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Topic: Higgs mechanism

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	The Higgs Mechanism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Higgs mechanism has been introduced in particle physics to generate the masses of the fundamental particles, i.e.
		Even though the realization of this mechanism in Nature is supported indirectly by several observations, the discovery of the Higgs boson, a scalar particle predicted by the theory, will be a crucial step in establishing this theoretical concept.
		Moreover, self-couplings of the Higgs field can be measured in the production processes of Higgs-boson pairs; they are a necessary ingredient for reconstructing the Higgs potential which provides the physical base of the Higgs mechanism.
	www.desy.de /desy-th/higgs_mechanism.html (198 words)

	Higgs mechanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Higgs mechanism or Anderson-Higgs mechanism, originally proposed by the British physicist Peter Higgs based on a suggestion by Philip Anderson, is the mechanism that gives mass to all elementary particles in particle physics.
		Higgs had found a loophole in the Goldstone theorem: when you couple the scalar to the gauge theory, the massless φ mode of the Higgs combines with the vector boson to form a massive vector boson.
		The Higgs mechanism was incorporated into modern particle physics by Steven Weinberg and is an essential part of the Standard Model.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Higgs_mechanism (811 words)

	Higgs Mechanism
		Even though the realization of this mechanism in Nature is supported indirectly by several observations, the discovery of the Higgs boson, a scalar particle predicted by the theory, will be a crucial step in establishing this theoretical concept.
		Since the mass of the Higgs boson is theoretically expected in the range below 200 GeV, the prospective e+e- linear collider TESLA is an ideal instrument for this purpose.
		Moreover, self-couplings of the Higgs field can be measured in the production processes of Higgs-boson pairs; they are a necessary ingredient for reconstructing the Higgs potential which provides the physical base of the Higgs mechanism.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/fizisist/page17.htm (318 words)

	Open Questions: Higgs Physics
		Since the Higgs particle generates the mass of all other particles that couple to it, their mass would depend on their orientation with respect to the Higgs field.) Hence the Higgs particle is a boson, a "scalar" boson, since having spin 0 means that it behaves like a scalar under Lorentz transformations.
		Except for fairly superficial references to the search for Higgs particles and occasionally an allusion to the role that the Higgs field plays in explaining the source of particle mass, the subject is rarely discussed in publications intended for a general audience.
		The Higgs mechanism provides a means of explaining the masses of particles, through their coupling with the Higgs field, without sacrificing mathematical consistency of the standard model.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph008.htm (9023 words)

	Origins: CERN: Ideas: The Higgs Boson
		This clustering effect is the Higgs mechanism, postulated by British physicist Peter Higgs in the 1960s.
		The same might be true in the Higgs field: a particle moving through it creates a little bit of distortion -- like the crowd around the star at the party -- and that lends mass to the particle.
		CERN scientists were unsure whether these events recorded by the ALEPH detector indicated the presence of a Higgs boson.
	www.exploratorium.edu /origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html (903 words)

	CDF HWW Dilepton Analysis - Public Access
		In the Standard Model, when the mass of Higgs boson is greater than 135 GeV the predominant mode of Higgs decay is to a pair of W bosons.
		When the mass of the Higgs boson is greater than 136 GeV the predominant mode of Higgs decay is to a pair of on/off-shell W bosons.
		The Higgs boson is predicted to have zero spin in the Standard Model, which would make a Higgs event different from background in many ways, for example, small angular separation and small invariant mass of the two final-state leptons.
	www-cdf.fnal.gov /physics/exotic/run2/higgs-ww-2004/index.htm (937 words)

	lhcphys
		Higgs mechanism explains the origin of mass via spontaneous symmetry breaking and gives gauge invariant mass to W and Z bosons.
		Higgs mass is unknown due to unknown lamda.
		The mass of the Higgs boson, as of yet unknown, is tied to the W boson and top quark masses by a feature of the Standard Model called radiative corrections.
	www.phys.ualberta.ca /~jiansenl/lhchiggs.htm (1473 words)

	CERN Courier - Looking for Higgs and supers - IOP Publishing - article
		The goal of the conference was to provide a forum for physicists involved in Higgs and supersymmetry searches in which the present status of the research could be summarized and new directions for searches and the potential for discovery established.
		The newest results on the SM Higgs search from LEP2, with electronpositron annihilation producing a Higgs with a Z particle (the former decaying into a beauty ["b"] quark and antiquark and the Z to any quark and antiquark being the primary search channel), give a Higgs mass greater than 95.5 GeV (95% c.l.).
		Higgs and SUSY prospects at the proposed Next Linear Collider (NLC), Muon Collider and Very Large Hadron Collider were covered by D Burke (SLAC), J Lykken (Fermilab) and D Denisov (Fermilab) respectively.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/39/7/22 (1361 words)

