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	Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hetman (or ataman) was the title used by commanders of the Ukrainian Cossacks at the end of sixteenth century.
		After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the Polish-Russian Treaty of Andrusovo 1667, Ukrainian Cossacks of the Hetmanate (and Cossack Hetmans) are known as Left-bank Cossacks and Right-bank Cossacks.
		In Russia, the office of Cossack Hetman was suppressed in 1734-1750, and finally abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks (287 words)

	Ivan Vyhovsky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ivan Vyhovsky (Ukrainian: Іван Виговський, Polish: Iwan Wyhowski)(reigned 1657-1659) was a hetman (or otoman) of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and the successor to the famous hetman and rebel leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky (see Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks).
		In Polish military service, he was captured by Khmelnystsky's rebel Cossack forces at Zhovti Vody in May of 1648, he was freed on account of his education and experience and rose to become secretary-general or chancellor (heneralny pysar) of the Cossacks and one of Khmelnytsky's closest advisors.
		While the Cossack elite and the ecclesiastical authorities supported this pro-Polish orientation, the masses and the Cossack rank-and-file remained deeply suspicious and resentful of the Poles, by whom they had long been forced into serfdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky (547 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> hetman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hetmans were main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command.
		After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the 1667 Polish-Russian Treaty of Andrusovo, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack Hetmans) are known as Left-bank Cossacks (of the Cossack Hetmanate) and Right-bank Cossacks.
		In the Russian Empire, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/hetman (679 words)

	Cossack - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey.Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891.
		Cossacks should not be confused with the ethnic group, the Kazakhs (Kazakh isspelled Qazaq (Казак) in the native language).
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more orless equally, although in the 16th century, with Commonwealth dominanceextending south, the Zaporojian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded as subjects of the Commonwealth.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=Cossack (1290 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> cossack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the sixteenth century, with the dominance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Ruthenian Cossack people) made little progress due to their lack of popularity within the Commonwealth.
		The Cossack's strong historic allegiance to the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the Commonwealth dominated by the Catholicism increased the tensions, especially when the Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to suppression of the Orthodox church, which made the Cossacks strongly anti-Catholic which at the time was synonymous to anti-Polish.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/cossack (4281 words)

	Cossack - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cossacks should not be confused with the Kazakhs (Kazakh is spelled Qazaq (Казак) in the native language).
		The Cossacks of Zaporizhia, on the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of the Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporizhian Sich.
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the 16th century, with Commonwealth dominance extending south, the Zaporojian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded as subjects of the Commonwealth.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Cossack (1739 words)

	Cossack - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the 15th century, the Cossack society was described as a loose federation of independent communities, often forming local armies, entirely separate from the neighboring states (of, e.g, Poland, Grand Duchy of Moscow or the Khanate of Crimea).
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the 16th century, with the dominance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Cossack and Ruthenian people) were limited to a small minority.
	www.voyager.in /Cossack (3612 words)

	Hetman: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch (monarch: Large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with fl and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed)) used in 15th (15th: (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries)...
		Hetmans were main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command (chain of command: more facts about this subject).
		Hetman office was abolished after the third partition of Poland (third partition of Poland: the partitions of poland (polish rozbiór or rozbiory polski) happened in the 18th...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/hetman (668 words)

	Cossacks
		Cossacks acquired military strength and experience as well as prestige in their own society and fame throughout Europe, which at that time was resisting the Turkish onslaught.
		Gradually, the Cossacks began to conduct their own external policy independent of the government and frequently contrary to its interests (for example, they took part in Moldavian affairs and arranged a treaty with Emperor Rudolf II in the 1590s).
		Sich on Turkish territory (1775–1828); the Cossacks in the
	encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/C/O/Cossacks.htm (1914 words)

	Hetman Did You Mean hetman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		At the end of 16th century commander of Ukrainian Cossacks were also called Hetmans (or atamans).
		In Russia, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Hetman.html (416 words)

	Cossack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cossack cultures were largely suppressed during the time of the Soviet Union but are now in the process of revival.
		Don Cossacks were one of the main military forces resisting the Bolsheviks during the Russian revolution in the early 20th century.
		The Cossack sense of being a separate and elite community gave them a strong sense of loyalty to the Tsarist government and Cossack units were frequently used to suppress domestic disorder, especially during the widespread worker and peasant unrest of 1905-06.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Cossack.htm (4148 words)

	Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Following the title of hetmans of Poland and Lithuania, at the end of 16th century commanders of the Cossacks were also called Hetmans (or atamans).
		From 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky uprising, Hetman was the head of the Cossack state.
		Bohdan Khmelnytsky (1648-1657) was the first Hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate.
	en.mcfly.org /Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks (158 words)

	The world's top hetman websites
		Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann) was the title of the military commander and administrator in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1568 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Each hetman received a hetman's mace as the symbol of his postition (it was added to his coat of arms).
		Grand Hetmans usually were in command of the professioal and mobilised army and during peace time stayed at the capital involved in politcs, guarding the interst of the army and planning campaigns.
	www.websbiggest.com /wiki-article-tab.cfm/hetman (1049 words)

