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Topic: Hereditary succession

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	Hereditary monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under a hereditary monarchy, all the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member to another member of the family.
		For example, when the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or abdicates, the crown is usually passed to the next generation, i.e, his or her child, typically in some order of seniority.
		Cognatic succession previously referred to any succession to the throne or other inheritance which allows both males and females to be heirs, although in modern usage it specifically refers to equal succession by seniority.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hereditary_monarchy (492 words)

	Section II. Paine, Thomas. 1776. Common Sense
		To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession; and as the first is a degradation and lessening of ourselves, so the second, claimed as a matter of right, is an insult and an imposition on posterity.
		Most wise men, in their private sentiments, have ever treated hereditary right with contempt; yet it is one of those evils, which when once established is not easily removed; many submit from fear, others from superstition, and the more powerful part shares with the king the plunder of the rest.
		Another evil which attends hereditary succession is, that the throne is subject to be possessed by a minor at any age; all which time the regency, acting under the cover of a king, have every opportunity and inducement to betray their trust.
	www.bartleby.com /133/2.html (2238 words)

	Reviews in History: The Right to be King: The Succession to the Crown of England. 1603-1714
		Yet Mary's position as the prime hereditary beneficiary was acknowledged by the rather primitive succession arrangements which were established: had William died before Mary, she would have remained sovereign queen in her own right, assumed full administrative governance and transmitted her claims on the sovereignty to any children from a subsequent marriage.
		Successive Kings of 'Spain', during the long periods in which direct male descent seemed uncertain, promised to detach elements--the Spanish Netherlands or the duchy of Milano--from their conglomerate at their death or held out the lure of the entire inheritance--constantly to the House of Savoy--in the hope of diplomatic advantage.
		Secondly, while succession by nomination retained juridical validity into the eighteenth century, the successful candidate, as was so frequently the case, had to belong to the pool of princes perceived by the political nation as having some blood right to the crown.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/oresko.html (5933 words)

	Paras. 25-49. Burke, Edmund. 1909-14. Reflections on the French Revolution. The Harvard Classics
		Unquestionably there was at the Revolution, in the person of King William, a small and a temporary deviation from the strict order of a regular hereditary succession; but it is against all genuine principles of jurisprudence to draw a principle from a law made in a special case, and regarding an individual person.
		They knew that a doubtful title of succession would but too much resemble an election; and that an election would be utterly destructive of the “unity, peace, and tranquillity of this nation,” which they thought to be considerations of some moment.
		They look upon the legal hereditary succession of their crown as among their rights, not as among their wrongs; as a benefit, not as a grievance; as a security for their liberty, not as a badge of servitude.
	www.bartleby.com /24/3/2.html (3010 words)

	ConspiracyPenPal Newsletter
		Hereditary succession, in addition to the degradation of accepting an absolute ruler, is both an insult and an imposition on posterity.
		Hereditary succession includes, not just from father to son, but from circumstance to circumstance, and the whimsical designation of one in power.
		Hereditary succession, in the early ages of monarchy, could not have taken place as a matter of divine claim, but only endowed with such after the lapse of a few generations, as the result of some trumped-up superstitious tale.
	www.conspiracypenpal.com /columns/modern2.htm (2296 words)

	Namnlöst dokument
		The title to the Throne shall be hereditary and shall vest in the legitimate descendants of King William I, Prince of Orange-Nassau.
		For the purposes of hereditary succession, the child of a woman pregnant at the moment of the death of the King shall be deemed already born.
		(2) Anyone in line of succession to the Throne who contracts such a marriage shall be excluded from the hereditary succession, together with any children born of the marriage and their issue.
	www.warholm.nu /Nedsuccession.html (1154 words)

	The Rights of Man (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It ought to be so constructed as to be superior to all the accidents to which individual man is subject; and, therefore, hereditary succession, by being subject to them all, is the most irregular and imperfect of all the systems of government.
		It is by adding the evil of hereditary succession to that of monarchy, that a permanent family interest is created, whose constant objects are dominion and revenue.
		Hereditary succession requires the same obedience to ignorance, as to wisdom; and when once the mind can bring itself to pay this indiscriminate reverence, it descends below the stature of mental manhood.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /p/paine/thomas/p147r/p2ch3.html (4784 words)

	THE LAW OF SUCCESSION TO THE CROWN IN NEW ZEALAND
		The succession of Mary was unprecedented.(46) To a sixteenth century mind this was a guarantee of a disputed succession, a civil war or at least domination by a foreign power by marriage.
		The settling of the succession on the heirs of the Electress Sophia was an extension of this elective approach, but the succession thereafter proceeded by inheritance.
		Henry VIII provided for the succession of his daughters by statute, but it was therein said that the Crown should pass to females "according to their ages, as the Crown of England has been accustomed, and ought to go in cases where there be heirs female to the same" (25 Hen VIII c 22).
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/Succession_Law.htm (8038 words)

