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Topic: Hierarchy problem

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	Hierarchy problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hierarchy problems are related to fine-tuning problems and problems of naturalness.
		Given this hierarchy problem with the Higgs boson mass, it is expected that new physics should make an appearance at energy scales not much higher than the scale of energy required to produce the Higgs boson, and thereby provide an explanation for its small mass.
		It is complicated, however, by the necessary involvement of General Relativity in the problem and may be a clue that we do not understand gravity on long distance scales (such as the size of the universe today).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hierarchy_problem (533 words)

	Polynomial hierarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computational complexity theory, the polynomial hierarchy is a hierarchy of complexity classes that generalize the classes P, NP and co-NP to oracle machines.
		The analytic hierarchy is also defined in a similar way to give a hierarchy of subsets of the real numbers.
		The polynomial hierarchy is an analogue (at much lower complexity) of the exponential hierarchy and arithmetical hierarchy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polynomial_hierarchy (709 words)

	Thesis #11: Hierarchy is an unnecessary evil. (The Anthropik Network) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hierarchy is the antithesis of that, and thus, we cannot avoid the inescapable conclusion that hierarchy itself is dehumanizing and maladapted to the human condition.
		Hierarchy, then, is a very specific case, in that hierarchy is a kind of society with a very specific shape--a triangle.
		Hierarchy is when the graph of a society is triangular; egalitarianism is when the graph of a society is any other shape than triangular.
	anthropik.com /2005/10/thesis-11-hierarchy-is-an-unnecessary-evil (6822 words)

	Theoretical Analysis: Structure and Hierarcy ...
		The conceptual process of problem solving is described in terms of a problem presentation, problem representations, problem operators, knowledge of the problem domain, and solution strategies (i.e., instances of the problem operators).
		Investigations in the problem solving found that the problem representation formed by the solver is dependent on the problem presentation on the solver's knowledge of the problem domain (Greeno, 1978; Chi, Fetovich, Glaser, 1981).
		We refer to problem states formed by the solver to determine a solution path from the initial problem state (the problem presentation) to the goal state as problem representations.
	education.umn.edu /rationalnumberproject/87_1.html (2307 words)

	Structure and Hierarchy of Missing-Value Proportion Problems and Their Representations
		Following this, in the subsection Hierarchy of Problem Difficulty, we propose a difficulty hierarchy of MVP problems as a function of these preferences and of the kind and number of transformations available to the problem solver.
		Problem difficulty has been found to be a function of the mental and external representations the problem solver forms from the problem presentation.
		MVP problems vary according to whether one or two measure spaces are involved; and for those with two measure spaces whether the quantities within, or between, per statements are from the same or different spaces.
	education.umn.edu /rationalnumberproject/89_5.html (8615 words)

	problem concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		horizon problem (6 facts) (homogeneity problem) - A quandary in standard big bang theory, which indicates that few of the particles of the early universe would have had time to be in causal contact with one another at the outset of cosmic expansion.
		The problem is seen most clearly in the cosmic background radiation, which is believed to have been released at about 300000 years after the big bang, and has been observed to have the same temperature in all directions to an accuracy of one part in 100,000.
		See also flatness problem., Cosmological puzzle associated with the fact that regions of the universe that are separated by vast distances nevertheless have nearly identical properties such as temperature.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/problem.html (876 words)

	Computational Complexity; Problem Hierarchy
		Problems of exponential complexity are "solved" using approximate methods that are of polynomial complexity.
		Problem solving based on these assumptions is most successfully employed in addressing problems that may be decomposed into independent parts and where desired outcomes are agreed on.
		Problem solving based on these assumptions is most successfully employed in addressing ill-defined and wicked problems with interdependent subproblems and where desired outcomes are vague, incomplete, competing or contradictory, and changing.
	cs.wwc.edu /~aabyan/Theory/complexity.html (1650 words)