	Higgs boson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Higgs boson was first theorized in 1964 by the British physicist Peter Higgs, working from the ideas of Philip Anderson, and independently by others.
		As of 2006, the Higgs boson has not been observed experimentally, despite large efforts invested in accelerator experiments at CERN and Fermilab.
		Precision measurements of electroweak observables indicate that the Standard Model Higgs boson mass has an upper bound of 166 GeV at the 95% confidence level as of July, 2006 (using an updated measurement of the top quark mass).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Higgs_Boson (973 words)

	James Hansen
		The discovery of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century shattered this belief, and it became apparent that scientists had vastly overrated their understanding of physical law.
		This principle is at the center of the “Higgs mechanism.” The particles that the physicists use to describe the observable phenomena are all massless in the standard model.
		The LEP collider in Geneva, Switzerland is housed in an underground circular tunnel, 27-kilometers in diameter.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~sciwrite/journal03/A-L/hansen.html (2988 words)

	Supersymmetry to the rescue? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		One troubling aspect of spontaneously broken gauge field theories based on the Higgs mechanism of giving mass to gauge bosons is that it's not only the coupling constants, but also the masses, that get renormalized by quantum corrections from taking into account all possible virtual processes at all possible momentum scales.
		This means that the masses of Higgs particles are very sensitive to the scale at which new physics emerges.
		This sensitivity is called the gauge hierarchy problem, because the Higgs mass is related to the masses of the gauge bosons in the spontaneously broken gauge theory.
	superstringtheory.com /experm/exper4a.html (1054 words)

	Gross
		This Higgs mechanism is the most dubious part of the SM and its confirmation is the ultimate test of the model.
		The Higgs sector is expected to be the most sensitive part of the SM and its study might reveal the first hints for the nature of the theory beyond the SM.
		The Higgs boson is produced in such collisions with a probability that is inversely proportional to its mass.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /physics/staff/gross.htm (369 words)

	Higgs mechanism for generating `mass'
		This is basically the scheme by which three of the four types of photon acquire masses in the Standard Model.
		There, the field which plays the role of the superconductor is the Higgs field, which is a pair of complex scalar fields.
		A nice discussion of the relationship of the Meissner and Higgs effects to quark confinement in QCD is in an introductory article by E. Witten, Physics Today, May 1997.
	www.uic.edu /classes/phys/phys461/phys532-03/notes/notes18.html (1040 words)

	Scientific American: The Mysteries of Mass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In terms of the valley metaphor, for ordinary fields the valley floor is at the location of zero field; for the Higgs, the valley has a hillock at its center (at zero field) and the lowest point of the valley forms a circle around the hillock.
		First, without the Higgs mechanism, the W and Z bosons that mediate the weak force would be massless, just like the photon (which they are related to), and the weak interaction would be as strong as the electromagnetic one.
		What is discovered about Higgs bosons will not only test whether the Higgs mechanism is indeed providing mass, it will also point the way to how the Standard Model can be extended to solve problems such as the origin of dark matter.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000005FC-2927-12B3-A92783414B7F0000 (3707 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: Higgs at 105 GeV? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Notice that since the outward force of the big bang is 7x10^43 N (this includes the e^3 correction for higher densities with increasing distances which I proved), the inward Higgs field pressure (force/area) is massive at close ranges.
		I'd imagine it is the huge pressure of the Higgs field pushing in on any place in space that gives rise to the validity of the time-energy version of the uncertainty principle, as particles forever randomly collide at high energy, and the products recombine to form energy.
		I hope the Higgs boson is detected soon, and its properties are experimentally determined.
	schwinger.harvard.edu /~motl/blog/2005/11/higgs-at-105-gev.html (692 words)

	Politics, Solid State and the Higgs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In three dimensions, and with the complications of relativity, this is the Higgs mechanism.
		When an electron moves through the lattice the atoms are attracted to it, causing the electron's effective mass to be as much as 40 times bigger than the mass of a free electron.
		The Higgs boson is predicted to be just such a clustering in the Higgs field.
	www.phy.uct.ac.za /courses/phy400w/particle/higgs3.htm (532 words)

	Lorna's Higgs Boson Page!!
		The Higgs boson is a particle or a set of particles that are the carriers of the Higgs field so are responsible for giving other fundamental particles their mass.
		The Higgs mechanism for giving mass to particles was first proposed by Philip Anderson in the context of solid state physics to explain how particle like structures in metals can act as if they had an effective mass.
		Although this mechanism was anticipated earlier by Ernst Stückelberg in 1957 but is attributed to Peter Higgs as he developed the model further.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /ug/kellettl (638 words)

	Higgs boson Summary
		The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics.
		The Higgs boson was first predicted in 1964 by the British physicist Peter Higgs, working from the ideas of Philip Anderson, and independently by others.
		In particular, the acquisition of a non-zero VEV spontaneously breaks the electroweak gauge symmetry, a phenomenon known as the Higgs mechanism.
	www.bookrags.com /Higgs_boson (1442 words)