	Thomas Paine / Dissertations on First Principles of Government
		As hereditary government could not begin as a natural right in any family, nor derive after its commencement any right from time, we have only to examine whether there exist in a nation a right to set it up, and establish it by what is called law, as has been done in England.
		I here close the arguments on the first head, that of government by hereditary succession; and proceed to the second, that of government by election and representation; or, as it may be concisely expressed, representative government, in contradistinction to hereditary government.
		First, that hereditary government has not a right to exist; that it cannot be established on any principle of right; and that it is a violation of all principle.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /paine_dissertations_on_first_prin.html (6539 words)

	ARAFAT'S DUELING DILEMMAS
		He still risks a struggle for succession between his sons and their respective allies.(13) And in instances where there may be a number of hereditary successors, the autocrat may still wait to designate a successor at the last minute, as did King Hussein of Jordan.
		A succession struggle occurring without any successful resolution of the peace process that has achieved a truly sovereign state, would risk turning violent as candidates challenge both the legitimacy of the regime and the peace process and reject the rules of succession that give advantages to old-guard Fatah candidates.
		On the other hand, if the succession crisis coincides with the unresolved crisis in the regime’s political legitimacy accentuated by an unresolved peace process, it is likely that the struggle for succession will be a stormy one, whether or not Arafat has picked his successor.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2002/issue1/jv6n1a5.html (4701 words)

	Chapter Miscellaneous Chapter of Rights of Man by Thomas Paine
		With respect to the first of these heads, that of a Family establishing itself with hereditary powers on its own authority, and independent of the consent of a Nation, all men will concur in calling it despotism; and it would be trespassing on their understanding to attempt to prove it.
		The person so set up is not hereditary, but selected and appointed; and the generation who sets him up, does not live under an hereditary government, but under a government of its own choice and establishment.
		As therefore hereditary succession is out of the question with respect to the first generation, we have now to consider the character in which that generation acts with respect to the commencing generation, and to all succeeding ones.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/327/2414/27950/4.html (583 words)

	Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
		To the evil of monarchy we have added that of hereditary succession; and as the first is a degradation and lessening of ourselves, so the second, claimed as a matter of right, is an insult and imposition on posterity.
		Yet his electors could have no idea of giving hereditary right to his descendants, because such a perpetual exclusion of themselves was incompatible with the free and restrained principles they professed to live by.
		The most plausible plea which hath ever been offered in favor of hereditary succession is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; and were this true, it would be weighty; whereas it is the most bare-faced falsity ever imposed upon mankind.
	www.ushistory.org /paine/commonsense/sense3.htm (2012 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Rights of Man: Miscellaneous Chapter
		Burke has asserted about hereditary rights, and hereditary succession, and that a Nation has not a right to form a Government of itself; it happened to fall in his way to give some account of what Government is. "Government," says he, "is a contrivance of human wisdom.
		The argument changes from hereditary rights to hereditary wisdom; and the question is, Who is the wisest man? He must now show that every one in the line of hereditary succession was a Solomon, or his title is not good to be a king.
		In whatever light hereditary succession, as growing out of the will and testament of some former generation, presents itself, it is an absurdity.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/paine/miscchap.htm (6380 words)

	Burlamaqui: The Principles of Politic Law: Part II Chap. III
		A prince, whose crown is hereditary, all other circumstances being equal, will take greater care of his kingdom, and spare his subjects more, in hopes of leaving the crown to his children, than if he only possessed it for life.
		But since in this hereditary succession, where the next heir to the deceased king is called to the crown, terrible disputes may happen concerning the degree of proximity, when those, who remain, are a little distant from the common stem;
		These are the principal kinds of succession in use, and may be tempered in different manners by the people; but prudence directs us to prefer those, which are subject to the least difficulty; and in this respect the lineal succession has the advantage over that, which is simply hereditary.
	www.constitution.org /burla/burla_2203.htm (2651 words)

	Burke, Reflections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Both these acts, in which are heard the unerring, unambiguous oracles of revolution policy, instead of countenancing the delusive, gipsy predictions of a "right to choose our governors", prove to a demonstration how totally adverse the wisdom of the nation was from turning a case of necessity into a rule of law.
		So far is it from being true that we acquired a right by the Revolution to elect our kings that, if we had possessed it before, the English nation did at that time most solemnly renounce and abdicate it, for themselves and for all their posterity forever.
		But, for reasons worthy of that practical wisdom which superseded their theoretic science, they preferred this positive, recorded, hereditary title to all which can be dear to the man and the citizen, to that vague speculative right which exposed their sure inheritance to be scrambled for and torn to pieces by every wild, litigious spirit.
	polisci.uchicago.edu /~jtlevy/constitution/Burke.html (4843 words)

	Hugo Grotius: On Derivative Acquisition of Property Which Takes Place in Accordance With Law; and Herein, Intestate ...
		That in a succession children are preferred to the father and mother of the deceased, and why.
		The origin of vicarious succession, which is called representation, or succession in the place of and with the rights of another.
		That the presumption is that such a form of succession was established in the kingship as was customary in other things at the time of the founding of the kingdom.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/grotius/gro-207.htm (632 words)