	Nathalie Lazaric and Alain Raybaut: Knowledge Creation Facing Hierarchy
		The problem is partly due to the different facets of hierarchy and to the difficulty of imposing a unified framework on the entrepreneur's vision (Adler and Borys 1996).
		This problem has been illustrated in a number of case studies, which emphasise the difficulty of changing organizational routines and the productive knowledge lying within firms (Postrel and Rumelt 1992) or the capacity of individuals to mobilize defensive routines in the face of organizational change (Argyris 1985).
		According to Leibenstein (1987), the motivational context lies at the heart of an important part of the organizational efficiency of firms because the relation between employers and employees (which is largely incomplete) allows scope for the interpretation of instructions in line with the social relations prevailing in a particular firm.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /7/2/3.html (5393 words)

	Problem Solving Methods. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Problem solving methods are procedures that organize and execute the model construction activities.
		This is the case when the initial problem contains trains that (i) all belong to the same relation and (ii) have the same characteristic.
		Also note that the task ``re-compose 1'' needs to be executed for the solutions of the subproblems of the problems that are at the first level of the problem decomposition hierarchy.
	arti.vub.ac.be /www/memos/AI-Memo-92-01/subsection3_6_3.html (569 words)

	[No title]
		We propose a new framework for solving the hierarchy problem which does not rely on either supersymmetry or technicolor.
		A new framework for solving the hierarchy problem was recently proposed which does not rely on low energy supersymmetry or technicolor.
		Recently, Randall and Sundrum proposed a solution to the hierarchy problem where the background spacetime is five dimensional.
	www.mit.edu /~nleonard/x/xcompile.html (3151 words)

	The Old Joel on Software Forum - Loading class hierarchy
		The problem is that this is a pretty extensive system, so classes is called from all over, and to add to the complexity the business/control object do not always know what is to be shown on the frontend.
		The problem is that we have a complicated class structur, and if there was any way to make the loading of additional classes, more or less dynamic/automatc it would make it much easy'er for us.
		If the problem is that you have complex objects and only want to load the specific data you need for any given task, I have had this problem in the past and gone a long way towards solving it.
	discuss.fogcreek.com /joelonsoftware/default.asp?cmd=show&ixPost=51432 (2206 words)

	Open Questions: Supersymmetry
		And the hierarchy problem, which arises out of the nature of Higgs physics, was a third.
		There is a version of the cosmological constant problem that causes even the four macroscopic dimensions to have such extreme curvature that the entire observable universe would be less than a meter in size.
		The second problem with the Higgs physics is the hierarchy problem, the difficulty of explaining how nature is so precisely fine-tuned that the masses of the electroweak bosons are so small -- something like 14 orders of magnitude smaller than might be expected.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph007.htm (9203 words)

	Open Questions: Beyond the Standard Model
		The problem is that we can observe portions of the universe, in opposite directions from each other, which could not have been in physical contact at a very early stage.
		Note that this problem arises in the presence of two distinct features: (1) We are trying to formulate a grand unified theory which relates the electroweak and the strong force.
		The second problem with the Higgs mechanism is the hierarchy problem.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph009.htm (16559 words)

	Instructor Preface
		When a new problem is encountered knowledge relevant to that problem must be applied along with an appropriate problem soling strategy for attacking it.
		Once the pieces of a problem are understood these, together with new elements, are put together in some new arrangement to form one or more Strategies for solving a problem.
		Referring to the hierarchy of problem solving skills, it is seen that application generally requires a lower level of skill than either the process of Analysis or that of devising a Strategy.
	www.prenhall.com /divisions/esm/app/ph-ql/kadesch/html/instructor_preface.html (1327 words)

	Emerging Research Fronts Comments by Andrea Romanino
		In our approach, the hierarchy problem is assumed not to be directly relevant to the physics across the energy frontier.
		This is analogous to what appears to be the case for another hierarchy problem, the one associated to the cosmological constant.
		On the contrary, its solution might require a drastic change of perspective, in which the hierarchy is as accidental as the fact that we live on a planet which satisfies the highly non-trivial conditions necessary for life to develop.
	www.esi-topics.com /erf/2005/october05-AndreaRomanino.html (1073 words)

