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Topic: Hexactinellid

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	Palaeos Metazoa: Porifera:Hexactinellida
		Hexactinellids and their Spicules: Hexactinellids, commonly called "glass sponges", construct a skeleton composed of simple to complex 6-rayed siliceous spicules (left) with a fundamentally orthogonal symmetry.
		Hexactinellids are exclusively marine, and in the modern oceans are usually found at depth (generally 450 to 900 m, but up to 5000 m).
		Hexactinellids are, it seems, even more voracious than most sponges when it comes to removing bacteria from intake water, but they show no signs of interest in organic smoothies.
	palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Porifera/Hexactinellida.html (1569 words)

	Hexactinellid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hexactinellids are relatively uncommon and are mostly found at substantial depths.
		Hexactinellids like "Venus' Flower Basket" have a tuft of fibres that extends outward like an inverted crown at the base of their skeleton.
		The earliest known hexactinellids are from the earliest Cambrian or late Neoproterozoic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hexactinellid (376 words)

	Hexactinellid
		Hexactinellid Sponges are sponges with a skeleton made of four and/or six pointed silaceous spicules.
		Hexactinellids are relatively uncommon nowdays and are mostly found at substantial depths.
		They are fairly common relative to Demosponges[?] as fossils, but this is thought to be at least in part because their spicules are sturdier than spongin and fossilize better.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/he/Hexactinellid.html (83 words)

	Class Hexactinellida
		Hexactinellids, which are commonly called "glass sponges", construct a skeleton composed of simple to complex 6-rayed siliceous spicules (left), usually united in networks, the entire structure an open mesh.
		In organization the hexactinellid sponges display the syconoid pattern (right).
		They are exclusively marine, and in the modern ocean are usually found in the deep ocean (generally 450 to 900 meters, but up to 5000 meters), although earlier groups occupied shallower water.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Porifera/Hexactinellida.htm (279 words)

	CPAWS-BC \| Press Releases \| Backgrounder - Hecate Strait Sponge Reefs
		Hexactinellid sponges are very sensitive to sedimentation rate, as they grow exclusively in areas of minimal sediment input.
		Dense populations of hexactinellid sponges are known to exist in pristine environments.
		The tolerance of hexactinellid sponges for noise from seismic exploration is unknown.
	www.cpawsbc.org /press/20040217_backgrounder.php (1003 words)

	ADW: Hexactinellida: Information
		Hexactinellids seem to lack selective control over the food they ingest - any food small enough to penetrate the syncytium is ingested.
		Little effort is being made to preserve hexactinellid species, but there may be great value in keeping glass sponge populations healthy, as they may hold the secrets of hundreds of millions of years of evolution, and may have evolved chemicals of potential value to humanity.
		While there are many visual similarities between hexactinellids and other sponges, it is difficult to determine, based on our lack of understanding of hexactinellid development, whether these similarities are simply convergent or actually represent homologies.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /site/accounts/information/Hexactinellida.html (925 words)

	The Sponge Reef Project: result
		The accompanying lyssacinosidan hexactinellid sponges (Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, Staurocalyptus dowlingi, Acanthascus cactus and A. platei) are all boot-shaped tubes with a large atrial cavity, a single round osculum and up to 50 centimetres in height.
		This indicates that the growth rates of hexactinellid sponges are within the same range of the growth rates of modern corals and are furthermore, comparable to the growth rates of demosponges.
		In order to estimate the age of hexactinellid sponges, the growth rates alone are not sufficient data, because the volume of the sponge body increases to the power of three while the length increases only linearly.
	www.porifera.org /a/ciresult.html (3397 words)

	Characteristics of the Phylum Porifera
		Hexactinellid sponges class Hexactinellida make distinctive six-rayed glass spicules and are now mostly deep sea species, but at one time flourished in shallow water(see below).
		The main groups of siliceous sponges that formed these reefs - Hexactinellids - are very much unchanged in their basic form and, as far as we can determine, their lifestyle for millions of years.
		The reefs we see today off B.C. are formed by Hexactinellid sponges and are an analogue for the immense belt of sponge reefs that once stretched in a continuous zone from
	www.fiu.edu /~goldberg/coralreefs/NewPorifera.htm (1754 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Hexactinellid sponge reefs occur in the broad, glacially scoured troughs of
		These sponge reef complex (Hexactinellid sponges) were believed to have vanished during the Cretaceous.
		The fauna associated with sponges was composed mainly of shrimps, crabs and juvenile rockfishes.
	www.fisheries.ubc.ca /projects/btf/weblinks.asp?gr=infinvdetNBC (993 words)