	Cossack -
		Cossacks are several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Ukrainian Cossack people) made little progress due to their lack of popularity within the Commonwealth.
		One of the Russian Volunteer Army commanders, General Bogaevsky mentions in his book one of his Cossacks unit's servicemen, sotnik Khoperski, who was Chinese by origin and brought from Manchuria during the Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 as a child, obviously adopted and raised by a Cossack family.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Cossacks (4172 words)

	Hetman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th century15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth/.
		Hetman office was abolished after the partitions of Polandthird partition of Poland in 1795/.
		After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the PolandPolish-RussiaRussian Treaty of Andrusovo 1667/, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack Hetmans) are known as Left-bank Cossacks and Right-bank Cossacks.
	www.infothis.com /find/Hetman (358 words)

	Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Following the title of hetmans of Poland and Lithuania (hetmans of Poland and Lithuania: more facts about this subject), at the end of 16th century (16th century: (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries)...
		Petro Konashevych (Petro Konashevych: petro konashevych (died in 1622) - sahaidachny in cossack army....
		Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Bohdan Khmelnytsky: more facts about this subject) (1648-1657) was the first Hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate (Cossack Hetmanate: the cossack hetmanate or zaporizhian sich is a political, social and military organization...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/hetmans_of_ukrainian_cossacks (299 words)

	hetman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Main article: Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania The first Polish title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505.
		Main article: Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks At the end of 16th century commander of Ukrainian and Siberian Cossacks were also called Hetmans (or atamans).
		Mayor Walt Hetman noted that no official action needed to be taken and it was agreed that the supervision of city employees would go back to supervising their...
	www.33beat.com /hetman.html (494 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891.]] The '''Zaporozhian Host''' or '''Zaporozhian Voisko''' ({{lang-ua Запорозьке Войсько}}, ''Zaporoz’ke Vois’ko'', sometimes translated Cossack Army), also called Zaporizhian Sich after its fortified capital, was a political, social, and military organization of Ukrainians Ukrainian (Ruthenians Ruthenian) Cossacks, from the 16th century 16th to the 18th century 18th centuries.
		It was established in the central Ukraine Ukrainian territory called Zaporozhia (region) Zaporizhzhia, below the rapids of the Dnieper river.
		Cossacks fought for their independence from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which attempted to turn them into serfs, and later began several uprisings against the Russian Tsar, which wanted to destroy their independent culture.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Zaporozhian_Host.html (411 words)

	Cossack
		Cossacks are a group of several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship.
		Also famous were the Ukrainian Cossacks (Козаки́, Kozaky) of the Zaporozhian Host, who lived on the southern steppes of modern Ukraine.
		A Ukrainian Cossack in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Cossack (4297 words)

	Hetman - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One opinion holds that all variants are derived from German Hauptmann.
		The Prussian state, which changed its administrative language from Polish to German around 1657 was highly influenced by Polish military traditions.
		This page was last modified 03:48, 9 December 2005.
	www.voyager.in /Hetman (521 words)

	ORANGE REVOLUTION :: On the Threshold of Choice
		Ukrainian folk dumas and historical songs also undoubtedly left their imprint on the gifted youth’s heart.
		The prince himself exposes these “values” by which he is guided in the following words: “Ukraine with the hetmanate and the Cossacks are not to my liking.
		But Vyhovsky was also part and parcel of the Cossack officers’ estate, the estate that usually put its own narrow class interests above the prosperity of the entire nation.
	www.orangerevolution.us /blog/_archives/2005/10/23/1318639.html (824 words)

	Hetman - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The <em>Diariusz podrozny</em> of Pylyp Orlyk (1720-1726) (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature: Texts)
		Symon Petljura und die UNR: Vom Sturz des Hetmans Skoropadskyj bis zum Exil in Polen (Historische VerÃ¶ffentlichungen)
		The <em>Diariusz podrozny</em> of Pylyp Orlyk (1727-1731) (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature: Texts)
	www.unipedia.info /Ataman.html (538 words)

	Cossack - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cowboy And The Cossack (Code Name: Danger) (Silhouette Intimate Moments, No 657)
		Nestor Makhno-Anarchy's Cossack : The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917-1921
		The Cossacks, Sevastopol, the Invaders And Other Stories
	www.unipedia.info /Cossacks.html (1739 words)

	Hetman Encyclopedia Article @ UltraTopSecret.com (Ultra Top Secret) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hetman Encyclopedia Article @ UltraTopSecret.com (Ultra Top Secret)
		This is rather far fetched as then also "Haupt" and "Mann", which are used in many different ways in the German language, would have to have derived from military ranks in foreign languages.
		"Hetman" results in these other popular encyclopedia sites:
	www.ultratopsecret.com /encyclopedia/Hetman (483 words)

	Russia Travel Forums - Search
		it was first used in poland by POLISH hetmans.
		then the ukrainian cossacks took that idea and made their own bulava.
		As also a fellow western Ukrainian, We don't like russians becuase russians because we were tossed to the carpathian mou...
	www.waytorussia.net /TalkLounge/search.php?search_author=UkrainianPoljak (567 words)

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