	Brane - Interview with Lisa Randall, Ph.D.
		So the hierarchy problem, in its simplest manifestation, is how can you have these particles be so light when the other scale is so big.
		Another is that we live on a second brane, which is the case where we discussed the hierarchy problem.
		We were trying to solve one problem and found ourselves led into this situation where we were working out the consequences of what we were observing.
	www.esi-topics.com /brane/interviews/DrLisaRandall.html (1879 words)

	The Task Structure.
		First, the expert needs to determine the kind of problem that he is dealing with (a subtask that we call ``determine problem type'').
		A first subtask is called ``decompose 1'' and performs a decomposition from a general problem to a set of subproblems at level one of the decomposition hierarchy depicted in figure 6.
		The second important task in the top level task decomposition (figure 19) is the task which produces a solution for a problem which is at the leafs of the problem decomposition hierarchy (figure 6).
	arti.vub.ac.be /memos/AI-Memo-92-01/subsection3_6_2.html (1039 words)

	RFC 3844 (rfc3844) - IETF Problem Resolution Process
		Although all of these problems are believed to exist, not all of these problems are present in all parts of the IETF, and some of these problems may in fact be symptoms of other problems.
		Decomposition of the Management Scaling Problem There are several issues grouped into the concept that the management structure of the IETF is not well matched to the size and complexity of the organization.
		The Problem WG has not been able to come to a consensus on a process that could address the structural changes that may or may not be needed.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc3844.html (5247 words)

	High Energy Physics Division
		Among the problems addressed are the hierarchy problem, supersymmetry breaking, dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, the strong CP problem and the cosmological constant problem, grand unification and the quark-lepton compositeness.
		In the framework of warped compactification proposed by Randall and Sundrum, we have investigated localization of gravity and the mass hierarchy problem in the presence of extra time-like dimension.
		While the proposed model allows one to reconcile the solution to the hierarchy problem with a correct cosmological expansion of the visible universe, it generally suffers from the appearance of phenomenologically dangerous tachyonic KK graviton modes.
	www.physics.helsinki.fi /~www_sefo/hep/phdim.html (769 words)

	Problem Solving (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Well-defined problems In a well-defined problem, it is clear what the problem is and the solution is clearly specified as well.
		Ill-defined problems In an ill-defined problem, it is not clear from the beginning what theproblem is and thus, what a solution is. Therefore, finding a solution requires in addition, finding out what the real problem is. Solving and specifying the problem develop in parallel and drive each other.
		So, for example, problems in the various branches of mathematics and the various academic disciplines with their own courses teaching their own problem solving methods.
	cs.wwc.edu /~aabyan/Design/probSolv.html (403 words)

	Rights 8: Church as Hierarchy or Communion
		As a Catholic, the main problem I have with the ARCC Charter of Rights is its underlying assumption that lay people in the Church are equal to the clergy.
		The word "caste" is derived, via Portuguese, from the Latin "castus," meaning "chaste." One of the main reasons for clerical celibacy is to keep the clergy "pure." This is the pure Catholic class, while the laity, usually married and therefore sexually involved, are the not-pure, the impure.
		Another major problem with hierarchy, in ARCC's view, is that no matter how many pious statements one makes about baptism creating a true equality in the Church, all this "equality" is negated by assertions of the divine establishment of inequality, namely, hierarchy.
	astro.temple.edu /~arcc/rights8.htm (826 words)