	Oceanlink \| marine sciences education and fun
		But none the less when something in the water touches a hexactinellid (perhaps a piece of dirt in the incurrent canals) an electrical signal travels through the whole sponge telling it to stop pumping.
		Hexactinellids would probably communicate chemically to reproduce like the demosponges, but again NOTHING is known about this at all.
		The new genus, Palaeophragmodictya, is characterized by disc-shaped impressions preserving characteristic spicular networks and is reconstructed as a convex sponge with a peripheral frill and an oscular disc at the apex.
	oceanlink.island.net /ask/porifera.html (1363 words)

	Sponge Fauna and Spicule Assemblages from the Ordovician of Argentina
		Precordilleran sponge faunas are dominated by orchoclad lithistid demosponge genera, whereas hexactinellids are represented by loose spicules and root tufts, and calcareous heteractinid sponges are known from isolated octactine spicules and a single genus.
		In addition, spicules assemblages were reported from diverse localities of the Precordillera, a hexactinellid sponge genus was described from the Tremadocian of the Puna area, and hexactinellid spicule assemblages were reported from the lower Tremadocian fl shales of the Famatina System.
		Hexactinellid hexactines and non-lithistid demospongiid triaene and oxeas were described from Llanvirn autochthonous limestone and carbonate sandstone with the Pygodus serra Zone and the P.
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_16/06-Beresi.htm (4335 words)

	Hexactinellida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The hexactinellids, or glass sponges, are characterized by siliceous spicules consisting of six rays intersecting at right angles, much like a toy jack.
		Hexactinellids are widely viewed as an early branch within the Porifera because there are major differences between extant hexactinellids and other sponges.
		Moreover, hexactinellids possess a unique system for rapidly conducting electrical impulses across their bodies, allowing them to react quickly to external stimuli.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /porifera/hexactinellida.html (126 words)

	Henry Reiswig's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He is investigating the fine details in organization of their living tissues, attempting to resolve long-standing problems in their taxonomy (restudy of poorly described species, resolving name arguments), review their relationships to other living groups, and preparing regional monographs on hexactinellid diversity.
		Reiswig, H.M. The hexactinellid Leiobolidium (Porifera) is a Hyalonema Gray.
		Reiswig, H.M. New hexactinellid sponges from the Mendocino Ridge, northern California, USA., Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 499-508.
	www.redpath-staff.mcgill.ca /hreiswig.htm (282 words)

	Krautter et al.: Abstract 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The sponge bioherms are up to 19 metres high with steep flanks, whereas the biostromes are 2-10 metres thick and many kilometres wide.
		Three of them, all hexactinosan species (Aphrocallistes vastus, Heterochone calyx, Farrea occa) are the main frambuilders, composing a true rigid framework of sponge skeletons encased in a organic rich matrix of modern clay baffled by the sponges.
		These unique extant siliceous sponge reefs can be used as a modern analogue for a better understanding and interpretation of fossil siliceous sponge reefs, known from many ages and many locations world wide.
	www.porifera.org /a/bik01.html (301 words)

	Glass sponge - CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Hexactinellid also known as the Glass sponge, which belong to the phylum Porifera along with other sponges.
		The Hexactinellid sponge is known today to live in deep waters.
		The 500 species today are mostly found from deep waters "200 to 2000 meters." The Hexactinellid is mostly found in Antarctica because that is where they are more abundant.
	creationwiki.org /Hexactinellid (225 words)

	Sponge Gardens of British Columbia - Website References
		Austin, W.C. The relationship of silicate levels to the shallow water distribution of hexactinellids in British Columbia.
		Hexactinellid sponge reefs on the British Columbia shelf: submersible observations and geophysical mapping.
		Hexactinellid sponge ecology: growth rates and seasonality in deep water sponges.
	www.mareco.org /khoyatan/spongegardens/References (149 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: A NEW HEXACTINELLID SPONGE FROM THE REEF TRAIL MEMBER OF THE UPPER GUADALUPIAN BELL CANYON ...
		The hexactinellid sponge was collected from 0.3 m below the lowest zone of scaphopod lenses and 0.7 m above a distinctive stratigraphie unit, about 3.7 mm thick, which is bounded above and below by a pair of coarse-grained packstone debris flows that range from 0.3 to 1.35 m thick.
		The new hexactinellid sponge, and a somewhat younger suite of calcareous sponges currently under study, were collected from very near or at King's (1948) Strigogoniatites fountaini locality (USGS locality 7663, King, 1948, pi.
		The Toomeyospongia Rigby, Horrocks, and Cys, 1982, described here, is equivalent in age to the youngest ammonites known from the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico and occurs within the latest Guadalupian fusulinid zone of Paraboultonia Skinner and Wilde, 1954.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200501/ai_n9468325 (1290 words)

