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	Hidatsa Language and the Hidatsa Indian Tribe (Nuxbaaga, Minitari)
		Hidatsa Language and the Hidatsa Indian Tribe (Nuxbaaga, Minitari)
		Hidatsa is a Siouan language of the Great Plains.
		Grammar and Dictionary of the Language of the Hidatsa
	www.native-languages.org /hidatsa.htm (174 words)

	Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native American group comprising a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas.
		Their language is related to that of the Crows, and they are often considered a parent tribe to the modern Crow in Montana.
		A short description of Hidatsa-Mandan culture, including a grammar and vocabulary of the Hidatsa language, was published in 1877 by Washington Matthews, a government physician assigned to the Fort Berthold Reservation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hidatsa (1306 words)

	Toussaint Charbonneau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was probably during the period of his employ with the North West Company that he first encountered the established settlement of Mandan and Hidatsa tribes on the upper Missouri River, in what today is North Dakota.
		Soon after arrival at this settlement, Charbonneau purchased two captive Shoshone women from the Hidatsa, Sacagawea and "Otter Woman." These two young women had been captured by the Hidatsa on one of their annual raiding and hunting parties to the west.
		Sacagawea became pregnant with their first child in 1804, and it was during this year also that Meriwether Lewis and William Clark came to the area, built Fort Mandan, and recruited additional members to the Corps of Discovery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toussaint_Charbonneau (1496 words)

	Hidatsa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hidatsa Indians are currently connected with the Mandan and the Arikara tribes.
		The Mandan and Hidatsa speak a Siouan dialect, while the Arikara are members of the Caddoan linguistic group being related to the Pawnee (3).
		However, the Hidatsa were not affected as much by the small pox due to many members being out on the prairies for annual summer buffalo hunts.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/hidatsa.html (614 words)

	Hidatsa
		The Hidatsa tried desperately to cling to their culture and traditions, but by the 1860’s the buffalo had begun to disappear and the US government was imposing treaties that gradually carved away the Hidatsa territory.
		To the Hidatsa the natural and supernatural worlds were inseparable, and the gods that they worshipped in the animals and plants that surrounded them possessed a power they could only obtain through daily prayer and elaborate rituals.
		A Hidatsa, Buffalo Bird Woman, whose mother died when she was a small child, recalled to anthropologist Gilbert L. Wilson that she was raised by her mother's sisters, who were all wives of Small Ankle, her mother's husband as well.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~landc/2003/projects/projects2001/indianwomen/asimon.html (3775 words)

	Language
		There is no really satisfactory name for Ioway-Otoe-Missouria, and the present relict of this language is a group of family lects (varieties) reflecting the merger of the former tribal dialects, and, to some extent, of the tribal populations themselves.
		The language of the three combined groups is sometimes termed Chiwere, a spelling variant of Jiwere, which is actually a self-designation of the Otoe.
		The easiest way to learn to speak a Siouan language well is to have parents or grandparents who speak it well, and spend the first 7 or 8 years of your life around them listening to them speak it constantly.
	spot.colorado.edu /~koontz/faq/language.htm (4213 words)

	Bismarck Tribune - Bismarck News - Educators seek to save Hidatsa language from fading into history
		The Hidatsa language classes at the school in Mandaree operate as close as possible to immersion.
		The Hidatsa language instruction program, established more than 20 years ago by one of his sisters, had been discontinued for two years, so his first task was one of resurrection.
		One sign of a dying language, he said, is the tendency inexperienced speakers have of imposing the grammatical structure of the dominant language spoken around them.
	www.bismarcktribune.com /articles/2003/09/18/news/local/nws04.txt (1389 words)

	ACF Administration for Native Americans: FY 2003 Language Applications Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The purpose of this project is to fund the collection of language data for the completion of a language assessment and development of a language training program for Coast Miwok, originally spoken by the Tribal members of the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria.
		The goal is to preserve the Hintil Central Pomo language by producing culturally appropriate language-learning curriculum, producing videotape of Central Pomo speakers, establishing language-learning classes on the Reservation, and developing a website to include expanded language, for both children and adults.
		The purpose of this project is to document the knowledge of the elders, gather and utilize all the linguistic documents on Northern Pomo, develop language teaching programs and materials for children to be used in pre-school, after-school and summer camp, and develop a core adult learner group to learn the language and attend conferences.
	www.acf.dhhs.gov /programs/ana/news/2003_language_application_detail.html (1480 words)

	The Siouan Languages Bibliography
		Phonology and semantics of the (h)ki- prefixes in Hidatsa (Mandan, Dakota).
		Matthews, W. Grammar and dictionary of the language of the Hidatsa (Minnetarees, Grosventres of the Missouri).
		proceedings of the 1992 Mid-America Linguistics Confernce on Siouan and Caddoan languages, university of Missouri, Columbia.
	puffin.creighton.edu /lakota/siouan_language.html (6970 words)

