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Topic: Hesperornis

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	BBC - Science & Nature - Sea Monsters - Fact File: Hesperornis
		Hesperornis had a sleek, feathered body and long legs with webbed feet.
		Hesperornis was a speedy swimmer, taking short dives to feed on shoals of fish or other passing food.
		Unable to fly or walk, Hesperornis needed to be wary of predators: sharks and plesiosaurs at sea, dinosaurs and pterosaurs on land.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/seamonsters/factfiles/hesperornis.shtml (177 words)

	Odontornithes - LoveToKnow 1911
		Obois, tooth, dpvts, 6pvtOos, bird), notably the genera Hesperornis and Ichthyornis from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas.
		Hind limbs very strong and of the Colymbine type, but the outer or fourth capitulum of the metatarsus is the strongest and longest, an unique arrangement in an otherwise typically steganopodous foot.
		Isis., Dresden, 1885) rightly pointed out that Hesperornis was a descendant of Carinatae, but adapted to aquatic life, implying reduction of the keel.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Odontornithes (741 words)

	CRANIAL KINESIS IN THE LATE CRETACEOUS BIRDS HESPERORNIS AND PARAHESPERORNIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The frontals in Hesperornis overlap the parietals (Fig.
		Therefore, the presence of a maxillary groove and subnarial bar in Hesperornis is con- sidered primitive and is in itself insufficient to demonstrate maxillokinesis.
		In Hesperornis and Parahesperornis the cranio- facial bending zone is within the posterodorsal processes of the premaxilla and nasals anterior to their juncture with the frontals and dorsal to the anterior end of the mesethmoid (Fig.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v105n01/p0111-p0122.html (11762 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Mobs, tooth, 6pvcs, 6pvLOos, bird), notably the genera Hesperornis and Ichthyornis from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas.
		The best known of the Odontornithes are Hesperornis regalis, standing about 3 ft. high, and the somewhat taller H. crassipes.
		The teeth stand in separate alveoles; the two halves of the mandible are, as in Hesperornis, without a symphysis.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=49255 (777 words)

	Histological Evidence for the Systematic Position of Hesperornis (Odontornithes: Hesperornithiformes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The skull of Hesperornis and the early evolution of birds.
		Cracraft (1982) concluded that Hesperornis was a member of a monophyletic clade that includes the neognathous loons and grebes (Podicipediformes), but, more re- cently, he (in press) considered it as the sister group of Ichthyornis plus Neornithes.
		I examined the histological structure of Hesperornis bone as part of an effort to determine the correct polarity of histological characters in the bones of pa- leognathous and neognathous birds, which I treated elsewhere (Houde in press a).
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v104n01/p0125-p0129.html (4082 words)

	SAS-hesperornis
		Living over 65 million years ago, Hesperornis was the was the largest of the flightless diving birds of the late Cretaceous, bearing teeth.
		IS Hesperornis was the was the largest of the flightless diving birds of the late Cretaceous.
		Hesperornis lived in the open ocean, managing to survive among larger predators such as mosasaurs and sharks.
	www.savageancientseas.com /majorspec/hesperornis.htm (128 words)

	Birds - American Tooth Birds - Hesperornis
		The first of these orders to be considered is typified by what has been named the Hesperornis, signifying literally "western bird," since at the time of its discovery the locality where it was found was beyond the western limits of extensive settlement.
		Hesperornis was a flightless, swimming and diving bird of great size, its length being nearly four feet.
		Lucas was the first to call attention to the fact that the legs of Hesperornis were directed out-ward almost at right angles to the body, instead of downwards as in other birds, and that apparently they were naturally moved together like a pair of oars.
	www.oldandsold.com /birds/bd1-8.shtml (777 words)

	InfoHub - View Single Post - Hesperornis
		Hesperornis was a genus of birds that lived 83-65 million years ago, which was in the late part of the Cretaceous period.
		Hesperornis was not capable of flying or fighting, so it was vulnerable to attack in the water by large marine predators such as Mosasaurs, Plesiosaurs, and sharks.
		Fossils of Hesperornis have been found in western Canada, Alaska, and the western part of the U.S., especially in Kansas.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showpost.php?p=4874&postcount=1 (231 words)

	Hesperonis
		Hesperornis regalis at the Sternberg Museum (FHSM VP-2069).
		It is readily distinguishable from Hesperornis by its smaller size and certain characters of the foot (Martin and Tate, 1976).
		Bone microstructure of the diving Hesperornis and the volant Ichthyornis from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /hesper.html (1919 words)

