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	Dr. Hahnemann's cure for 'heroic' medicine. (Samuel Hahnemann,
		So he gave the medicine to himself and noted the effects: His extremities grew cold, his pulse quickened, his head throbbed, he became thirsty, and he developed a fever--in sum, the very symptoms of malaria.
		The vial containing the medicine had to be struck against a leather pad a number of times so the drug could be "dynamized" and act "spiritually upon the vital forces" of the body, Hahnemann said.
		Internal Medicine News; 10/15/2005; Walsh, Nancy; 436 words; The clinical effects that many alternative practitioners and patients report for homeopathy are placebo and context effects, and further attempts to scientifically justify the 200-year-old system should now be abandoned, according to the authors of a new analysis.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-3664132.html (2177 words)

	Heroic medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heroic medicine is a term for aggressive medical practices or methods of treatment, and usually refers to those which were later superseded by scientific advances.
		During the Age of Heroic Medicine (1780-1850), educated professional physicians aggressively practiced "heroic medicine," including bloodletting (venesection), intestinal purging (calomel), vomiting (tartar emetic), profuse sweating (diaphoretics) and blistering.
		Some alternative healers have called chemotherapy and radiation therapy "the heroic medicine of the modern era", despite studies showing the effectiveness of these treatments[1] [2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heroic_medicine (239 words)

	Allopathic medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The generally uncomplaining acceptance of "allopathic medicine" by today's MDs is an indication of both a lack of awareness of the term's historical use and the recent thawing of relations between irregulars and allopaths.
		Practitioners of alternative medicine have used the term "allopathic medicine" to refer to the practice of conventional medicine in both Europe and the United States since the 19th century.
		The practice of "conventional" medicine in both Europe and America during the 19th century is sometimes referred to as the age of 'heroic medicine' (because of the 'heroic' measures such as bleeding and purging).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Allopathic_medicine (1073 words)

	Alternative Medicine - HOMEOPATHY, NATUROPATHY, ACUPUNCTURE, CHIROPRACTIC, MASSAGE THERAPY, REFLEXOLOGY, YOGA
		Heroic medicine was an inexact branch of medicine practiced in the early nineteenth century, the forerunner to today's conventional medicine.
		Heroic medicine was called such because heroic measures were taken to cure a patient.
		The foundation of heroic medicine was that all diseases resulted from an excess of fluids in the body, and the cure was to relieve the body of the excesses through bloodletting (the letting of someone's blood in the [false] belief that it was a remedy for fever, inflammation, and other disorders) and purging.
	www.faqs.org /health/Healthy-Living-V2/Alternative-Medicine.html (9324 words)

	History of alternative medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Traditional Chinese medicine has more than 5,000 years of history as a system of medicine that is based on a philosophical concept of balance (yin and yang, Qi, Blood, Jing, Bodily fluids, the Five Elements, the emotions, and the spirit) approach to health that is rooted in Taoist philosophy and Chinese culture.
		Ayurveda or ayurvedic medicine has more than 6,000 years of history as a system of medicine based on a holistic approach to health that is rooted in Vedic culture.
		Western approaches to alternative medicine have more than 3,000 years of history behind them as systems of medicine based on natural philosophies that are rooted in all aspects of Western culture.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/history_of_alternative_medicine (807 words)

	Health science \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g.
		Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals.
		Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal originated food (like milk and meat) and animal husbandry.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /encyclopedia/getdefn.jsp?keywords=Health_science (652 words)

	From Quackery to Bacteriology, Document 2
		The cure for overstimulation was "heroic" medicine: bleeding, blistering, purging, and vomiting to restore the natural balance.
		Despite the opposition of those who returned from abroad, heroic medicine continued to be practiced and eventually the public developed a deep skepticism of doctors and an increased interest in quackery.
		Scientific medicine was hampered by poor training, the continued practice of heroic medicine despite patient protests, and quarreling among the brightest physicians.
	www.cl.utoledo.edu /canaday/quackery/quack2.html (1002 words)