	Canku Ota - October 4, 2003 - N. Dakota School is Trying to Save Hidatsa Language
		At Mandaree, the Hidatsa community on the Fort Berthold Reservation, educators hope it will revive the tribe's language, spoken by 100 or 150 residents.
		The girls gathered in the basement at night to speak their native languages, which were forbidden at Indian boarding schools.
		While in high school, Lyle was one of the first students at Mandaree to study Hidatsa, though for him it merely reinforced what he had learned at home.
	www.turtletrack.org /Issues03/Co10042003/CO_10042003_Hidatsa_Language.htm (664 words)

	American Indian Languages
		All languages possess the elements necessary for communication-nouns, verbs, modifiers, etc. In other words, the language of a hunter-gatherer society in an isolated pocket of the world is no less intricate and meaningful than the languages of people in modern industrial nations.
		They feel that the language spoken by a people is an integral part of their culture.
		Though their motives may differ, both parties are currently engaged in saving native languages on the verge of extinction and revitalizing others that are still viable.
	www.nps.gov /jeff/LewisClark2/Education/CrucialRoleLanguage/AmericanIndianLanguage.htm (1464 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		If a link is dead, or you have one to add, or if there is a mistake on our site you would like to correct, information you would like us to add, or admiration you wish to express, here is our contact page, also with answers to frequently asked questions.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1197 words)

	Sakakawea
		Some time after her arrival at the Hidatsa villages she was acquired by Toussaint Charbonneau, a French trader residing in the village and was later taken by him as a wife.
		Her Hidatsa name, which Charbonneau stated meant "Bird Woman," should be spelled "Tsakakawias" according to the foremost Hidatsa language authority, Dr. Washington Matthews.
		But they were not linguists and not accurate students of the language, and had no alphabet suited to the language, but tried to represent the sounds by the use of the English alphabet.
	www.state.nd.us /hist/sakakawea.htm (1982 words)

	Siouan Language Family
		Only a few elders speak Hidatsa today in North Dakota, but some young people are trying to learn their ancestral language again.
		Siouan languages have a large inventory of consonants that feature aspirated/ unaspirated, voiced/voiceless, geminated, glottalized and ejective sounds.
		All Siouan languages are written with various adaptations of the Roman alphabet devised by Christian missionaries.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/october/Siouan.html (660 words)

	Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden
		Their language is closely akin to that of the Crows with whom they claim to have once formed a single tribe; a separation, it is said, followed a quarrel over a slain buffalo.
		The name Hidatsa was formerly borne by one of the tribal villages.
		The Hidatsas and Mandans, shut in their stockaded villages on the Missouri by the hostile Sioux, were not able to abandon their fields if they would.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/buffalo/garden/garden.html (2173 words)

	SAIL Ser.2, 2.1
		The Hidatsa are a small Northern Plains tribe whose language belongs to the Siouan language family and who are close relatives of the Crows.
		The Hidatsa were referred to as the Gros Ventre until 1943, when their council changed their official name to the more appropriate Hidatsa.
		Hidatsa oral tradition also includes stories about the emergence of the people from the earth and a separate story about the descent of a creator and his people from the spiritual world to form one of the Hidatsa groups.
	oncampus.richmond.edu /faculty/ASAIL/SAIL2/21.html (10603 words)

	WOTE Program Five: Tribal Rhythms
		Much of Hidatsa social life, as in many native cultures, was centered around men's and Women's societies.
		In Hidatsa culture, societies usually had their own songs and sometimes even their own musical instruments.
		But as time went by we acquired Grass Dance Society from the Santee Sioux in thanksgiving of what was done for them to replenish their needs in times of hardship and the way of weapons and horses.
	www.wisdomoftheelders.org /prog205/transcript_tr.htm (1029 words)

	LearnHidatsa.com
		Language scholars estimate that before the time of Columbus, over 300 languages were spoken in North America.
		As the early Mandan and Hidatsa heavily intermarried, children were taught to speak the language of their mother, but understood the dialect of either tribe.
		Educators on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota are now hoping to revive the Hidatsa language.
	www.learnhidatsa.com (715 words)

	Sacajawea revisited
		She believes this is more accurate because of what she has learned about the Shoshone language.
		Abrahamson said she thought the reason Sacajawea was sold to Charbonneau was because the Hidatsas believed she cried too much.
		She said that in one of the journals, it was recorded that two days prior to the expedition arriving home Charbonneau beat Sacajawea three times.
	www.ouachitalk.com /sacajawea.htm (996 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		N. Dakota School Is Trying to Save Hidatsa Language Advertisement Patrick Springer The (Fargo, N.D.) Forum Sep.
		Then, "What's the month?" Next he directs his students' attention to a lesson sheet, where phrases in Hidatsa must be converted to English.
		Her students "don't know the Hidatsa." Alex's tenure teaching Hidatsa began four years ago.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art2786.txt (557 words)

