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Topic: Hidden variable theories

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	Hidden variable theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, a hidden variable theory is urged by a minority of physicists who argue that the statistical nature of quantum mechanics implies that quantum mechanics is incomplete; it is really applicable only to ensembles of particles; new physical phenomena beyond quantum mechanics are needed to explain an individual event.
		A hidden-variable theory, with its underlying determinism, which is consistent with quantum mechanics would have to be non-local, maintaining the existence of instantaneous causal relations between physically separated entities.
		Most physicists however are of the position that the true theory of the universe is not a hidden variable theory and that particles do not have any extra information which is not present in their quantum mechanics description.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hidden_variable_theory (852 words)

	Local hidden variable theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In quantum mechanics, a local hidden variable theory is one in which distant events are assumed to have no instantaneous effect on local ones.
		The local hidden variable prediction for these is not a straight line but a sine curve, similar to the quantum mechanical prediction but of only half the "visibility".
		Instead the hidden variable set at the source is taken to determine only the probability of a given outcome, the actual individual outcomes being partly determined by other hidden variables local to the analyser and detector.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_hidden_variable_theory (1780 words)

	Hidden variable theories: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Hidden variable theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Einstein, Podolsky[?] and Rosen[?] argued in 1935 that such a theory was not only possible, but in fact necessary, proposing the EPR Paradox as proof.
		However, non-local theories, which are theories that allow systems to interact over distances with speeds greater than the speed of light, were not ruled out.
		In fact, the hidden variable theory created in 1952 by David Bohm, the so-called Bohmian mechanics, is a non-local hidden variable theory that is thought to be empirically equivalent to orthodox quantum mechanics.
	www.encyclopedian.com /hi/Hidden-variable-theories.html (264 words)

	Hidden variable theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In physics, a hidden variable theory is urged by a minority of physicists who argue that the statistical nature of quantum mechanics implies that it is really applicable only to ensembles of particles.
		If experiments really had behaved as popular accounts tell us, with indisputable violation of Bell's inequality, then hidden-variable theories, with their underlying determinism, would have to be non-local, maintaining the existence of instantaneous causal relations between physically separated entities.
		The best-known hidden-variable theory, the Bohmian mechanics, of the physicist and philosopher David Bohm, created in 1952, is a non-local hidden variable theory.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/hidden_variable_theory (660 words)

	Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is called quantum chromodynamics, and describes the interactions of the subnuclear particles: quarks and gluons.
		However, the formulation of a complete theory of quantum gravity is hindered by apparent incompatibilities between general relativity, the most accurate theory of gravity currently known, and some of the fundamental assumptions of quantum theory.
		Quantum electrodynamics is a quantum theory of electrons, positrons, and the electromagnetic field, and served as a role model for subsequent quantum field theories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantum_mechanics (4110 words)

	Von Neumann's Fifth Postulate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In quantum theory the condition of a physical system is represented by a state vector, which encodes the probabilities of each possible result of whatever measurements we may perform on the system.
		Thus, Bohm's 1952 theory escaped the no hidden variable theorems essentially by allowing the measurements to have an instantaneous effect on the hidden variables, which, of course, made the theory essentially non-local as well as non-relativistic (although Bohm and others later worked to relativize his theory).
		Of course, it can be argued that contextual theories are somewhat contrived and not entirely compatible with the spirit of hidden variable explanations, but, if nothing else, they serve to illustrate how difficult it is to categorically rule out "all possible" hidden variable theories based simply on the structure of the quantum mechanical state space.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s9-06/9-06.htm (1639 words)

	Hidden variable theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Classical Education Theories Articles on the educational theories of Charlotte Mason, Maria Montessori, Dorothy Sayers, Mortimer Adler, E. Hirsch and David Hicks, with a focus on classical education.
		A Ritzian Interpretation of Variable Stars A study on the nature of the speed of light in space using light curves and spectroscopic observations of variable stars as evidence.
		Hidden Sexual Victimization - An International Study Hidden sexual victimization is the term referring to those sexual victimizations which are not reported to the police and which are therefore usually hidden from our view.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Hidden_variable_theories.html (339 words)

	CHSH inequality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the CHSH Bell test is an application of Bell's theorem, intended to distinguish between quantum mechanics (QM) and local hidden variable theories.
		Note that in all actual Bell test experiments it is assumed that the source stays essentially constant, being characterised at any given instant by a state ("hidden variable") λ that has a constant distribution ρ(λ) and is unaffected by the choice of detector setting.
		It is assumed that any hidden variables associated with the detectors themselves are independent on the two sides and can be averaged out from the start.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/CHSH_inequality (1366 words)

