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Topic: Heterokont

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Golden alga

Chromista

Haptophyte

Labyrinthulid

Algae

Brown alga

Red alga

Synurid

Flagellate

Percolozoa

Protista

Axodine

Water mould

Zygnematales

Opisthokont

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	Heterokont - Biocrawler
		Heterokont algae have chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, the last of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Many heterokonts are unicellular flagellates, and most others produce flagellate cells at some point in their life-cycle, for instance as gametes or zoospores.
		Cavalier-Smith treats the heterokonts as identical in composition with the stramenopiles; this is the definition followed here.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Heterokont (597 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Heterokont
		Heterokont algae are chromists with chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, which are counted from the outermost to the innermost membrane.
		This arrangement of membranes suggest that heterokont chloroplasts were obtained from the reduction of a symbiotic red algal eukaryote, which had arisen by evolutionary divergence from the monophyletic primary endosymbiotic ancestor that is thought to have given rise to all eukaryotic photoautotrophs.
		In this case the ancestral heterokont was an alga, and all colorless groups arose through loss of the secondary endosymbiont and hence its chloroplast.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Heterokont (914 words)

	Goertzen, Leslie R.* and Edward C. Theriot.
		Nuclear ribosomal SSU and chloroplast rbcL data for heterokont algae and potential outgroups were analyzed separately and together under parsimony.
		In only three analyses using SSU data were the heterokonts monophyletic: with all available outgroup taxa, with the outgroup being hyphochytrids alone or with the outgroup being hyphochytrids plus Developayella.
		For rbcL data, heterokonts were monophyletic when all available rhodophytes were used, when any combination of rhodophytes tested were used, and when rhodophytes plus bacteria were used.
	www.botany2002.org /section8/abstracts/53.shtml (318 words)

	Heterokont - Information at Halfvalue.com
		Heterokont algae have chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, first it is surrounded by two membranes of the chloroplast envelope, then two membranes of chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, the final one of these is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum that is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
		This arrangement of membranes suggest that heterokont chloroplasts were derived from a symbiotic eukaryote, presumably a red alga.
		Many heterokonts are unicellular flagellates, and most others produce flagellate cells at some point in their life-cycle, for instance as gametes or zoospores.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Heterokont (911 words)

	Heterokont Information
		Heterokont algae have chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, the last of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Many heterokonts are unicellular flagellates, and most others produce flagellate cells at some point in their life-cycle, for instance as gametes or zoospores.
		Thomas Cavalier-Smith treats the heterokonts as identical in composition with the stramenopiles; this is the definition followed here.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Heterokont (591 words)

	Stramenopile
		Heterokont cells have two unequal flagella, inserted subapically or laterally, which in most are anchored by four microtubule roots in a characteristic pattern.
		Most heterokont algae were originally grouped in the division Chrysophyta and the class Chrysophyceae, called golden algae, with the diatoms treated as a separate class and the brown algae as a separate division.
		The other groups lack chloroplasts, and some do not have the typical heterokont organization in flagellate cells, but their relationship with the other stramenopiles is supported by structural and molecular studies.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/st/Stramenopile.html (478 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Heterokont
		Heterokont algae have chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, first it is surrounded by two membranes of the chloroplast envelope, then two membranes of chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, the final one of these is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum that is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
		Heterokont algae have chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, the last of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Most heterokont algae were originally grouped in the division Chrysophyta and the class Chrysophyceae, called golden algae, with the diatoms treated as a separate class and the brown algae as a separate division.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Heterokont (1909 words)

	Heterokont (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The heterokonts are a major line of alga e.
		Heterokont algae have chloroplast s surrounded by four membranes, the last of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, and containing chlorophyll s ''a, c'', and usually the accessory pigment fucoxanthin, giving them a golden-brown color.
		Heterokont cells are also found among several colorless groups: the water mold s and hypochytrid s, superficially similar to fungi, and the flagellate bicosoecid s.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Heterokont.html (444 words)

	Diatoms for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Their chloroplasts are typical of heterokonts, with four membranes and containing pigments such as fucoxanthin.
		The classification of heterokonts is still unsettled, and they may be treated as a division (or phylum), kingdom, or something in-between.
		Heterokont chloroplasts appear to be derived from those of red algae, rather than directly from prokaryotes as occurs in plants.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botany/diatom.html (2281 words)

	Heterokont
		They vary from the multicellular brown algae, such as kelp, to the unicellular diatoms which are a primary component in plankton.
		Heterokont algae have chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, the last of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, and containing chlorophylls a, c, and usually the accessory pigment fucoxanthin, giving them a golden-brown color.
		Heterokont cells are also found among several colorless groups: the water molds and hypochytrids, superficially similar to fungi, and the flagellate bicosoecids.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/h/he/heterokont.html (438 words)

	Heterokonts - Xanthophyceae
		The Eustigmatophyceae have a peculiar set of characteristics, and may be incorrectly classified with heterokonts.
		This eyespot is composed of carotenoids, and is membrane bound.
		There is an associated exension of the pleuronematic flagellum (in other heterokonts the eyespot is associated with the smooth flagellum).
	www.life.umd.edu /labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html (673 words)

	RBGE: Diatoms
		Diatoms are a class or division of algae (Bacillariophyceae or Bacillariophyta), which are related fairly closely to the brown seaweeds.
		Both groups belong to a larger cluster of organisms called the ‘heterokonts’, because their motile flagellate cells have two dissimilar flagella, one bearing stiff hairs, the other being smooth.
		The cells of heterokont algae are usually golden or brown in colour, because the green chlorophylls are masked by orange and yellow carotenoid pigments.
	www.rbge.org.uk /rbge/web/science/research/crypto/diatom.jsp (449 words)

