passed on to the recipient's descendants.
		The Life Peer's children are allowed the same courtesy form of address (The Honourable John Smith) as if their parent's peerage was hereditary.
		The children of each of the above peers will not inherit the title, they are properly addressed as "The Honourable Geoffrey Smith." for their own lifetime.
	www.hereditarytitles.com /Page28.html (211 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 231, KING: Library of Economics and Liberty
		These kinds of ceremonies exist in most countries in which the sovereign, or the person sharing in the sovereign power, is known as king; and these ceremonies seem to make a distinction between the succession of an hereditary king to his throne and the succession of an hereditary peer to his rank.
		It ended with the success of William at the battle of Hastings, A. —This is generally regarded as a new beginning of the race of English kings, for William was but remotely allied to the Saxon kings.
		In his descendants the kingly office has ever since continued; but though the English throne is hereditary, it is not hereditary in a sense perfectly absolute, nor does it seem to have been ever so considered.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy622.html (1607 words)

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