	A NEW HEXACTINELLID SPONGE FROM THE REEF TRAIL MEMBER OF THE UPPER GUADALUPIAN BELL CANYON FORMATION, GUADALUPE ...
		The hexactinellid sponge was collected from 0.3 m below the lowest zone of scaphopod lenses and 0.7 m above a distinctive stratigraphie unit, about 3.7 mm thick, which is bounded above and below by a pair of coarse-grained packstone debris flows that range from 0.3 to 1.35 m thick.
		The new hexactinellid sponge, and a somewhat younger suite of calcareous sponges currently under study, were collected from very near or at King's (1948) Strigogoniatites fountaini locality (USGS locality 7663, King, 1948, pi.
		The Toomeyospongia Rigby, Horrocks, and Cys, 1982, described here, is equivalent in age to the youngest ammonites known from the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico and occurs within the latest Guadalupian fusulinid zone of Paraboultonia Skinner and Wilde, 1954.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200501/ai_n9468325 (768 words)

	Isolation and cloning of a C-type lectin from the hexactinellid sponge Aphrocallistes vastus: a putative aggregation ...
		Boury-Esnault, N., Efremova, S., Bezac, C., and Vacelet, J. (1999) Reproduction of a hexactinellid sponge: first description of gastrulation by cellular delamination in the Porifera.
		Leys, S.P. (1995) Cytoskeletal architecture and organelle transport in giant syncytia formed by fusion of hexactinellid sponge tissues.
		Leys, S.P. (1999) The choanosome of hexactinellid sponges.
	glycob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/1/21 (5093 words)

	IB 118(3)
		Another branch, the inner membrane, occupies up to 10% of flagellated chambers of sponges during all months of the year, but is especially prevalent in specimens which have been kept in sea water aquaria for several weeks.
		This three-dimensional view of hexactinellid tissues reinforces the conclusion that hexactinellid sponges be separated from other sponges at the subphylum level.
		Cultured fragments of the hexactinellid sponge, Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni, were observed feeding on 1.0 µm latex beads.
	www.invertebratebiology.org /ib1183.htm (1576 words)

	ePIC: A chemical view of the most ancient metazoa - biomarker chemotaxonomy of hexactinellid sponges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Abstract: Hexactinellid sponges are often considered to be the most ancient metazoans.
		Lipid biomarkers from 23 species were studied for information on their phylogenetic properties, particularly their disputed relation to the two other sponge classes (Demospongiae, Calcarea).
		The lack of these features in calcareous sponges further contradicts the still common view that Calcarea and Demospongiae are more closely related to each other than either is to the Hexactinellida.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Publications/Thi2002a_abstract.html (210 words)

	creature4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Compared with the colourful sponges of shallow waters, those of the deep sea are not very sponge-like.
		These are known as “hexactinellid sponges” and some of them get very complex and intricate.
		You are directed to a disclaimer and copyright notice governing the information provided.
	www.oceans.gov.au /norfanz/creature4.htm (1462 words)

	Living Oceans Society \| Bottom Trawling
		While four trawl closures have been implemented in B.C.’s globally unique Hexactinellid sponge reefs, the closures have proven to be too small, and do not take into consideration our equally important coral forests.
		Deep water corals are known to provide habitat in Alaska for rockfish, Atka mackerel, shortspine thornyhead, juvenile Pacific halibut, rock sole, juvenile red king crab, and several species of shrimp.
		Seven species of Hexactinellid sponges (“glass sponges”;), three of which are the main reef builders (shown below), were discovered in British Columbia in the 1980s and are the only living specimens known to exist on the planet.
	www.livingoceans.org /fisheries/bc_coral.shtml (664 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Silurian hexactinellid sponges from northern British Columbia, Canada
		ABSTRACT-Faunules of largely hexactinellid sponges have been collected from siltstones of Early Silurian Wenlock or latest Landovery age within the upper Road River Group from northern British Columbia.
		Also included is a fragment of what must have been a steeply obconical-cylindrical hexactinellid sponge of uncertain taxonomy; it has a skeleton of robust hexactines in an unquadruled net, above a root-tuft of 10-20 spicules.
		Other sponge impressions include small circular clusters of hexactines with radiating, to basketlike patterns and somewhat similar, isolated and dissociated, long probably roof tuft spicules and possible basal root tuft rosettes of monaxons.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199803/ai_n8799093 (1295 words)

	The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition - Press Release
		In the 1990s, in Hecate Strait, British Columbia, scientists discovered four small areas that are home to ecosystems unlike any others on Earth: reefs of glass (hexactinellid) sponges.
		Trawled area in the Hecate Strait, British Columbia, where scientists discovered four small areas that are home to reefs of glass (hexactinellid) sponges.
		A national poll released today jointly by Greenpeace and the Ecology Action Centre shows 78.3% of Canadians believe that Canada should reverse its current position on high seas bottom trawling and support a moratorium on the fishing practice in international waters - even if it may cost jobs.
	www.savethehighseas.org /display.cfm?ID=90 (620 words)

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