	CERN Courier - LEP pursues Higgs boson and - IOP Publishing - article
		Of the many results presented recently at the EPS conference in Tampere, Finland, and the leptonphoton symposium at Stanford, the search for the Higgs boson and the measurement of the W mass were the highlights.
		However, LEP is now exploring territory that could reveal the symmetry-breaking mechanism, at the heart of the Standard Model, that endows particles with mass (the "Higgs mechanism").
		Via many of the same measurements that are used to constrain the Higgs boson indirectly, the experimenters (with a great deal of help from the theorists) have coaxed the Standard Model into predicting the mass of the W boson with an error of only 26 MeV (in 80 GeV).
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/39/9/12 (962 words)

	Higgs: the Velcro Boson
		The Higgs boson is an undiscovered elementary particle, thought to be a vital piece of the closely fitting jigsaw of particle physics.
		The Higgs field enables us to view these apparently unrelated phenomenon as two sides of the same coin; both may be described in terms of the properties of the same vector bosons.
		The Higgs boson’s appendages (hooks and loops) have a directional difference according to the orientation of the particle in the path it is taking.
	robtdwilson.freeservers.com /UFT/3_Higgs.html (6310 words)

	The Small Picture
		The Higgs mechanism and the Higgs particles are, at this point, purely theoretical conjecture.
		But with or without the Higgs mechanism, few if any physicists believe that the standard model is the final word in subatomic physics.
		Technicolor is an alternative to the Higgs mechanism for providing masses to the W's and Z. In a technicolor theory, the Higgs particles are replaced by similar particles that are composite.
	webs.morningside.edu /slaven/Physics/micro/micro10.html (1390 words)

	Spring 02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In the Standard Model the Higgs mechanism is used for the electroweak symmetry breaking.
		This mechanism also provides mass to the W and Z particles and the fermions.
		Although the Higgs boson is a integral part of the Standard Model it could not be found.
	www.phys.ksu.edu /paw/sc/abs/fox.htm (84 words)

	Higg's Symmetries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		It is a combination of several of the author's ideas including the constituents of matter and antimatter, the constituents of electromagnetic waves, the Higg's mechanism, as well as the symmetries studies involving time-direction.
		The Higgs or similar mechanisms are pictured as operating at discrete frequencies providing mass and inertial effects to the various particles.
		Hence, the reason that antimatter or matter have mass is because the mechanism that provides mass (the Higg's or something similar) becomes aligned with the waves of light.
	www.johnkharms.com /higgs.htm (1076 words)

	The Higgs Mechanism - Science Articles
		A new ingredient for the formulation of gauge theories was introduced by F. Englert and Robert H. Brout of the University of Brussels, and by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh.
		The fundamental idea of the Higgs Mechanism is to include in the theory an extra field, one having the unusual property that it does not vanish in the vacuum.
		The effect of the Higgs field is to provide a frame of reference in which the orientation of the isotropic arrow can be determined.
	www.physicspost.com /articles.php?articleId=39 (626 words)

	Introducing the little Higgs (November 2002) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Higgs and the others - building on earlier work by Julian Schwinger and Phil Anderson - showed how electroweak symmetry could be broken, thus allowing particles to have mass.
		The stronger the interactions between the particles and the Higgs condensate are, the heavier the particles become.
		Although we have much circumstantial evidence for the Higgs particle, given that fundamental particles have masses that are consistent with the Higgs mechanism and from indirect measurements at CERN and Stanford (so-called precision electroweak data), Higgs particles have never been directly produced and observed in collider experiments.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/15/11/3 (2055 words)

	UC physicist Conway to talk about the Higgs Boson \| The Newsbulletin \| March 1, 2005
		The search for the Higgs, which began in earnest 15 years ago with the Large Electron-Positron collider at CERN, is now being conducted at the Tevatron at Fermilab, and will soon move to the Large Hadron Collider at ERN.
		Conway's talk will explore the origins of the Higgs mechanism and particle, past, present and future searches for it, as well as speculations about what lies ahead.
		The Higgs mechanism is believed to be the source of mass of all elementary particles, including those predicted by supersymmetric theories.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2005/03/01/text04.shtml (348 words)

	Alternatives to Higgs mechanism?
		Coleman and (Erik) Weinberg was not compulsory aimed to the Higgs.
		The Higgs mechanism has got the status it has now for various mathematical reasons which I shan't go in to.
		So, even if the Higgs isn't found something else must be (as the center of mass energy at LHC will be 14TeV) to re-normalise the probabilities - this is why LHC is such a good thing - it's win-win science; there is no possible 'null' result.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=72143 (2572 words)

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