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Topic: Herschel Space Observatory

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	ESA Portal - ESA's FIRST space telescope is to be re-named 'Herschel Space Observatory'
		ESA's 'Herschel', due to be launched in early 2007, is the first space observatory covering the full far-infrared and sub-millimetre waveband.
		Herschel will be launched together with another ESA scientific mission, Planck, to study the origin and evolution of the Universe.
		Herschel and Planck will separate shortly after launch and will be operated independently from their orbits situated 1.5 million kilometres away from Earth.
	www.esa.int /export/esaCP/GGGG7QSZ0GC_index_0.html (285 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: The Newly-named "Herschel Space Observatory" revisits its science goals.
		The ESA 'Herschel Space Observatory', formerly called 'Far Infrared and Submillimetre Telescope' (FIRST), is the instrument that inherits many of the questions triggered by its predecessor, ESA's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO).
		ESA's Herschel is the first space observatory covering a major part of the far-infrared and submillimetre waveband (from 57 to 670 microns) and its new name honours Herschel on the 200th anniversary of his discovery.
		Herschel's wavelength coverage makes it the ideal instrument to decipher how the first stars and galaxies formed, topics that have always been set as Herschel's main goals and that are now hotter than ever thanks to the surveys by ISO and other ground-based infrared instruments.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=25663 (779 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Herschel overview
		Herschel will be the only space observatory to cover the spectral range from far-infrared to sub-millimetre wavelengths.
		A space telescope is needed to detect this kind of radiation invisible to the human eye and to optical telescopes.
		The telescope is a Cassegrain telescope, with a primary mirror diameter of 3.5 metres.
	www.esa.int /export/esaSC/120390_index_0_m.html (1113 words)

	Herschel Science Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Herschel, short for the `Herschel Space Observatory', is the fourth `cornerstone' mission in the ESA science programme.
		Herschel is designed to observe the `cool universe'; it has the potential of discovering the earliest epoch proto-galaxies, revealing cosmologically evolving AGN/starburst symbiosis, and unravelling the mechanisms governing the formation of stars and planetary systems, such as our own.
		Herschel is being implemented together with the Planck mission as a single programme and sharing a common Ariane 5 ECA launcher.
	www.rssd.esa.int /herschel (242 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory Herschel Mission Home Page
		The Herschel Space Observatory is a space-based telescope that will study the Universe by the light of the far-infrared and submillimeter portions of the spectrum.
		Herschel is the fourth Cornerstone mission in the European Space Agency's Horizon 2000 program.
		Herschel's namesake will give scientists their most complete look so far at the large portion of the Universe that radiates in far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths.
	herschel.jpl.nasa.gov (485 words)

	Herschel Space Observatory
		A giant European Space Agency space telescope with a 3.5-meter-diameter main mirror (by comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope's is only 2.4 meters across) designed to observe the universe in unprecedented detail at far infrared and submillimeter wavelengths, from 80 to 670 microns, and to carry out sensitive photometry and spectroscopy.
		Herschel will be launched together with Planck in early 2007.
		Once in space, the two satellites will separate and proceed to different orbits around the second Lagrangian point, some 1.5 million km from Earth.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Herschel_Space_Observatory.html (154 words)

	The Infrared Revolution - The FIRST workshop at Toledo
		Herschel Space Observatory's main research topics include the formation of galaxies and stars.
		However, Herschel's observing time will be open to the world scientific community and therefore astronomers will discuss how to prioritise the use of the telescope.
		It also introduces future missions, such as Herschel and the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), to be possibly launched in 2009 as a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.
	sci2.esa.int /specialevents/infrared/workshop.html (251 words)

	Space Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory is the U.S. follow-on to the Einstein Observatory.
		The Institute for Space Astrophysics (IAS) in Orsay, France, is a laboratory of French CNRS and University of Paris-Orsay.
		Swift is a three-telescoipe space observatory (gamma-ray telescope, X-ray telescope, and ultraviolet/optical telescope) for studying gamma ray bursts.
	www.vilspa.esa.es /astroweb/yp_space.html (8384 words)

	Astrium Begins Gearing Up For Big Space Scope Project
		ESA's Herschel Space Observatory will be able to see the first galaxies and stars that ever existed, and therefore it will help to solve the question of how they formed about 13 billion years ago.
		Moreover, Herschel will detect a kind of light (far-infrared light) that cannot be seen from the ground due to the atmosphere, so it will reveal phenomena that have remained hidden thus far.
		Herschel's 3.5-metre mirror will be the largest ever sent to space and represents a true technological challenge.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/ngst-01f.html (1054 words)