	Introduction to International Dynastic History & Law by Stephen Kerr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Such govern the succession to the throne, membership in the sovereign house, marriages of members of that house, armorial bearings, titles, and precedence, as well as the ownership, management, and payment of stipends of members of that House.
		In certain situations, "wills" or "testaments" designating the succession to subjects or objects of public international law may b e regarded as "subsequent agreements" or "practices" respecting the correct interpretation of a previous international transaction or 'act' concerning the succession to such subjects or objects of international law.
		Because disputes arising from a proper interpretation of dynastic renunciations to the succession to sovereignties concern subjects of international law, the rules of public international law constitute the proper law for the resolutions of all such disputes.
	www.dynastic-law.com /introduction.html (1680 words)

	ARAFAT'S DUELING DILEMMAS: SUCCESSION AND THE PEACE PROCESS
		Succession Theory and the Middle East There is always considerable speculation over who may succeed the aging and sometimes ailing President of the PA, the 72 year-old Yasir Arafat.
		Succession Theory and the Palestinian Political Community The case of Yasir Arafat is clearly a classic example of the autocrat's dilemma.
		International Intervention into Succession Struggles A succession struggle occurring without any successful resolution of the peace process that has achieved a truly sovereign state, would risk turning violent as candidates challenge both the legitimacy of the regime and the peace process and reject the rules of succession that give advantages to old-guard Fatah candidates.
	www.bradynet.com /bbs/mideast/100016-0.html (5881 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Editorial \| Reform and hereditary succession
		Most important is the assertion during the NDP conference by Head of its Policies Committee Gamal Mubarak that he rejects the principle of hereditary succession.
		The proponents of hereditary rule might be fuelled by aspirations for their own political ascendancy among the Egyptian people.
		The latter, however, appreciate and support the affirmation by President Mubarak and his son that they will never sanction the principle of hereditary succession.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/710/ed.htm (525 words)

	Paul James column
		Richard's hereditary heir was his young nephew, Arthur, Duke of Brittany, but Richard's brother John seized the throne, and may have been responsible for subsequently murdering Arthur.
		The Stuart succession was straightforward, apart from losing the crown to republic for ten years, until James II and Parliament came to an impasse over the toleration of Catholics and the powers of the Crown.
		That led to conflict during the 18th century as the Catholic representatives of the senior hereditary heirs of the House of Stuart tried to assert their claim.
	www.etoile.co.uk /Columns/Paul/040627.html (1237 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Special Report \| 1999 \| 01/99 \| Lords reform \| Your views on the Lords - part four
		The wide range of age brackets and backgrounds represented by the hereditary peerage are unlikely to be duplicated in an elected or appointed body,and any system of non-hereditary filling of seats is either open to corruption or,if by random chance, not allowing of preparation.
		The concept of hereditary privilege forming part of the legisilative process is absurd in a democracy on the brink of the third millenum.
		The success of the Lord's is achieved largely due to the massively reduced political influence within the house, compared to the Commons.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/special_report/1999/01/99/lords_reform/313079.stm (1612 words)

	SESHAMMAL & ORS, ETC. ETC v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [1972] INSC 77 (14 March 1972) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		By providing in sub-section (2) of section 55 that "in cases, where the office or service is hereditary, the person next in the line of succession shall be entitled to succeed", it ensured the personal qualification of the Archaka that he should belong to a particular sect or denomination as laid down in the Agamas.
		Indeed it was the claim made in the statement of Objects and Reasons that the hereditary principle of appointment of office-holders in the temples should be abolished and that the office of an Archaka should be thrown open to all candidates trained in recognised institutions in priesthood irrespective of caste.
		Since the hereditary principle was done away with the words "whether the office or service is hereditary or not" found in section 56 of the Principal Act have been omitted by section 3 of the Amendment Act.
	www.austlii.edu.au /~andrew/CommonLII/INSC/1972/77.html (7482 words)

	SparkNotes: Common Sense: Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
		Paine moves on to attack the notion of the hereditary succession of the monarchy.
		For example, people who see themselves as born into an elite existence are often "ignorant and unfit." Lastly, Paine refutes the theory that hereditary succession reduces civil wars, as there have been at least eight civil wars and nineteen rebellions in Britain's history.
		In arguing against hereditary succession, Paine exhibits a tendency to rely on a kind of logic known as a false dilemma, wherein only a certain number of explanations for a phenomenon are presented even though other explanations are just as likely.
	www.sparknotes.com /lit/commonsense/section2.rhtml (933 words)

	Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession
		Here was temptation in its fullest extent; not a kingdom only, but an hereditary one, but Gideon in the piety of his soul replied, I will not rule over you, neither shall my son rule over you, the Lord shall rule over you.
		For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and though himself might deserve some decent degree of honors of his contemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them.
		The most plausible plea, which hath ever been offered in favor of hereditary succession, is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; and were this true, it would be weighty; whereas, it is the most barefaced falsity ever imposed upon mankind.
	www.lexrex.com /enlightened/comsense/monarchy.htm (2178 words)

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