	Harvard Physics Department Faculty - Nima Arkani-Hamed
		We expect that new physical principles will be revealed to address these puzzles—the “hierarchy problem” and the "cosmological constant problem.” Fortunately, these mysteries are associated with length scales—the electroweak scale and the Hubble scale—which will be probed experimentally in the near future with particle accelerators and cosmological observations.
		Together with Savas Dimopoulos and Gia Dvali, he suggested that the extreme weakness of gravity can be attributed to the existence of large extra dimensions of space, perhaps as large as 100 microns in size, with the scale of quantum gravity lowered to the electroweak scale.
		Most recently, together with Dimopoulos, he has explored the possibility that the fine-tunings for the cosmological constant and hierarchy problems find a common explanation within a huge landscape of possible low-energy worlds that may exist in string theory, leading to a novel proposal for "split" supersymmetry at the large hadron collider.
	www.physics.harvard.edu /people/facpages/arkani-hamed.html (552 words)

	Ther hierarchy problem
		Ther are problems with hierarchy not only here in our institute and in global politics but also in physics.
		But this results in quite a few problems: A unification of gravity and the other forces of the standard model is still to be done.
		In this way the hierarchy problem can be solved by presence of more than 2 extra dimensions.
	www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de /~lxd/English/hierarch_e.html (398 words)

	NL-Soar Generation Goal/Operator Hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In systems written in Michigan style, any problem space that results from an operator no-change impasse will have its state marked with ^language-ops-allowed flag as long as the operator is not an language operator (All language operators are marked with ^language-operator flag).
		This implies that the bottom-most task problem space on the goal stack allows language operators to fire there as long as this problem space is not the result of a language operator no-change impasse.
		In general, problem spaces whose state is marked with ^language-ops-allowed flag are considered to be the (virtual-)top space for NL-Soar.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/soar/utc/nl/doc/nlg-operators.html (260 words)

	why do we need susy?
		The hierarchy problem is not really a difficulty with the Standard Model itself, but rather a disturbing sensitivity of the Higgs potential to new physics in almost any imaginable extension of the Standard Model.
		First, supersymmetry solves a longstanding problem with the standard model, namely that the electroweak scale (~ the mass of the Z and W bosons) is of order 100 GeV, even though radiative corrections in the model point to a scale that is many orders of magnitude larger, around the Planck scale.
		Thus, stabilization of the gauge hierarchy is accomplished automatically, as long as supersymmetric particles exist and have masses in the range 100-1000 GeV.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~noise/why.html (1231 words)

	MIT's Lisa Randall: Two Branes are Better Than One
		Randall: It addresses a problem which to particle physicists is known as the hierarchy problem.
		That is the fact that gravity is a very weak force compared to the other forces, and it only starts to look strong in the realm of quantum gravity, and that only happens at a scale of distance or mass known as the Planck Scale, which is a huge number.
		The problem is even worse than this, because the theory tries to force the scales to be the same.
	www.sciencewatch.com /july-aug2001/sw_july-aug2001_page4.htm (1161 words)

	Axiomatic Design And TRIZ: Compatibilities and Contradictions Part II
		One of the most important ideas in AD is that the functional and physical hierarchies are inter-dependent, and it is not possible, therefore, to construct the complete functional hierarchy without reading across to the physical domain at each corresponding level.
		In the same way that a hierarchy of functional and physical requirements was constructed by Suh for the lathe example, we might construct a similar picture for an aircraft wing.
		Cost constraints are usually applied generally across the whole hierarchy structure rather than apportioned to individual parts in order to emphasise the bigger picture and the possibilities for penalties in one part of a design to be compensated for by benefits in others (e.g.
	www.triz-journal.com /archives/1999/07/f/index.htm (1939 words)

	TeV Symmetry and the Little Hierarchy Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		We show that this ``little hierarchy problem'' can be cured by introducing a symmetry for new particles at the TeV scale.
		As an example, we construct a little Higgs model with this new symmetry, dubbed T-parity, which naturally solves the little hierarchy problem and, at the same time, stabilize the electroweak scale up to 10 TeV.
		The model has many important phenomenological consequences, including consistency with the precision data without any fine-tuning, a stable weakly-interacting particle as the dark matter candidate, as well as collider signals completely different from existing little Higgs models, but rather similar to the supersymmetric theories with conserved R-parity.
	hep.bu.edu /abstracts/low-sep-03.html (145 words)

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