	Orthomolecular Nutrition and Megavitamins
		As scientific medicine became more established in the 18th and 19th centuries natural treatments fell into disrepute only to be replaced by the deadly "cures" which were characteristic of heroic medicine (7, 8; see also Science Today Quackery Tomorrow).
		In the days of heroic medicine, as is still the case today, doctors generally seek to justify medicine on the basis of "science" and refuse to acknowledge the hazardous nature of medical treatments.
		While the opposition of medicine to new ideas and its anti-nutrition bias are well known (see Nutrition is for the Birds, Medical Bias), the lengths to which establishment medicine has gone in an attempt to suppress orthomolecular medicine are cause for major concern.
	www.holistichealthtopics.com /HMG/nutrition.html (13648 words)

	Andrew Jackson's Physicians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		In 1775 he was appointed chair of the institutes (theory) of medicine and later sole professor of medicine at the latter institution, a position he filled until near his death.
		Physick’s father insisted that his precocious son study medicine, and accordingly the scion was apprenticed to Dr. Adam Kuhn of Philadelphia, a former student of Cullen at the University of Edinburgh.
		Heroic medicine was a legacy from which neither the president of the United States, nor countless numbers of its religion, could escape.
	www.tennesseehistory.org /Publications/Summer-2003/andrew_jackson's_physicians.htm (7841 words)

	Natural Health Glossary
		Alternative medicine is simply an after the fact modern classification of phenomena that has been going on for hundreds, if not thousands of years, long before biomedicine arrived on the scene.
		Heroic medicine is any medicine or method of treatment that makes people suffer, get sick, get weak and run down and/or die.
		Heroic medicine, in short, is aggressive, reckless and foolhardy medicine that has a high potential for harming the patient.
	naturalhealthperspective.com /tutorials/glossary.html (3908 words)

	19th Century Medical Caricatures :: Heroic Medicine
		It was an age of “heroic” medicine that consisted of “copious bleeding and massive doses of drugs.”
		First, the grimace on the man's face shows that the often bitter, astringent medicinal concoctions were not pleasing to the palate.
		Second, medicines were not meant to be taken only once, but repeatedly, in order to operate as much as 15 to 20 times.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/library/historical/artifacts/caricatures/en2-heroic.cfm (573 words)

	emetic medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		A poisonous crystalline compound used in medicine as an expectorant and in the...
		Heroic medicine is a term for aggressive medical...
		medicine a new set of popular names having reference to its properties, were applied.
	www.pharmacy-megasite.com /articles/15/emetic-medicine.html (457 words)

	Magazine Antiques: Instruments of intervention in early American medicine - Cover Story
		The medicine or invalid spoon shown in Plate I is a form designed by Charles Gibson in London in 1827 and was primarily used for difficult patients, children, or the insane.
		Made in the form of a wedge to force open the patients' teeth if they resisted, the spoon was filled with medicine through the hinged lid and held there by the doctor or caregiver covering the end of the hollow handle with his or her thumb.
		The heroic regime of bleeding, blistering, purging, and vomiting was fashionable in the United States from the 1790s until the mid-nineteenth century.(6) It was Rush's zeal for bleeding that led to the widespread use of such implements as the spring lancet shown in Plate VI.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1026/is_1_156/ai_55166494 (1526 words)

	Lessons from History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Andrew Taylor Still, MD he founder of the osteopathic profession was an MD, trained both in the practice of medicine by the apprenticeship method (the most common form of medical training at the time) and by attending medical school (less common).
		Though poor sanitation undoubtedly contributed to the spread of disease, the continued practice of heroic medicine did little to strengthen the constitution of the sick soldier.
		Medicine was a cruel mistress to A.T. Still, MD In short order, 3 of his children died as a result spinal meningitis.
	www.abodehealth.com /lessons_from_history.htm (1241 words)