	Collapse Theories
		Thus, quantum theory is unable to explain how it can happen that the apparata behave as required by the WPR postulate (which is one of the axioms of the theory).
		In the area of Collapse Theories, one should mention the contribution by Bohm and Bub [1966], which was based on the interaction of the statevector with Wiener — Siegel hidden variables.
		First of all, various investigations [Pearle and Squires, 1994] had made clear that QMSL and CSL needed a modification, i.e., the characteristic localization frequency of the elementary constituents of matter had to be made proportional to the mass characterizing the particle under consideration.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm-collapse (10427 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hidden variable theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A density matrix, or density operator, is used in quantum theory to describe the statistical state of a quantum system.
		Albert Einsteins theory of relativity is a set of two theories in physics: special relativity and general relativity.
		Categories: Quantum measurement In quantum mechanics, a local hidden variable theory is one in which distant events are assumed to have no instantaneous effect on local ones.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hidden-variable-theory (1647 words)

	TIQM: Appendices
		The hidden variable alternatives to the formalism of quantum mechanics (Belinfante, 1973; Jammer, 1974) have been aimed primarily at the problems of completeness and predictivity (see Sections 2.5 and 2.6) and have conventionally started from the assumption of locality.
		Hidden variable theories are able to deal at some level with some of the interpretational problems of Section 2 by avoiding SV collapse through the use of deterministic hidden variables.
		While a hidden variable theory could, in principle, be constructed which was nonlocal and compatible with the Bell inequality experimental results, such a approach would lose much of its intrinsic classical appeal and would run the risk of conflicts with relativity and causality.
	mist.npl.washington.edu /npl/int_rep/tiqm/TI_app.html (2895 words)

	Hidden variable theory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		theories that allow systems to interact over distances with speeds greater than the (The speed at which light travels in a vacuum; the constancy and universality of the speed of light is recognized by defining it to be exactly 299,792,458 meters per second) speed of light, would not be ruled out.
		The first hidden-variable theory was the pilot wave theory by (Click link for more info and facts about Louis de Broglie) Louis de Broglie from the late 1920s.
		The currently best-known hidden-variable theory, the (Click link for more info and facts about Bohmian mechanics) Bohmian mechanics, of the physicist and philosopher (Click link for more info and facts about David Bohm) David Bohm, created in 1952, is a non-local hidden variable theory.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/hidden_variable_theory.htm (965 words)

	NTSE Paper: Physics and Supernature
		Hidden variables might sound like a fancy way of employing semantics to bring a "God in the gaps" arguement through the back door, but in reality a distinction can be indentified.
		Hidden variables are not some clever way to cover up what we do not know at the present, but they are extactly that which cannot, in principle, be known given the actual structure of the physical world.
		In my description of hidden variables theories, I stressed that the initial forumlations of the theories had to be adapted and corrected as advances were made in the understanding of the theories.
	www.phys.lsu.edu /students/dhall/NWR/NTSE/physics_supernature.html (4438 words)

	EPR paradox - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The appeal of the hidden variables explanation dims if we notice that Alice and Bob are not restricted to measuring the z-component of the spin.
		We furthermore assume that these hidden variables are assigned to each electron pair in a consistent way at the time they are emitted from the source, and don't change afterwards.
		The second is to abandon the notion of hidden variables and to argue that the wave function does not contain any information about the outcome of the measurement of the values in the particles.
	openproxy.ath.cx /ep/EPR_paradox.html (1697 words)

	Quantum Reality
		The great attraction of exotic theories such as string or superstring theories is that the sum of histores are renormalisable or finite, and that they seem to includes a model of quantum gravity.
		Hidden variable theories assume that the waveform is a statistical description of a more sophisticated underlying theory.
		Hidden variable theories imply a clockwork universe, wound up by God at Creation and unfolding in a predetermined way, This is abhorrent to me. (yes, I known this is not a scientific statement) The Universe is far too mysterious and magical for this possibility to be true.
	www.quantum.bowmain.com /Quantum_Reality.htm (11040 words)