	APSnet Feature: Why are Phytophthora and other Oomycota not true Fungi?
		As more groups of organisms were examined using the TEM a relationship was hypothesized between the Oomycota and the heterokont algae (Table 1).
		As new tools for determining phylogenetic relationships were developed, especially those using molecular sequence data, they were applied to questions such as whether the Oomycota are more closely related to the heterokont algae or the true Fungi.
		Determining relationships using DNA sequence data is based on comparing sequence similarities in gene regions such as small or large subunits of the nuclear ribosomal DNA.
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/oomycetes (1779 words)

	Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae -- Andersen 91 (10): 1508 -- American Journal of Botany
		Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae
		In heterokont algae, orientation of flagella on biflagellate
		SSU rRNA and rbcL genes from heterokonts, haptophytes, alveolates,
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/91/10/1508 (5631 words)

	[No title]
		3) Phylogeny of heterokont algae and early evolution of the Stramenopiles
		The heterokont algae are far more diverse than we know today, and there are many undescribed groups.
		To understand classification, systematics and evolution of the heterokont algae is an important issue of phycology.
	www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp /~inouye/ino/intro/res_intro.html (916 words)

	Heterokontophyta
		Andersen, R.A. Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae.
		Definition of stramenopiles from Tree of Life: "Stramenopiles have mitochondria with tubular cristae and tubular tripartite hairs on their flagella or cell surface.
		The flagellate cells are heterokont, bearing a long pleuronematic (= flimmer or tinsel) flagellum, which is directed forwards during swimming, and a shorter smooth flagellum, which lacks the stiff hairs of the pleuronematic flagellum and points backwards along the cell.
	www.uog.edu /classes/botany/Plant_Di/heterokontophyta.htm (456 words)

	Phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL sequences from haptophytes and heterokont algae suggest their chloroplasts are ...
		Phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL sequences from haptophytes and heterokont algae suggest their chloroplasts are unrelated -- Daugbjerg and Andersen 14 (12): 1242 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution
		Phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL sequences from haptophytes and heterokont algae suggest their chloroplasts are unrelated
		the plastid relationship between haptophytes and heterokont algae.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/12/1242 (765 words)

	STANDARD OUTLINE OF A RESEARCH NOTE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to Holt (2004), the supergroup Heterokontae consists of those genera which contain tubulocristate mitochondria and produce the “heterokont” motile cell which is described as a cell with a pair of flagella consisting of one anteriorly-directed tinsel flagellum and a second posteriorly-directed whiplash flagellum.
		Baldauf (2003) shows that the phylum cryptophyta and the phylum haptophyta both are present in basal positions on the branch of the tree containing the heterokonts.
		Within the four selected heterokont phyla, the state of silica cell covering material appears to be primitive, because at node z (which is the based of the clade containing the four phyla without the outgroups) silica is the only state present.
	www.susqu.edu /Students/S/shillingk/heterokont.htm (3288 words)

	Synurid at AllExperts
		The synurids are a small group of heterokont algae, found mostly in freshwater, which are covered in silicate scales and spines.
		These are formed on the surface of the chloroplasts, of which there are usually two, but sometimes only one divided into two lobes.
		The cells have two heterokont flagella, inserted parallel to one another at the anterior, whose ultrastructure is a distinguishing characteristic of the group.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/sy/synurid.htm (266 words)

	BioG 105/106 \| Autotutorial Introductory Biology
		General Characteristics: The sister group of the Alveolata, the Stramenopila is a diverse group that includes oomycotes (water molds and other heterotrophic fungus-like organisms) and heterokont algae.
		The heterokonts are named for the fact that they have two different types of flagella (one "hairy" - hence their inclusion in the Stramenopila, and one "nonhairy").
		Heterokonts also have choloroplasts with a triple-membrane, suggesting that they evolved by secondary endosymbiosis, perhaps via ingestion of a red alga which had already acquired a chloroplast from a cyanobacterium through primary endosymbiosis.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/biog105/labs/plants/stramenopila.html (215 words)

	Golden-Brown Algae (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Both the chrysophytes and synurophytes are most abundant and diverse in freshwaters of neutral or slightly acidic pH with low conductivity, alkalinity, and nutrient levels and colder temperatures, but may also inhabit a variety of environments.
		Chrysophytes and synurophytes are heterokonts in either the vegetative or reproductive stage.
		One is long, covered in two rows of tripartite hairs, and is located on the cell anterior, while the other is short, smooth, and directed laterally or posteriorly, perpendicular to the longer flagellum.
	silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu /LucidKeys/Carolina_Key/html/Golden_browns.html (433 words)

	Amazon.com: Heterokont: Books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		as a kingdom of morphologically diverse organisms, usually having a heterokont flagellar condition.
		Heterokontophyta (heterokonts) (Chapters 9-17): anterior tinsel and posterior whiplash flagellum, chlorophylls a...
		Two heterokont flagella (flagella with different structures) arising from apical reservoir; some...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Heterokont&tag=httpexplaguid-20&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (809 words)

	Amazon.com: "heterokont algae": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is also now widely accepted that the ancestor of the chloroplast in cryptomonads and heterokont algae was eukaryotic, but again the number of separate acts of symbiosis is in doubt as well as the nature of...
		Apparently the nuclear genomes of the endosymbionts were completely reduced in a variety of algal groups (heterokont algae, euglenoids, dinoflagellates, haptophytes).
		80) are also included in the heterokont algae: although the male gamete (the only flagellate stage in the life history) has only a single flagellum, it has the...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/heterokont-algae (546 words)

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