	Doctors and Diseases - Theory
		The reason mainstream medicine was so ineffective in the 1800s was that it was all based on an idea that was over a thousand years old.
		Medicine was slow to accept the basic scientific method of advancing knowledge by observing and experimenting, and as a result there were no verified, accepted, concrete facts to compare when two doctors disagreed about something in the mid-1800s.
		Granny medicine and heroic medicine even used many of the same medicinal plants to prepare "purgatives" to drain excess humors from their patients.
	www.endoftheoregontrail.org /med2.html (795 words)

	A History of Allopathy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The practice of allopathy, or heroic medicine, lasted so long precisely because in spite of being drained of their blood and poisoned with highly toxic drugs by allopaths many patients did in fact recover from serious infectious diseases like yellow fever and cholera.
		The development of alternative medicine in America during the 19th century owes much to allopaths, like Rush, who were largely responsible for fostering a rebellion against the aristocracy, or the intellectual elite ruling class, in the medical profession.
		In addition, the claim that preventive medicine started in 1876 is totally erroneous from the perspective of the patient, since it had no practical effect outside of antiseptic surgery until some 50 years later when penicillin was discovered in 1928.
	pages.hosting.domaindirect.com /naturalhealthperspective.com/tutorials/allopathy.html (4609 words)

	Dr. Hahnemann's cure for 'heroic' medicine. (Samuel Hahnemann, homeopath) - FDA Consumer - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		So he gave the medicine to himself and noted the effects: His extremities grew cold, his pulse quickened, his head throbbed, he became thirsty, and he developed a fever--in sum, the very symptoms of malaria.
		This, of course, is the opposite of conventional drug treatments where, for example, a decongestant is given to ease a cold and antibiotics are given to kill infecting germs, not to mimic their effect on the body.
		The vial containing the medicine had to be struck against a leather pad a number of times so the drug could be "dynamized" and act "spiritually upon the vital forces" of the body, Hahnemann said.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:3664132&refid=holomed_1 (1122 words)

	COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM)
		One interesting cause is that the pathologists who dominated academic medicine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries lacked the vocabulary to integrate the public health observations of vitamin deficiency into a pathophysiology dominated by the germ theory.
		The practice of medicine, and to a lesser extent the practice of science, takes place in and is strongly influenced by social context.
		It is not just the generalizing nature of the term that bothers him, or even the fact that medicine is not exactly a science and thus may not be the ideal discipline for the application of Kuhn’s theory—in spite of this theory’s alleged faults.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /cam/relationship.htm (6182 words)

	Medical Heresy in the Nineteenth Century
		You may be surprised, too, at how little the "regulars," or allopathic doctors, have changed their ways in the century and a half they've been "practicing" since the days described in the article.
		The "scientific management" of childbirth came to be standard fare of the medical system known as "heroic medicine," which was practiced by "regular" doctors, or allopaths.
		Heroic medicine featured an invasive, aggressive attack on disease, relying on such weapons as bloodletting (by way of venesection, or opening of the veins, applying leeches, and cupping) and massive drugging.
	www.purewatergazette.net /medicalheresy.htm (2457 words)

	Organica News -- Social Commentary: Into the 21st Century The Greening of Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		It is, arguably, in the area of medicine that the failures and limitations of reductionist technocratic "science" have been most intimately understood by great numbers of people.
		One striking aspect of medicine's current travails that has garnered much recent attention is the growing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and the appearance of new infectious diseases, both often the indirect result of the overuse of antibiotics, poorly-conceived vaccination programs or other medical miscalculations.
		In the context of real respect for and profit-sharing with local groups, the harvesting of plants for medicinal use or biological assay could be a significant contributor to the survival and well-being of local communities, of users of medicine worldwide and of the biosphere in general.
	www.organicanews.com /news/article.cfm?story_id=106 (2855 words)

	Marti Kheel - Ecofeminism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		[62] Just as Western heroic medicine spends most of its time, money, and resources on battling advanced stages of disease and emergency situations, so, too, Western heroic ethics is designed to treat problems at an advanced stage of their history--namely, at the point at which conflict has occurred.
		Heroic medicine, like heroic ethics, runs counter to one of the most basic principles in ecology--namely, that everything is interconnected.
		Western medicine's lack of concern for prevention can be seen in the fact that despite estimates showing that 80 percent or more of all cancers are attributable to environmental factors, medical research continues to pour billions of dollars into finding magic (chemical) cures for this and other diseases.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/ECOFEM2.HTML (11284 words)