	Herschel Space Observatory - Summary
		The Herschel Space Observatory ais scheduled for launch with the Planck Surveyor on February 15, 2007 by an Ariane 5ESV.
		Herschel is a large imaging space telescope, with a primary mirror 3.5 m in diameter.
		Herschel, is named after the British astronomer William Herschel, who discovered infrared light 200 years ago.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/logs/2007/herschel_sum.shtml (295 words)

	HERSCHEL
		PACS is one of the instruments that constitute the HERSCHEL Space Observatory (HSO).
		HERSCHEL is cornerstone mission in the European Space Agency (ESA) `Horizon 2000' science plan.
		HERSCHEL will be implemented together with the Planck mission as a single project in one of three possible configurations currently considered.
	www.prip.tuwien.ac.at /Research/ImageCompression/herschel.html (137 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Space telescope renamed for British astronomer
		Some plans for Herschel that were developed at the Toledo conference were derived from lessons learned during the mission the European Infrared Space Observatory, or ISO.
		Herschel proposals also include the identification and studying of so-called trans-Neptunian objects in the Kuiper Belts, situated well outside the orbit of the planet Neptune.
		These space rocks are similar to asteroids in composition and shape, and may number up to 10,000, only 300 of which have been located by Earth-based or space-based observatories.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0012/22herschel (896 words)

	Aerospace Technology - Herschel Space Observatory
		The two satellite telescopes are separate projects with different goals and will go into different orbits, but it has been decided that the two should be built under the same contract and launched on the same rocket flight due to the significant cost savings that can be made given similarities between the projects.
		The Herschel Space Observatory (originally called FIRST - Far-Infrared and Sub-millimetre Telescope) is an infrared telescope which is intended to discover how stars and galaxies were born.
		Herschel will be the largest and most advanced infrared telescope ever built and will observe wavelengths never covered before.
	www.aerospace-technology.com /projects/herschel/index.html (683 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| ESA awards giant contract for new astronomy satellites
		Herschel is the largest imaging space telescope ever built, with a primary mirror 3.5 m in diameter; it will unveil how the first stars and galaxies formed in the early Universe, more than 12 billion years ago.
		The Herschel Payload Module consists basically of a large cryostat filled with liquid helium, containing the scientific instruments; the cryostat acts as a huge 'thermos bottle' that keeps key parts of the instruments - namely, the focal plane units - at a temperature very close to absolute zero (-273 degrees Celsius).
		The telescopes for Herschel, with its massive 3.5 m primary mirror, and the Planck reflectors are also not part of this contract.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0106/26esaaward (1050 words)

	Prototech AS
		It will be the first space observatory covering the full far-infrared and submillimetre waveband, and the largest to work at those wavelengths.
		Herschel's 3,5 metre mirror, the largest ever bulit, will collect the light from distant and poorly known objects, such as newborn galaxies thousands of millions of light-years away.
		The Herschel Space Observatory will be bigger and better than any of its predecessors.
	www.prototech.no /nyhet.cfm?id=10110 (283 words)

	SPACE.com -- Newly-Named Herschel Space Observatory Revisits Its Science Goals
		The new name for FIRST -- Herschel Space Observatory, or Herschel -- was announced at the opening of the Toledo conference by ESA's Director of Science, Roger Bonnet.
		ESA's Herschel is the first space observatory covering a major part of the far-infrared and sub-millimeter waveband (from 57 to 670 microns) and its new name honors the astronomer on the 200th anniversary of his discovery.
		These topics, always slated to be the observatory's main area of investigation, are hotter than ever thanks to the surveys by ISO and other ground-based infrared instruments.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/herschel_observatory_010109.html (815 words)

	William Herschel (1738-1822)
		Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel was born in Hannover (Germany) in 1738 as son of Issak Herschel (1707-1767), a musician in the regimental band of the Foot-Guards, and Anna Ilse (b.
		William Herschel died on August 25, 1822 in Slough, England, and was buried in the church of Upton on September 7.
		William Herschel was honored lately by the astronomical community by naming Moon crater Herschel (5.7S, 2.1W, 40 km diameter, in 1935), together with his son John by naming Mars crater Herschel (14.9S, 230.3W, 304 km diameter, in 1973), and a crater on Saturn's moon Mimas (2.9N, 109.5W, in 1982).
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/wherschel.html (1236 words)