	Hidatsa
		The Hidatsa villages, with circular earth lodges, were enclosed by an earthen wall.
		Among other Hidatsa traits were the cultivation of corn and an annual organized buffalo hunt.
		Arikara - Arikara, Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0823662.html (238 words)

	Confluence of Cultures: May 28 - 30, 2003, The University of Montana
		Mossett as "the country's foremost Sacagawea impressionist." The title of her talk is "Sacagawea: A Hidatsa Perspective." Her presentation is a historical perspective that describes the life of the young Shoshone-speaking woman who lived among the Hidatsa in present day North Dakota.
		Soon they were no longer free to speak their native languages, even sign talking couldn't convey the messages, it had to be filtered through the foreign language.
		Once disarmed by the language restriction, the gulf between the Indian people and the newcomers escalated, until they became strangers in their own land.
	www.umt.edu /cultures/titles.htm (5706 words)

	Lewis & Clark: Winter at Fort Mandan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of the girls was called Sakakawea (this is the spelling used in North Dakota, and means "Bird Woman" in the Hidatsa language).
		Charbonneau was eager to be hired on as an interpreter for the rest of the trip and the captains agreed, as much for the native language of his wives as for any skill that he possessed.
		The Hidatsas had been to the three forks of the Missouri and told Lewis that it would only take half a day to cross the continental divide.
	www.showmemissouri.net /l-c.winter02.html (1304 words)

	Missoulian - Bird Woman's story
		The Hidatsa people gave Sacagawea her name - and its spelling, pronunciation and meaning, Mossett said Friday during the final day of "A Confluence of Cultures" at the University of Montana.
		Mossett insists that the young woman was given the name Sacagawea by the Hidatsa people and that it means "Bird Woman." She pronounces the name with a hard "g" and an emphasis on the second syllable.
		From the time she was captured by a Hidatsa war party, though, Sacagawea lived on the northern plains - where the Hidatsa, Mandan and Arikara tribes had immense villages.
	www.missoulian.com /articles/2003/06/01/news/local/news09.txt (1198 words)

	Bibliography of the Mandan, Hidatsa, & Sahnish
		Early fur trade on the Northern Plains : Canadian traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738-1818 : the narratives of John Macdonell, David Thompson, François-Antoine Larocque, and Charles McKenzie / edited and with an introduction by W. Raymond Wood and Thomas D. Thiessen.
		Hidatsa texts / collected by Robert H. Lowie ; with grammatical notes and phonograph transcriptions by Zellig Harris and C. Voegelin.
		Grammar and dictionary of the language of the Hidatsa.
	lib.fbcc.bia.edu /fortberthold/Tatbibl.asp (7118 words)

	Lewis and Clark Expedition :: Voyage of Rediscovery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Charbonneau approached the commanders and offered his services as an interpreter, noting that he was fluent in the Hidatsa language.
		He also told Lewis and Clark that his "wives" (captives whom he had purchased from the Hidatsa) were members of the Shoshone tribe, and that their people lived at the headwaters of the Missouri River and possessed horses.
		Lewis and Clark quickly recognized that one of Charbonneau's two wives, 16-year-old Sacagawea, would be useful as an interpreter when the expedition reached the headwaters and began traveling overland.
	www.voyageofrediscovery.com /part9/historical/index.shtml (712 words)

	Sacagawea: Guide to the West: Shoshoi Spirit of the West
		Their most dangerous opponent was the Hidatsa nation, which had already seriously encroached on Shoshoni territory.
		In 1800, when she was ten years old, Sacagawea was abducted by a Hidatsa war party while fishing along the Missouri River.
		Though she did not speak English, she was fluent in the language of her people and the language of her captors, the Hidatsa.
	nativeamericanfirstnationshistory.suite101.com /article.cfm/sacagawea__guide_to_the_west (2207 words)

	Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hidatsa language: A. Wesley Jones, Mary College, Bismarck, North Dakota.
		Mandan language: Robert C. Hollow, State Historical Society of North Dakota.
		Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan words are written in the orthographies given in Douglas R. Parks, A. Wesley Jones, and Robert C. Hollow, eds.,
	lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu /preface.v03.html (256 words)

	Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest_EDUCATION
		Mossett, tourism director for the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara tribes, is building replica earth lodges and planning overnight sleep-in-a-teepee packages with Indian food, ethno-botany hikes, buffalo-hide painting and lectures on tribal trade networks — insect repellent included.
		Many of those graves are Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara, village tribes that lived along the Missouri in what is now Standing Rock, when the Sioux were nomadic warriors.
		And her teenage daughters are studying the Hidatsa language in school.
	www.serve.com /~poplarforest/westward/indian1.html (1516 words)

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