	Natural remedies articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		In other words, it recognizes that conventional medicine has value for individuals who are injured, suffering from trauma, suffering from congenital or genetic disorders, and who otherwise need a highly-trained individual who can intercede to help them survive and recover.
		These activists sought to alter these heroic medical practices by incorporating and emphasizing some of the ideas that midwives and lay practitioners had long used to heal the sick.
		Eclectic medicine officially ended in 1939 due to a lack of support of its medical schools by philanthropists.
	marlboro-cigarette.cheapest.com.ru /natural-health.html (1991 words)

	The History of Medicine in America - The Settlers Arrive
		Called the Hero of New England, Standish’s formal education was in the military and, like many physicians of the time, he picked up medicine in his daily life and by watching other physicians.
		Heroic medicine can be defined in many ways, but one definition I have a particular affinity towards is: the medicine prescribed is proportional to the fear of the disease.
		Prior to that, if you had the money to call in a physician, you could expect heroic medicine: "Their techniques were rooted in the notion that the way to exorcise one set of afflictions from a patient’s body was to subject it to a considerably more violent set of afflictions.
	www.mnwelldir.org /docs/history/history01.htm (2828 words)

	Inside the Apothecary, Nature's Remedies, and Patent Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Apothecaries also practiced heroic medicine, such as bleeding, (leeches were kept at the apothecary shop), and blistering.
		Some of these medicinal plants were brought to America from Europe, but most often, they were grown by the apothecary, himself, or gathered from the country-side.
		Not only were herbs used for medicine, but plants, roots, and bark were also beneficial for seasoning food and dyeing cloth, as well.
	www.geocities.com /victorianlace16/apothecary1.html (858 words)

	Bled, Blistered, Cupped, Sweated, and Purged: The Development of Medicine in the Shenandoah Valley
		The title refers to treatments used under the "heroic medicine" philosophy: that the body needed to be rid of bad blood, ill humors, and imbalance of bodily fluids.
		The exhibit also displays a wide range of herbal preparations including many of the patent medicines that were widely used and available until the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required makers of these nostrums to tone down their cure-all claims.
		All early patent medicines, in addition to various herbs, contained a high percentage of alcohol, and many contained narcotic ingredients before they were classified as controlled substances.
	www.heritagecenter.com /Museum/Exhibits/Medicine/medexhib.htm (370 words)

	Changing Medical Practices in Early America by Laurie Trask Mann
		Between heroic medicine and a geographically very diverse population that demanded a high level of self-reliance, the public developed a very skeptical attitude towards regular doctors.
		While Thomsonian medicine still preached the use of emetics (lobelia), it was strongly opposed to both bleedings and calomel.
		While quack medicines, particularly for "weight loss and stamina," are still commonly available in the United States, they must be safe (even if they are not always genuinely effective).
	dpsinfo.com /wb/medhistory.html (2636 words)

	CURENTUR OR CURANTUR? HOMEOPATHY'S STRUGGLE TO MAINTAIN IDEOLOGICAL PURITY - Peter Morrell
		What some of these modern historians seem keen to do, some would say overkeen, is to project a view that all forms of 19th century medicine were in a chaotic and fluid state and willing to exchange, or barter, any parts of their respective ideologies and that everything was 'up for grabs'.
		This indicates that homeopaths experienced a softening of old dogmas in the light of their contact with scientific medicine; in most respects this is a brilliant and challenging essay, peppered with fascinating insights and useful accounts.
		All that pertains to medicine is his, by inheritance, by tradition, by right.' In the same year, the institute also modified its motto from 'similia similibus curantur' to 'similia similibus curentur', after it was pointed out that Hahnemann had used the latter term, and that the two spellings produced very different meanings.
	www.homeoint.org /morrell/articles/pm_curan.htm (4440 words)

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