	Quantum mechanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is derived from a small set of basic principles, and explains four types of phenomena that classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics cannot account for: quantization, the uncertainty principle, wave-particle duality, and quantum entanglement.
		The terms quantum physics and quantum theory are often used as synonyms of quantum mechanics.
		The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is quantum chromodynamics, which describes the interactions of the subnuclear particles, the quarks and gluons.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/quantum_mechanics_1 (2832 words)

	Physics Help and Math Help - Physics Forums - lon-local hidden variable theories?
		The PW was, is, a theoretical convenience to clear the slates of doubt and to impose a form of "truth" that allows the serious scientist to "progress" with the development of her science with a clear professional conscience.
		A hidden variable is a variable that cannot be measured.
		Another example of a non-local hidden variable theory might, for example, be the many worlds theory where every particle interaction would involve hidden parameters that indicate which universe the particles are in.
	www.physicsforums.com /printthread.php?t=16012&pp=40 (3542 words)

	Chapter 9: Alternative Interpretations
		Bohm became a leading proponent of the 'hidden variable' theory, which restores determinancy at the quantum level.
		Whereas in Bohr's interpretation quantum events are predicted probabilistically, in hidden variable theories there exist 'hidden' properties, that is properties which we cannot measure, which determine events about quantum physics.
		Not all the predictions have been examined, however, so there exists some possibility a hidden variable theory could be formulated that agrees with all observations that have been made.
	www.faqs.org /docs/qp/chap09.html (605 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: Causality and entanglement
		De Broglie's theory was rediscovered in the 1950s by the communist David Bohm and it made him very famous, even though he was not the first one and even though the theory is misled.
		Bell quantified this observation, and he showed that every deterministic theory (or even a theory where the state of the photons is objectively and uniquely given already before the measurement is done) must lead to a combined correlation of various pairs of observables that always belongs to an interval.
		The difference between the crappy hidden variable theories and string theory is that the former just can be proved wrong (and obsolete, and later as misguided), while string theory has all the required features to continue as a very serious candidate for a complete theory, even though it is not proved correct yet.
	motls.blogspot.com /2004/10/causality-and-entanglement_16.html (4769 words)

	Issues related to Human Nature
		We have many theories that deal either with the things that are partially unobservable or with the things that are, even in principle, unobservable.
		Among the examples are the ideas of David Bohm's "hidden variables," the theory of "beables" by J. Bell, various interpretations of quantum physics, quantum cosmological models near the Planck scale, and higher-dimensional theories presented by superstring theory and M-theory.
		theories beyond the observable may be constrained by the structures of the observable.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF6-01Choi.html (3801 words)

	QM, omega point, etc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Morover, since complete description views also seem to embody nonlocality, it can hardly be held up as a decisive objection to the hidden variable approach.
		The right conclusion seems to be that to the extent that nonlocality is a defect, both views are equally at fault; while to the extent that it is not a defect, Bell's Theorem does nothing to undermine the hidden variable approach.
		If the case against hidden variables is any stronger than this, it must rest on the claim that nonlocality is more problematic for Einstein's hidden variable approach than for its Copenhagen opponents.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=8297 (304 words)

	91081401.HTM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There are theories called hidden variable theories that >postulate that the "randomness" we see is only the predictable behavior >of deeper level structures of which we are ignorant.
		Einstein did not actually spend much time working on a so-called "hidden variable" theory; his concern was with pure field theories, superficially (at least) completely deterministic.
		The connection with quantum theory was deferred to the distant future.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /REALRAND/91081401.HTM (435 words)

	[No title]
		The theory asserts that, at the beginning of the time interval, all the nuclei are in an identical state and that the decay is a completely random process.
		Many-worlds is a re-formulation of quantum theory which treats the process of observation or measurement entirely within the wave-mechanics of quantum theory, rather than an input as additional assumption, as in the Copenhagen interpretation.
		It is only with quantum theory and the dependence of the very being or identity of quantum entities upon their contexts and relationships that a genuinely new, "deep" holism emerges.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec15.html (3890 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Semiclassical theories similar to stochastic electrodynamics are widely used in optics.
		The distinguishing feature of such theories is that the quantum uncertainty is represented by random statistical fluctuations.
		Third order correlations are a test that provides a clear distinction between quantum and hidden variable theories in a way analogous to that provided by the 'all or nothing' GHZ test of local hidden variable theories.
	www.qols.ph.ic.ac.uk /~kinsle/abstracts/kinsler-1996.txt (174 words)

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