	KidsDinos.com - Dinosaurs For Kids
		Hesperornis evolved from flying birds, but like the modern day penguins, Hesperornis had lost the ability.
		A talented swimmer, Hesperornis spent its day cooling in the sea breeze, and hunting fish, and other sea animals.
		Hesperornis was about the site of a full grown human.
	www.kidsdinos.com /dinosaur-games/dinosaur-voting.php?dinoIDSent=85 (159 words)

	Hesperornis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hesperornis is an extinct genus of flightless aquatic birds that lived during the Coniacian to Maastrichtian sub-spochs of the Late Cretaceous (89-65 mya).
		Like other Mesozoic birds such as Ichthyornis, Hesperornis had teeth in its beak which were used to hold prey (probably mainly fish), although in the hesperornithiform lineage they were of a different arrangement than in any other known bird with the teeth sitting in a longitudinal groove rather than in individual sockets (Marsh, 1880).
		Hesperornis was featured in the last episode of the 2003 BBC documentary series Sea Monsters, a spin-off of the famous Walking With Dinosaurs (1999).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hesperornis (279 words)

	Hesperornis »
		Hesperornis is an extinct genus of flightless aquatic birds that lived during the Coniacian to Maastrichtian sub-epochs of the Late Cretaceous (89-65 mya).
		Like other Mesozoic birds such as Ichthyornis, Hesperornis had teeth in its beak which were used to hold prey (probably mainly fish), although in the hesperornithiform lineage they were of a different arrangement than in any other known bird with the teeth sitting in a longitudinal groove rather than in individual sockets (Marsh, 1880).
		Indeed, the leg skeleton of the hesperornithids was so much adapted to diving that their mode of locomotion while ashore, as well as where it laid its eggs and how it cared for its young, is a matter of much speculation.
	birds.allaboutthese.org /hesperornis (235 words)

	The Animal » Blog Archive » Evolution and paleontology ( bird )
		Two major features (and several less obvious ones) indicate, however, that the resemblance was the result of convergent evolution: the ischia and pubes were free for most of their length, and the cnemial process was made up entirely of the patella; in the loon, this process is derived from the tibiotarsus.
		Living on the same seas as Hesperornis and Baptornis was a group of flying birds known as Ichthyornis and Apatornis.
		Except for the Hesperornis line, teeth appear to have been lost very early in the history of birds, but fish-eating birds have evolved several toothlike structures for grasping their prey.
	animal.alltheline.com /?p=112 (2171 words)

	Extinct Birds
		Eoalulavis was the earliest bird that had good maneuverability while flying, even at low speeds (this extra flight control is obtained from a tuft of feathers on the thumb called the alula - it also helps in takeoffs and landings).
		Hesperornis (meaning "western bird") was an early, flightless bird that lived during the late Cretaceous period.
		Although it couldn't fly, Hesperornis was probably a strong swimmer and likely lived near coastlines and ate fish.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/birds/Earlybirds.shtml (936 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 350.500 Aves: Ornithothoraces
		Although Hesperornis is flightless, its remains have been found in Antarctica, South America, the United States and Northern Canada.
		In Hesperornis, the wings are vestigial, and the femur relatively shorter and more posterior, giving the bird, in life, perhaps a the appearance of an acute triangle (reconstructions showing a large-breasted teardrop form are common, but may be mistaken).
		During the recovery stroke, the femur must have been drawn forward, the muscles attaching to the tibiotarsus relaxed, and the toes rotated so that the blade of the lobes cut almost frictionlessly through the water.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html (2080 words)

	Hesperornithes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These similarities, however, as the more recently determined fact that the osteons of their bones— at least in Hesperornis— were arranged in a pattern similar to that in Neognathae (Houde, 1987), are today considered to be due to convergent evolution.
		Still, their relationship is close enough to make Hesperornis regalis is the first species of essentially moden bird discovered, and they possibly diverged from the ancestors of today's birds as late as the Earliest Cretaceous.
		The earliest known hesperornithiform is the Early Cretaceous Enaliornis although these birds are somewhat tentatively assigned to this group because of the bad preservation of their remains; the majority of hesperornithiform taxa are known from the Late Cretaceous.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hesperornithiformes (1129 words)

	Birds - American Tooth Birds - Ichthyornis
		It was a much smaller bird than Hesperornis, being about the size of a common Pigeon, and was clearly a very powerful flyer.
		The head was relatively much larger than in Hesperornis, but the disposition of the teeth was the same in both, and the component parts of the mandibles were likewise distinct.
		Both of these birds were clearly aquatic in habit, as shown by various points in their structure, and the conditions under which their remains were deposited.
	www.oldandsold.com /birds/bd1-9.shtml (403 words)

	FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HINDLIMBS OF HESPERORNIS REGALIS: A COMPARISON WITH MODERN DIVING BIRDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Hesperornis regalis was a flightless seabird from the Cretaceous interior seaway of North America.
		Though the analogy between the flightless Hesperornis and the volant Gavia is widely assumed, it has not previously been quantified or otherwise tested.
		Comparative measurements of the pelvis and hindlimbs of Hesperornis regalis and several extant waterbirds confirm that Hesperornis is structurally similar to modern loons and grebes in these areas.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2005AM/finalprogram/abstract_92825.htm (370 words)

	Taxon Search : View Taxon Details
		Fürbringer (1888) erected this taxon to include Hesperornis regalis and closely related forms.
		Clarke (2004:17) erected a stem-based definition using Hesperornis regalis and Aves as specifiers.
		The oldest records of Hesperornithes are species of Hesperornis from the Coniacian; the youngest record is Maastrichtian (Padian 2004).
	www.taxonsearch.org /dev/taxon_edit.php?Action=View&tax_id=160 (110 words)

	Introduction to the Hesperornithiformes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		On a later expedition, Marsh found the skull of one of these birds, and discovered that it had teeth -- a trait missing from all modern birds, but present in the fossil Archaeopteryx, described only a few years earlier, and then as now the oldest and most primitive bird known.
		In fact, hesperornithiform birds were the only true dinosaurs to colonize the oceans; the aquatic "reptiles" of the time, such as the ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, were not true dinosaurs.
		More images and information about Hesperornis are available at the Oceans of Kansas Paleontology, and at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History at Fort Hays State University, Kansas.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/birds/hesper.html (447 words)

	Prehistoric Kansas (GeoWorld)
		A flock of flightless, loon-like Hesperornis measuring six to seven feet in length have joined the fray.
		But the fossils are often damaged, because pterosaurs had light, hollow bones similar to birds.
		Hesperornis resembled modern loons, which are considered among the most primitive birds.
	www.geoworld.org /Kansas/Prehistory (1905 words)

	Lectures on Evolution (1877)
		In possessing true teeth, the Hesperornis differs from every existing bird, and from every bird yet discovered in the tertiary formations, the tooth-like serrations of the jaws in the Odontopteryx of the London clay being mere processes of the bony substance of the jaws, and not teeth in the proper sense of the word.
		In view of the characteristics of this bird we are [96] therefore obliged to modify the definitions of the classes of birds and reptiles.
		The absence of any keel on the breast-bone and some other osteological peculiarities, observed by Professor Marsh, however, suggest that Hesperornis may be a modification of a less specialised group of birds than that to which these existing aquatic birds belong.
	aleph0.clarku.edu /huxley/CE4/LecEvol.html (13618 words)

	Marsh Ichthyornis
		It is firmly set in a deep socket, which it nearly or quite fills.
		The dental succession took place vertically, as in Crocodiles and Dinosaurs; not laterally as in Hesperornis and the Mosasaurs, a fact of no little significance.
		Marsh, O. Preliminary description of Hesperornis regalis, with notices of four other new species of Cretaceous birds.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /Marsh72a.html (749 words)

	Early Birds Two: Science Key Stage 3
		Much larger, nearly two metres tall, was Hesperornis, a wingless water fowl.
		It was primitive enough to have teeth in its jaws, but it had already lost all the bones of its wings, except the slender upper arm bone, as some later birds were to do.
		But unlike the present-day penguins which have modified their wings into flippers, Hesperornis must have used its hind limbs and out-turned feet for swimming.
	www.standishchs.wigan.sch.uk /html/science/PREHIST/PAGE27.HTM (377 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Sea Monsters - Fact File: Halisaurus
		It may have waited around ledges above the water where hesperornis gathered.
		When the hesperornis leave their rocky ledges to dive for fish, the halisaurus are down below, waiting for an opportunity to ambush them.
		Mosasaur teeth are good at piercing the skin of their prey but bad at slicing flesh.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/seamonsters/factfiles/halisaurus.shtml (150 words)

	EVOLUTION AND HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There is record of two sea birds that succeeded Archaeopteryx called Ichthyornis and Hesperornis.
		Hesperornis was a six foot long diving bird and similar in structure to the loons.
		This is a drawing of the historic bird, the Hesperornis, which is similar to today's loons.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/c/x/cxb909/loonevolution.htm (451 words)

	Island Exhibi Case 6: Fossil Reptiles and Birds and Taphonomy
		Also found in this case are examples of Cretaceous reptiles from the Black Hills and evidence of paleopathologies found on fossil bones.
		Diving bird skeleton Hesperornis lived during the times of mosasaurs and plesiosaurs.
		Characteristic of Hesperornis discoveries in this region is that they are often headless, yet we do know that this bird had teeth in its jaws which is somewhat less rare than hen's teeth.
	museum.sdsmt.edu /ex_cse6.htm (721 words)

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