	The Infrared Revolution - main page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first space observatory able to see in the infrared, ESA's ISO, has unveiled in the last few years a surprising face of the Universe that had remained mostly hidden so far, and that deserves an even deeper exploration.
		ESA is now preparing to dive yet deeper into the infrared with ISO's successor, Herschel Space Observatory (formerly called FIRST), whose main observing priorities will be discussed by over 200 astronomers from all over the world at a meeting in Toledo (Spain), from 12 to 15 December.
		ESA's next infrared space telescope, FIRST, is the only instrument able to do the job, as concluded yesterday by astronomers gathered in Toledo (Spain).
	sci2.esa.int /specialevents/infrared (917 words)

	COM DEV International - 2004 Releases
		Herschel, dubbed the Hubble of longwaves and scheduled to launch by 2008, will inaugurate a new generation of space telescopes.
		Herschel will be equipped with three very sensitive instruments kept at temperatures close to absolute zero.
		"Herschel will embark on one of the most exciting space astronomy missions of the next decade by trying to solve the mystery of how stars and galaxies are born.
	www.comdev.ca /pressrel/2006/061013.html (658 words)

	ESA Renames FIRST to Herschel Space Observatory
		Herschel will be placed in a transfer trajectory towards its operational orbit around the Earth-Sun L2 point 1.5 million km from Earth.
		The telescope is a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope, with a primary mirror diameter of 3.5 meters.
		Herschel has a planned operational lifetime of three years minimum, offering potentially 7000 hours of science time annually.
	www.spaceandtech.com /digest/sd2000-38/sd2000-38-002.shtml (294 words)

	Herschel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Planned for launch in 2007, the European Space Agency’s Herschel Space Observatory (formerly called FIRST – Far Infra Red and Submillimeter Telescope) will collect the light from distant and poorly known objects, such as newborn galaxies thousands of millions of light-years away.
		Herschel is a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope, with a primary mirror diameter of 3.5 meters.
		The Herschel instruments cover the far infrared to submillimeter range of the spectrum (from 80 to 670 microns).
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/herschel.htm (186 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Herschel
		The European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory (formerly called Far Infrared and Sub-millimetre Telescope or FIRST) will be the first example of a new generation of space telescopes.
		It will be the first space observatory covering the full far infrared and sub-millimetre waveband, and its telescope will have the largest mirror ever deployed in space.
		Herschel's three and a half metre mirror will collect the light from distant and poorly known objects, such as newborn galaxies thousands of millions of light-years away, and will focus it onto three instruments with detectors kept at temperatures close to absolute zero.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=16 (176 words)

	CSA - The Herschel Space Observatory will have two Canadian instruments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Herschel Space Observatory is the fourth cornerstone in the European Space Agency's Horizon 2000 program.
		The Herschel Space Observatory will be a facility-class space telescope and is scheduled for launch in 2007.
		Herschel promises to advance scientific understanding and make new discoveries equally as dramatic as those already achieved by the HST.
	www.space.gc.ca /asc/eng/satellites/herschel.asp (168 words)

	Dr. Edwin (Ted) Bergin, Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan
		I have been privileged to be associated with several space-borne observatories that are in operation or in the development stages.
		SWAS was in operation from Dec 1998 through Dec 2003 and surveyed interstellar space for the presence of water and molecular oxygen.
		Spitzer is the most sensitive observatory operating at mid-infrared wavelengths.
	www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /~ebergin/parselink.php?link=missions (196 words)

	Herschel Space Observatory - IPAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Herschel Space Observatory is the European Space Agency's fourth "Cornerstone Mission" and deploys a passively cooled 3.5 meter telescope to observe the Far-infrared and Submillimeter Universe.
		Herschel is planned as a three year observatory mission, with a launch date scheduled for early-2007.
		NASA is a partner in the Herschel Mission, with US participants contributing to the mission; providing mission-enabling instrument technology and sponsoring the NASA Herschel Science Center at IPAC (the NHSC).
	spider.ipac.caltech.edu /staff/lmh/NEWHERSCHEL/indexred.html (118 words)

	Northrop Grumman To Supply Space Inertial Reference Unit
		European Space Agency (ESA) scientists will rely on a key navigational aid from Northrop Grumman Corporation's Navigations Systems Division (NSD) when it launches its Herschel Space Observatory into orbit four years from now to study how the first stars and galaxies were formed.
		Herschel is a program led by a consortium of European companies, including prime contractor Alcatel Space S.A.S., service module subcontractor Alenia Spazio S.p.A. and Dutch Space B.V., the latter being the attitude control monitoring system contractor for the program.
		The Herschel Space Observatory uses an imaging space telescope with a primary mirror 3.5 meters in diameter.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/telescopes-03zg.html (599 words)

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